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Okay,<00:00:01.600><c> thank</c><00:00:02.240><c> you</c><00:00:02.560><c> very</c><00:00:02.839><c> much</c><00:00:03.200><c> Simon</c><00:00:03.500><c> Versey,</c><00:00:04.200><c> thank</c><00:00:04.339><c> you</c><00:00:04.700><c> for</c>

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inviting<00:00:05.339><c> me</c><00:00:05.580><c> here</c><00:00:05.940><c> to</c><00:00:06.379><c> speak</c><00:00:06.700><c> for</c><00:00:06.820><c> your</c>

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anniversary<00:00:07.440><c> and</c><00:00:08.220><c> especially</c><00:00:08.480><c> thank</c><00:00:08.720><c> you</c><00:00:08.859><c> to</c><00:00:08.980><c> Ross</c><00:00:09.240><c> and</c><00:00:09.619><c> Emily</c><00:00:09.939><c> for</c>

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looking<00:00:10.359><c> after</c><00:00:10.619><c> me</c><00:00:10.820><c> while</c><00:00:10.939><c> I'm</c><00:00:11.119><c> here.</c>

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I'm<00:00:13.339><c> going</c><00:00:13.439><c> to</c><00:00:13.560><c> be</c><00:00:14.039><c> covering,</c><00:00:14.599><c> believe</c><00:00:15.220><c> it</c><00:00:15.380><c> or</c><00:00:15.539><c> not,</c><00:00:15.839><c> the</c><00:00:15.839><c> first</c><00:00:16.219><c> five</c>

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centuries<00:00:17.100><c> of</c><00:00:17.620><c> the</c><00:00:17.760><c> Church</c><00:00:18.199><c> at</c>

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a<00:00:19.559><c> fairly</c><00:00:19.879><c> breakneck</c><00:00:20.339><c> speed,</c><00:00:22.239><c> but</c><00:00:22.500><c> what</c><00:00:22.780><c> I</c><00:00:23.000><c> want</c><00:00:23.120><c> to</c><00:00:23.260><c> look</c><00:00:23.500><c> at</c>

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mainly<00:00:24.339><c> is</c><00:00:24.699><c> the</c><00:00:24.839><c> reasons</c><00:00:25.160><c> why</c><00:00:25.879><c> the</c><00:00:26.100><c> Church</c>

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changed<00:00:27.300><c> in</c><00:00:27.539><c> the</c><00:00:27.660><c> way</c><00:00:27.839><c> that</c><00:00:28.019><c> it</c><00:00:28.120><c> did.</c><00:00:28.199><c> Why</c><00:00:28.460><c> did</c><00:00:28.620><c> the</c><00:00:28.739><c> Church</c><00:00:28.980><c> become</c><00:00:29.660><c> so</c>

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unrecognisable<00:00:31.420><c> from</c><00:00:31.960><c> that</c>

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simple,<00:00:33.439><c> powerful</c><00:00:33.679><c> faith</c><00:00:34.159><c> that</c><00:00:34.600><c> had</c><00:00:34.880><c> moved</c><00:00:35.200><c> everyone</c><00:00:35.640><c> so</c><00:00:36.119><c> deeply</c><00:00:36.579><c> in</c>

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the<00:00:37.799><c> early</c><00:00:38.119><c> chapters</c><00:00:38.719><c> of</c><00:00:39.340><c> Acts?</c>

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How<00:00:40.520><c> do</c><00:00:40.679><c> we</c><00:00:40.920><c> go</c><00:00:41.240><c> from</c><00:00:41.439><c> this</c><00:00:41.759><c> simple</c><00:00:42.640><c> community</c><00:00:43.560><c> of</c><00:00:44.119><c> believers</c>

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sharing<00:00:45.539><c> and</c><00:00:45.920><c> caring</c><00:00:46.280><c> for</c><00:00:46.479><c> each</c><00:00:46.780><c> other</c>

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to<00:00:47.799><c> what</c><00:00:48.020><c> was</c><00:00:48.380><c> later</c><00:00:48.579><c> little</c><00:00:48.920><c> more</c><00:00:49.299><c> than</c><00:00:49.859><c> an</c><00:00:50.320><c> imperial</c><00:00:50.859><c> cult</c>

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with<00:00:51.780><c> the</c><00:00:51.939><c> might</c><00:00:52.079><c> of</c><00:00:52.340><c> Rome</c><00:00:52.479><c> behind</c><00:00:52.820><c> it,</c>

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stamping<00:00:54.020><c> itself</c><00:00:54.679><c> on</c><00:00:55.280><c> other</c><00:00:55.619><c> countries?</c>

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The<00:00:58.659><c> funny</c><00:00:58.920><c> thing</c><00:00:59.520><c> about</c><00:00:59.920><c> Christianity</c><00:01:00.719><c> is</c><00:01:01.520><c> that</c><00:01:01.679><c> it's</c><00:01:02.479><c> associated</c><00:01:03.140><c> today</c>

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with<00:01:04.099><c> a</c><00:01:04.180><c> particular</c><00:01:04.620><c> culture.</c>

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What<00:01:05.079><c> culture</c><00:01:05.599><c> is</c><00:01:05.879><c> Christianity</c><00:01:06.420><c> associated</c><00:01:06.939><c> with</c><00:01:07.099><c> today?</c>

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Western<00:01:09.739><c> culture,</c><00:01:10.159><c> yeah.</c><00:01:10.780><c> And</c><00:01:10.920><c> people</c><00:01:11.180><c> think</c><00:01:11.620><c> of</c><00:01:12.280><c> Christianity</c><00:01:12.760><c> as</c><00:01:12.980><c> a</c>

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Western<00:01:13.459><c> religion.</c>

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They<00:01:14.060><c> treat</c><00:01:14.219><c> it</c><00:01:14.340><c> as</c><00:01:14.599><c> a</c><00:01:14.680><c> Western</c><00:01:14.980><c> religion,</c><00:01:15.620><c> they</c><00:01:15.700><c> describe</c><00:01:16.500><c> it</c>

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as<00:01:16.980><c> a</c><00:01:17.079><c> Western</c><00:01:17.560><c> religion,</c><00:01:18.099><c> but</c><00:01:18.299><c> it's</c><00:01:18.420><c> not</c><00:01:18.739><c> really.</c>

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Christianity<00:01:20.459><c> actually</c><00:01:21.200><c> became</c><00:01:21.519><c> associated</c><00:01:22.420><c> with</c><00:01:22.739><c> the</c><00:01:22.819><c> West</c>

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because<00:01:24.359><c> Christianity</c><00:01:25.359><c> effectively</c>

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conquered<00:01:26.500><c> the</c><00:01:26.819><c> West</c><00:01:27.439><c> and</c><00:01:27.799><c> then</c><00:01:27.980><c> the</c><00:01:28.060><c> West</c><00:01:28.579><c> conquered</c><00:01:29.299><c> the</c><00:01:29.540><c> rest</c><00:01:29.700><c> of</c>

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the<00:01:30.000><c> world</c><00:01:30.260><c> and</c><00:01:30.480><c> pretty</c><00:01:30.620><c> much</c><00:01:31.099><c> threw</c>

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not,<00:01:35.959><c> and</c><00:01:35.959><c> became</c><00:01:36.780><c> part</c><00:01:37.340><c> of</c><00:01:38.019><c> Western</c><00:01:38.319><c> culture.</c>

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But<00:01:40.200><c> really,</c><00:01:41.239><c> Christianity</c><00:01:41.480><c> is</c><00:01:41.900><c> a</c><00:01:42.040><c> Jewish</c><00:01:42.379><c> religion</c><00:01:42.739><c> and</c><00:01:43.040><c> it's</c><00:01:43.319><c> really</c><00:01:43.599><c> important</c><00:01:44.239><c> to</c>

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remember<00:01:45.359><c> that.</c>

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It's<00:01:46.299><c> a</c><00:01:46.400><c> Middle</c><00:01:46.819><c> Eastern</c><00:01:47.200><c> religion.</c><00:01:47.659><c> It</c><00:01:47.760><c> is,</c><00:01:48.239><c> in</c><00:01:48.340><c> a</c><00:01:48.459><c> very</c><00:01:48.719><c> real</c>

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sense,<00:01:49.560><c> the</c><00:01:49.680><c> second</c><00:01:50.319><c> Jewish</c><00:01:50.939><c> religion.</c>

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And<00:01:52.640><c> those</c><00:01:52.959><c> Jewish</c><00:01:53.379><c> ties</c><00:01:53.680><c> are</c><00:01:54.000><c> essential</c><00:01:54.819><c> for</c><00:01:55.780><c> recognising</c>

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the<00:01:57.219><c> true</c><00:01:57.480><c> message</c><00:01:58.159><c> of</c><00:01:58.519><c> Christianity,</c>

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the<00:01:59.879><c> original</c><00:02:00.359><c> Christianity,</c><00:02:02.019><c> and</c><00:02:02.200><c> the</c><00:02:02.540><c> break</c><00:02:02.859><c> between</c><00:02:03.500><c> Gentile</c><00:02:04.079><c> Christianity</c><00:02:04.579><c> and</c>

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Jewish<00:02:05.180><c> Christianity</c>

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goes<00:02:06.459><c> a</c><00:02:06.579><c> long</c><00:02:06.780><c> way</c><00:02:06.959><c> to</c><00:02:07.280><c> explaining</c><00:02:07.920><c> why</c><00:02:08.439><c> the</c><00:02:08.719><c> Church</c><00:02:09.039><c> changed</c>

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in<00:02:10.500><c> the</c><00:02:10.719><c> way</c><00:02:11.139><c> that</c><00:02:11.419><c> it</c><00:02:11.500><c> did.</c>

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The<00:02:18.439><c> period</c><00:02:18.960><c> of</c><00:02:19.180><c> history</c><00:02:19.360><c> I'm</c><00:02:19.520><c> going</c><00:02:19.580><c> to</c><00:02:19.680><c> be</c><00:02:19.900><c> covering</c><00:02:20.439><c> involves</c><00:02:22.199><c> quite</c>

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a<00:02:23.860><c> staggering</c><00:02:24.120><c> amount</c><00:02:24.460><c> of</c><00:02:24.759><c> detail.</c>

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So<00:02:25.120><c> I'm</c><00:02:25.180><c> going</c><00:02:25.340><c> to</c><00:02:25.419><c> be</c><00:02:25.659><c> skipping</c><00:02:26.120><c> over</c><00:02:27.280><c> a</c><00:02:27.340><c> few</c><00:02:27.520><c> bits</c><00:02:27.780><c> and</c><00:02:27.939><c> pieces.</c><00:02:28.199><c> Basically</c><00:02:28.659><c> I'm</c>

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going<00:02:29.000><c> to</c><00:02:29.060><c> look</c><00:02:29.319><c> at</c>

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significant<00:02:31.340><c> people</c><00:02:31.860><c> and</c><00:02:32.259><c> events</c><00:02:32.800><c> relating</c><00:02:33.699><c> to</c><00:02:34.560><c> early</c>

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Church<00:02:35.099><c> history.</c>

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That<00:02:36.000><c> means</c><00:02:36.240><c> skipping</c><00:02:36.659><c> quite</c><00:02:37.120><c> a</c><00:02:37.300><c> lot</c><00:02:37.500><c> of</c><00:02:37.819><c> people,</c><00:02:38.419><c> maybe</c><00:02:38.800><c> skipping</c><00:02:39.400><c> a</c><00:02:39.759><c> lot</c><00:02:39.939><c> of</c>

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the<00:02:40.259><c> seasons,</c>

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some<00:02:40.759><c> of</c><00:02:40.900><c> whom</c><00:02:40.979><c> are</c><00:02:41.199><c> actually</c><00:02:41.379><c> very</c><00:02:41.699><c> boring</c><00:02:42.020><c> anyway.</c>

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to<00:02:50.759><c> the</c><00:02:50.879><c> end</c><00:02:51.039><c> of</c><00:02:51.180><c> the</c><00:02:51.280><c> first</c><00:02:51.500><c> century,</c>

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there<00:02:52.659><c> was</c><00:02:52.879><c> huge</c><00:02:53.240><c> political</c><00:02:53.819><c> upheaval.</c><00:02:55.000><c> We</c><00:02:55.099><c> had</c><00:02:55.419><c> 10</c><00:02:55.919><c> Caesars</c>

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in<00:02:56.800><c> 82</c><00:02:57.460><c> years.</c>

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Now<00:02:59.400><c> in</c><00:02:59.479><c> Australia,</c><00:03:00.740><c> we</c><00:03:00.819><c> would</c><00:03:01.020><c> say,</c><00:03:01.479><c> well</c><00:03:01.479><c> that's</c><00:03:01.659><c> an</c><00:03:01.800><c> early</c>

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deal,<00:03:02.340><c> we</c><00:03:02.379><c> had</c><00:03:02.680><c> what?</c>

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Three<00:03:03.539><c> Prime</c><00:03:03.879><c> Ministers</c><00:03:04.159><c> in</c><00:03:04.439><c> five</c><00:03:04.719><c> years?</c><00:03:05.639><c> No</c><00:03:05.860><c> chance.</c><00:03:07.080><c> New</c>

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Prime<00:03:07.479><c> Minister</c><00:03:07.680><c> is</c><00:03:07.840><c> the</c><00:03:07.939><c> first</c><00:03:08.159><c> day</c><00:03:08.319><c> already.</c>

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But<00:03:10.860><c> in</c><00:03:11.379><c> the</c><00:03:11.539><c> ancient</c><00:03:11.879><c> world,</c><00:03:12.280><c> this</c><00:03:12.400><c> was</c><00:03:12.580><c> almost</c><00:03:12.979><c> unheard</c><00:03:13.520><c> of.</c>

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Caesar<00:03:14.659><c> was</c><00:03:14.919><c> for</c><00:03:15.139><c> life.</c><00:03:15.879><c> He</c><00:03:15.919><c> came</c><00:03:16.159><c> to</c><00:03:16.300><c> the</c><00:03:16.419><c> throne,</c><00:03:16.919><c> normally</c>

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maybe<00:03:17.639><c> in</c><00:03:17.840><c> his</c><00:03:18.120><c> 20s,</c><00:03:18.979><c> in</c><00:03:19.099><c> his</c><00:03:19.400><c> 30s,</c>

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or<00:03:20.620><c> if</c><00:03:21.280><c> there'd</c><00:03:22.159><c> been</c><00:03:22.400><c> a</c><00:03:22.439><c> bit</c><00:03:22.699><c> of</c><00:03:22.900><c> power</c><00:03:23.120><c> struggle</c><00:03:23.500><c> and</c><00:03:23.740><c> maybe</c>

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a<00:03:23.979><c> bit</c><00:03:24.159><c> of</c><00:03:24.300><c> backstabbing,</c>

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he<00:03:25.280><c> might</c><00:03:25.520><c> have</c><00:03:25.659><c> been</c><00:03:25.919><c> stuck</c><00:03:26.099><c> in</c><00:03:26.280><c> the</c><00:03:26.379><c> throne</c><00:03:26.580><c> in</c><00:03:27.039><c> his</c><00:03:27.319><c> teens</c>

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by<00:03:28.500><c> some</c><00:03:28.740><c> unscrupulous</c><00:03:29.360><c> relatives.</c>

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And<00:03:30.900><c> then</c><00:03:31.039><c> you</c><00:03:31.139><c> could</c><00:03:31.360><c> expect</c><00:03:31.800><c> him</c><00:03:31.979><c> to</c><00:03:32.280><c> sit</c><00:03:32.460><c> there</c><00:03:32.800><c> for</c><00:03:33.000><c> the</c><00:03:33.099><c> next</c><00:03:33.680><c> 30,</c><00:03:34.039><c> 40,</c><00:03:34.520><c> even</c><00:03:34.800><c> 50</c><00:03:35.159><c> years.</c>

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So<00:03:36.479><c> he</c><00:03:36.680><c> tended</c><00:03:36.860><c> to</c><00:03:37.020><c> get</c><00:03:37.159><c> good</c><00:03:37.439><c> value</c><00:03:37.659><c> for</c><00:03:37.860><c> money</c><00:03:38.080><c> out</c><00:03:38.280><c> of</c><00:03:38.560><c> his</c><00:03:38.840><c> Caesars.</c>

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But<00:03:40.319><c> to</c><00:03:40.560><c> have</c><00:03:40.780><c> so</c><00:03:41.139><c> many</c><00:03:41.460><c> Caesars</c><00:03:41.900><c> come</c><00:03:42.199><c> and</c><00:03:42.419><c> go</c><00:03:42.580><c> in</c><00:03:42.780><c> such</c><00:03:42.979><c> a</c><00:03:43.159><c> short</c><00:03:43.479><c> space</c><00:03:43.840><c> of</c>

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time<00:03:44.560><c> was</c><00:03:45.120><c> really</c><00:03:45.500><c> dramatic.</c>

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It<00:03:46.860><c> was</c><00:03:47.159><c> very</c><00:03:47.620><c> chaotic.</c><00:03:48.159><c> It</c><00:03:48.199><c> was</c><00:03:48.419><c> very</c><00:03:48.900><c> troubling</c><00:03:49.240><c> to</c><00:03:49.560><c> the</c><00:03:49.759><c> Romans,</c>

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who<00:03:50.199><c> relied</c><00:03:50.560><c> on</c><00:03:50.879><c> the</c><00:03:51.039><c> Caesar</c><00:03:51.219><c> as</c><00:03:51.840><c> a</c><00:03:52.039><c> symbol</c><00:03:52.439><c> of</c><00:03:53.199><c> economic</c><00:03:53.740><c> and</c>

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civic<00:03:54.939><c> stability.</c>

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And<00:03:57.000><c> also</c><00:03:57.199><c> the</c><00:03:57.460><c> reasons</c><00:03:57.979><c> why</c><00:03:58.500><c> these</c><00:03:59.340><c> Caesars</c><00:03:59.800><c> changed</c><00:04:00.319><c> and</c><00:04:00.659><c> came</c><00:04:00.860><c> and</c><00:04:01.000><c> went</c><00:04:01.159><c> so</c><00:04:01.520><c> quickly</c>

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caused<00:04:02.960><c> a</c><00:04:03.120><c> great</c><00:04:03.560><c> deal</c><00:04:04.219><c> of</c><00:04:05.099><c> strife,</c><00:04:06.419><c> political</c><00:04:06.659><c> intrigue,</c><00:04:07.599><c> civil</c><00:04:07.819><c> wars,</c><00:04:09.120><c> all</c><00:04:09.159><c> these</c><00:04:09.419><c> kinds</c><00:04:09.680><c> of</c><00:04:09.800><c> things.</c>

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Unexpected<00:04:10.719><c> deaths</c><00:04:11.259><c> from</c><00:04:12.280><c> diseases</c><00:04:12.979><c> you</c><00:04:13.219><c> wouldn't</c><00:04:13.479><c> expect</c><00:04:13.900><c> a</c>

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responsible<00:04:15.259><c> monarch</c><00:04:15.719><c> to</c><00:04:16.180><c> somehow</c><00:04:16.480><c> obtain.</c>

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So<00:04:20.540><c> you</c><00:04:21.379><c> had</c><00:04:21.639><c> wars,</c><00:04:22.240><c> you</c><00:04:22.240><c> had</c><00:04:22.480><c> famine,</c><00:04:23.000><c> you</c><00:04:23.000><c> had</c><00:04:23.459><c> economic</c><00:04:24.040><c> strife,</c>

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and<00:04:24.720><c> you</c><00:04:24.779><c> had</c><00:04:25.160><c> an</c><00:04:25.339><c> awful</c><00:04:25.639><c> lot</c><00:04:26.000><c> of</c><00:04:26.500><c> political</c><00:04:26.939><c> intrigue.</c>

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And<00:04:28.360><c> as</c><00:04:28.660><c> a</c><00:04:28.779><c> result,</c><00:04:29.480><c> you've</c><00:04:29.620><c> got</c><00:04:29.980><c> these</c><00:04:31.660><c> Caesars</c><00:04:32.100><c> coming</c><00:04:32.420><c> and</c>

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going<00:04:33.240><c> very</c><00:04:34.060><c> fast.</c>

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You've<00:04:34.600><c> got</c><00:04:34.800><c> Tiberius,</c><00:04:35.759><c> who</c><00:04:35.779><c> was</c><00:04:36.000><c> this</c><00:04:36.319><c> ancient,</c><00:04:37.019><c> depraved</c>

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old<00:04:37.740><c> monarch,</c>

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who<00:04:40.459><c> died</c><00:04:40.800><c> and</c><00:04:40.939><c> was</c><00:04:41.060><c> succeeded</c><00:04:41.439><c> by</c><00:04:41.860><c> a</c><00:04:42.100><c> Caligula</c><00:04:42.800><c> who</c><00:04:43.240><c> was</c><00:04:43.720><c> famous</c><00:04:44.139><c> for</c><00:04:44.379><c> being...</c>

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well,<00:04:45.399><c> he</c><00:04:45.420><c> was</c><00:04:45.680><c> basically</c><00:04:46.079><c> insane.</c><00:04:46.980><c> He</c><00:04:46.980><c> did</c><00:04:47.459><c> odd</c><00:04:47.740><c> things</c><00:04:48.040><c> like</c>

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making<00:04:48.500><c> his</c><00:04:49.300><c> horse</c><00:04:49.620><c> a</c><00:04:49.920><c> senator.</c>

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He<00:04:51.959><c> was</c><00:04:52.620><c> strangled</c><00:04:53.019><c> to</c><00:04:53.240><c> death</c><00:04:53.420><c> by</c><00:04:53.660><c> his</c><00:04:53.899><c> own</c><00:04:54.160><c> bodyguard</c><00:04:54.800><c> and</c><00:04:55.379><c> replaced</c><00:04:55.839><c> by</c>

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his<00:04:56.379><c> uncle</c><00:04:56.759><c> Claudius.</c>

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Claudius<00:04:58.600><c> had</c><00:04:59.199><c> palsy</c><00:04:59.800><c> and</c><00:04:59.980><c> epilepsy.</c><00:05:01.100><c> He</c><00:05:01.100><c> was</c><00:05:01.480><c> poisoned</c><00:05:01.920><c> to</c>

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death<00:05:02.240><c> by</c><00:05:02.500><c> his</c><00:05:02.720><c> wife.</c>

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And<00:05:03.879><c> so</c><00:05:04.079><c> it</c><00:05:04.180><c> goes</c><00:05:04.439><c> on.</c><00:05:05.120><c> They</c><00:05:05.199><c> had</c><00:05:05.439><c> some</c><00:05:05.699><c> pretty</c><00:05:05.899><c> interesting</c><00:05:06.980><c> lives.</c>

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Then<00:05:07.439><c> we</c><00:05:07.500><c> get</c><00:05:07.819><c> to</c><00:05:08.240><c> Nero.</c><00:05:08.600><c> Nero</c><00:05:08.860><c> is</c><00:05:09.040><c> a</c><00:05:09.139><c> bit</c><00:05:09.139><c> of</c><00:05:09.379><c> a</c><00:05:09.439><c> throwback</c><00:05:09.800><c> to</c><00:05:10.139><c> Caligula.</c>

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He's<00:05:11.000><c> the</c><00:05:11.160><c> son</c><00:05:11.420><c> of</c><00:05:11.660><c> Claudius</c><00:05:12.500><c> and</c><00:05:13.040><c> is</c><00:05:13.259><c> widely</c><00:05:13.560><c> believed</c><00:05:13.860><c> he</c><00:05:14.060><c> conspired</c><00:05:14.819><c> with</c><00:05:14.959><c> his</c><00:05:15.279><c> mother</c><00:05:15.560><c> to</c>

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kill<00:05:16.379><c> his</c><00:05:16.680><c> father.</c>

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So<00:05:18.660><c> we</c><00:05:19.160><c> have</c><00:05:19.720><c> some</c><00:05:21.000><c> pretty</c><00:05:21.279><c> dysfunctional</c><00:05:22.120><c> people</c><00:05:22.459><c> here</c>

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going<00:05:23.720><c> through</c><00:05:24.819><c> the</c><00:05:25.439><c> upper</c><00:05:25.720><c> echelons</c><00:05:26.160><c> of</c><00:05:26.579><c> Roman</c><00:05:26.779><c> society</c><00:05:27.240><c> in</c>

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a<00:05:27.480><c> very</c><00:05:27.680><c> short</c><00:05:27.800><c> space</c><00:05:28.139><c> of</c><00:05:28.339><c> time.</c>

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So<00:05:30.220><c> I'm</c><00:05:30.300><c> going</c><00:05:30.420><c> to</c><00:05:30.500><c> be</c><00:05:30.720><c> skipping</c><00:05:31.079><c> over</c><00:05:31.819><c> most</c><00:05:32.139><c> of</c><00:05:32.339><c> these</c><00:05:32.560><c> guys</c>

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and<00:05:33.040><c> just</c><00:05:33.319><c> focusing</c><00:05:33.759><c> on</c><00:05:34.680><c> the</c><00:05:35.000><c> Caesars</c><00:05:35.220><c> who</c><00:05:35.439><c> had</c><00:05:35.720><c> some</c><00:05:36.100><c> significant</c><00:05:36.879><c> connection</c><00:05:37.420><c> or</c><00:05:37.800><c> dealings</c>

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with<00:05:39.160><c> Christians</c><00:05:39.819><c> and</c><00:05:40.980><c> Christianity.</c>

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I'm<00:05:47.199><c> going</c><00:05:47.360><c> to</c><00:05:47.459><c> start</c><00:05:47.879><c> by</c><00:05:48.399><c> introducing</c><00:05:49.139><c> a</c><00:05:49.459><c> document</c><00:05:50.019><c> called</c>

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the<00:05:50.720><c> Diocese.</c>

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Diocese<00:05:52.639><c> of</c><00:05:52.699><c> Greek</c><00:05:52.879><c> Works</c><00:05:53.300><c> means</c><00:05:53.660><c> the</c><00:05:53.939><c> teaching.</c>

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And<00:05:56.579><c> it</c><00:05:56.660><c> was</c><00:05:56.879><c> the</c><00:05:57.040><c> teaching</c><00:05:57.519><c> of</c><00:05:58.899><c> the</c><00:05:59.160><c> basic</c><00:05:59.959><c> Christian</c><00:06:00.519><c> message.</c>

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Can<00:06:01.040><c> anyone</c><00:06:01.240><c> remember</c><00:06:01.740><c> what</c><00:06:02.000><c> Christianity</c><00:06:02.519><c> was</c><00:06:02.899><c> spiritually</c><00:06:03.319><c> called?</c>

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It<00:06:03.860><c> wasn't</c><00:06:04.040><c> called</c><00:06:04.319><c> Christianity.</c><00:06:05.139><c> What</c><00:06:05.259><c> was</c><00:06:05.459><c> it</c><00:06:05.600><c> first</c><00:06:05.819><c> called?</c>

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The<00:06:06.819><c> Way.</c><00:06:07.500><c> That's</c><00:06:08.019><c> right.</c><00:06:08.699><c> It</c><00:06:08.699><c> was</c><00:06:08.879><c> called</c><00:06:09.040><c> The</c><00:06:09.259><c> Way.</c>

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And<00:06:09.819><c> sometimes</c><00:06:10.160><c> it</c><00:06:10.259><c> was</c><00:06:10.439><c> called</c><00:06:10.579><c> The</c><00:06:10.740><c> Way</c><00:06:10.980><c> of</c><00:06:11.439><c> Life.</c>

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But<00:06:12.079><c> it</c><00:06:12.259><c> was</c><00:06:12.339><c> mainly</c><00:06:12.360><c> just</c><00:06:12.600><c> called</c><00:06:12.980><c> The</c><00:06:13.360><c> Way.</c>

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And<00:06:14.920><c> at</c><00:06:15.160><c> some</c><00:06:15.500><c> point</c><00:06:16.079><c> in</c><00:06:16.779><c> the</c><00:06:17.680><c> late</c><00:06:18.180><c> first</c><00:06:18.660><c> century</c>

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a<00:06:20.180><c> bunch</c><00:06:20.360><c> of</c><00:06:20.660><c> Christians,</c><00:06:20.920><c> we</c><00:06:21.120><c> don't</c><00:06:21.279><c> know</c><00:06:21.420><c> who</c><00:06:21.680><c> and</c><00:06:21.839><c> we're</c>

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not<00:06:22.139><c> quite</c><00:06:22.360><c> sure</c><00:06:22.540><c> where</c>

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sat<00:06:23.600><c> down</c><00:06:23.959><c> and</c><00:06:24.139><c> wrote</c><00:06:24.439><c> a</c><00:06:24.680><c> little</c><00:06:24.920><c> document</c><00:06:25.279><c> called</c><00:06:25.620><c> the</c><00:06:25.779><c> Didago,</c><00:06:26.360><c> the</c>

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teaching<00:06:27.000><c> about</c><00:06:27.480><c> the</c><00:06:27.680><c> Way.</c>

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And<00:06:29.620><c> this</c><00:06:29.899><c> document</c><00:06:30.500><c> functioned</c><00:06:31.500><c> as</c><00:06:31.740><c> a</c><00:06:31.819><c> type</c><00:06:32.019><c> of</c><00:06:32.199><c> church</c><00:06:32.579><c> manual.</c>

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It<00:06:33.759><c> gave</c><00:06:34.019><c> you</c><00:06:34.439><c> an</c><00:06:34.639><c> outline</c><00:06:35.019><c> of</c><00:06:35.259><c> essential</c><00:06:35.720><c> Christian</c><00:06:36.160><c> beliefs.</c>

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It<00:06:37.459><c> told</c><00:06:37.600><c> you</c><00:06:38.079><c> how</c><00:06:38.360><c> to</c><00:06:38.720><c> run</c><00:06:39.180><c> a</c><00:06:39.720><c> church,</c>

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gave<00:06:41.480><c> you</c><00:06:41.639><c> instructions</c><00:06:42.259><c> on</c><00:06:42.579><c> baptism,</c><00:06:43.100><c> how</c><00:06:43.339><c> to</c><00:06:43.540><c> prepare</c><00:06:43.860><c> for</c>

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baptism,<00:06:44.500><c> how</c><00:06:44.620><c> to</c><00:06:44.680><c> conduct</c><00:06:45.100><c> a</c><00:06:45.279><c> baptism.</c>

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It<00:06:46.480><c> told</c><00:06:46.839><c> you</c><00:06:46.959><c> how</c><00:06:47.180><c> to</c><00:06:47.279><c> conduct</c><00:06:47.579><c> a</c><00:06:47.779><c> memorial</c><00:06:48.279><c> meeting.</c>

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It<00:06:48.959><c> even</c><00:06:49.139><c> gave</c><00:06:49.339><c> you</c><00:06:49.519><c> some</c><00:06:49.660><c> prayers</c><00:06:50.100><c> to</c><00:06:50.379><c> say</c><00:06:50.600><c> for</c><00:06:50.759><c> the</c><00:06:50.959><c> bread</c>

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and<00:06:51.240><c> the</c><00:06:51.439><c> wine.</c>

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It<00:06:53.160><c> told</c><00:06:53.560><c> you</c><00:06:53.980><c> how</c><00:06:54.240><c> to</c><00:06:54.420><c> deal</c><00:06:54.720><c> with</c><00:06:54.939><c> people</c><00:06:55.339><c> who</c><00:06:55.519><c> came</c><00:06:55.860><c> to</c><00:06:55.980><c> your</c>

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church<00:06:56.420><c> claiming</c><00:06:56.879><c> to</c><00:06:57.139><c> be</c><00:06:57.279><c> Christians</c>

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and<00:06:58.779><c> wanting</c><00:06:59.220><c> to</c><00:06:59.480><c> get</c><00:06:59.639><c> support</c><00:07:00.040><c> from</c><00:07:00.279><c> you.</c>

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It<00:07:01.000><c> told</c><00:07:01.079><c> you</c><00:07:01.220><c> how</c><00:07:01.439><c> to</c><00:07:01.540><c> deal</c><00:07:01.740><c> with</c><00:07:01.939><c> people</c><00:07:02.500><c> who</c><00:07:02.819><c> came</c><00:07:03.199><c> to</c><00:07:03.339><c> your</c>

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church<00:07:03.839><c> claiming</c><00:07:04.139><c> to</c><00:07:04.339><c> have</c><00:07:04.439><c> the</c><00:07:04.579><c> Holy</c><00:07:04.759><c> Spirit</c>

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and<00:07:05.740><c> how</c><00:07:06.000><c> you</c><00:07:06.199><c> could</c><00:07:06.420><c> determine</c><00:07:06.839><c> whether</c><00:07:07.160><c> or</c><00:07:07.180><c> not</c><00:07:07.720><c> what</c><00:07:07.939><c> they</c>

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said<00:07:08.319><c> was</c><00:07:08.660><c> true.</c>

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And<00:07:10.379><c> the</c><00:07:10.540><c> Didago</c><00:07:11.040><c> gives</c><00:07:11.399><c> us</c><00:07:11.779><c> some</c><00:07:12.079><c> fascinating</c><00:07:12.660><c> insight</c><00:07:13.199><c> into</c>

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the<00:07:13.620><c> way</c><00:07:14.199><c> early</c><00:07:14.660><c> Christians</c><00:07:15.040><c> were</c>

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practicing<00:07:15.800><c> their</c><00:07:16.160><c> faith.</c>

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And<00:07:17.439><c> the</c><00:07:17.620><c> beauty</c><00:07:17.959><c> of</c><00:07:18.199><c> the</c><00:07:18.379><c> Didago</c><00:07:18.899><c> is</c><00:07:19.199><c> it's</c><00:07:19.540><c> a</c><00:07:19.680><c> really</c>

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positive<00:07:21.199><c> document.</c>

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If<00:07:22.720><c> you</c><00:07:22.860><c> look</c><00:07:23.139><c> through</c><00:07:23.540><c> the</c><00:07:23.660><c> New</c><00:07:23.899><c> Testament,</c><00:07:24.379><c> particularly</c>

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at<00:07:25.240><c> the</c><00:07:25.579><c> preaching</c><00:07:25.980><c> lectures</c>

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given<00:07:27.000><c> by</c><00:07:27.319><c> the</c><00:07:27.519><c> apostles</c><00:07:27.879><c> in</c><00:07:28.139><c> places</c><00:07:28.360><c> like</c><00:07:28.720><c> Acts,</c>

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there's<00:07:29.839><c> one</c><00:07:30.279><c> distinctive</c><00:07:30.779><c> feature</c><00:07:31.300><c> of</c><00:07:31.579><c> their</c><00:07:31.860><c> public</c><00:07:32.180><c> confessions.</c>

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And<00:07:32.939><c> that</c><00:07:33.079><c> is,</c><00:07:33.660><c> they're</c><00:07:33.980><c> absolutely</c><00:07:34.720><c> positive.</c>

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They<00:07:36.120><c> consist</c><00:07:36.519><c> of</c><00:07:36.939><c> positive</c><00:07:37.439><c> statements.</c>

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This<00:07:38.339><c> is</c><00:07:38.480><c> how</c><00:07:38.740><c> the</c><00:07:38.860><c> early</c><00:07:39.220><c> Christians</c><00:07:40.160><c> defined</c><00:07:42.300><c> and</c><00:07:42.959><c> expressed</c><00:07:43.540><c> their</c><00:07:43.879><c> faith.</c>

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They<00:07:45.040><c> didn't</c><00:07:45.279><c> get</c><00:07:45.500><c> up</c><00:07:45.779><c> and</c><00:07:46.040><c> say,</c>

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here's<00:07:47.660><c> a</c><00:07:47.800><c> list</c><00:07:47.939><c> of</c><00:07:48.040><c> things</c><00:07:48.300><c> we</c><00:07:48.540><c> do</c><00:07:48.819><c> believe</c><00:07:49.180><c> and</c><00:07:49.339><c> here's</c><00:07:49.620><c> a</c><00:07:49.720><c> list</c><00:07:49.899><c> of</c>

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things<00:07:50.259><c> we</c><00:07:50.379><c> don't</c><00:07:50.680><c> believe.</c>

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They<00:07:51.800><c> only</c><00:07:52.160><c> ever</c><00:07:52.459><c> said,</c><00:07:52.939><c> here's</c><00:07:53.160><c> a</c><00:07:53.279><c> list</c><00:07:53.439><c> of</c><00:07:53.600><c> things</c><00:07:54.199><c> we</c><00:07:54.540><c> do</c><00:07:54.800><c> believe.</c>

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And<00:07:55.100><c> then</c><00:07:55.259><c> someone</c><00:07:55.439><c> questioned,</c><00:07:56.060><c> oh,</c><00:07:56.160><c> do</c><00:07:56.319><c> you</c><00:07:56.360><c> believe</c><00:07:56.560><c> this?</c>

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No,<00:07:57.019><c> we</c><00:07:57.040><c> don't</c><00:07:57.199><c> believe</c><00:07:57.339><c> that.</c>

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But<00:07:58.180><c> their</c><00:07:58.800><c> message</c><00:07:59.279><c> was</c><00:07:59.759><c> positive.</c>

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They<00:08:00.420><c> always</c><00:08:00.759><c> gave</c><00:08:00.860><c> a</c><00:08:01.019><c> positive</c><00:08:01.519><c> expression</c><00:08:01.959><c> of</c><00:08:02.160><c> their</c><00:08:02.420><c> faith.</c>

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And<00:08:03.480><c> by</c><00:08:03.740><c> and</c><00:08:03.980><c> large,</c><00:08:04.620><c> as</c><00:08:04.819><c> a</c><00:08:04.980><c> general</c><00:08:05.279><c> rule,</c>

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there<00:08:07.000><c> are</c><00:08:07.439><c> these</c><00:08:07.779><c> positive</c><00:08:08.279><c> statements</c><00:08:09.079><c> still</c><00:08:09.540><c> by</c><00:08:09.720><c> themselves.</c>

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And<00:08:10.360><c> if</c><00:08:11.259><c> a</c><00:08:11.480><c> belief</c><00:08:11.620><c> wasn't</c><00:08:12.160><c> included</c><00:08:12.699><c> in</c><00:08:12.980><c> those</c><00:08:13.240><c> statements,</c>

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they<00:08:14.319><c> didn't</c><00:08:14.600><c> hold</c><00:08:14.860><c> it.</c>

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So<00:08:16.319><c> you</c><00:08:16.839><c> generally</c><00:08:17.279><c> find</c><00:08:17.680><c> that</c><00:08:18.300><c> in</c><00:08:18.779><c> the</c><00:08:19.220><c> preaching</c><00:08:19.560><c> lectures</c><00:08:19.939><c> back,</c>

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the<00:08:20.399><c> same</c><00:08:20.759><c> themes</c><00:08:21.160><c> are</c><00:08:21.459><c> repeated</c><00:08:21.720><c> again</c><00:08:22.000><c> and</c><00:08:22.220><c> again.</c>

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And<00:08:24.139><c> if</c><00:08:24.360><c> you</c><00:08:24.519><c> want</c><00:08:24.620><c> to</c><00:08:24.740><c> know</c><00:08:24.839><c> if</c><00:08:24.920><c> they</c><00:08:25.160><c> believed</c><00:08:25.300><c> other</c><00:08:25.560><c> stuff,</c>

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if<00:08:26.259><c> it's</c><00:08:26.459><c> not</c><00:08:26.660><c> mentioned,</c><00:08:27.620><c> 90</c><00:08:27.759><c>%</c><00:08:28.079><c> chance</c><00:08:28.319><c> they</c><00:08:28.579><c> simply</c><00:08:28.860><c> didn't</c>

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believe<00:08:29.480><c> it.</c>

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And<00:08:30.399><c> that</c><00:08:30.620><c> was</c><00:08:31.839><c> how</c><00:08:32.039><c> they</c><00:08:32.279><c> preached</c><00:08:32.500><c> and</c><00:08:32.639><c> how</c><00:08:32.720><c> they</c><00:08:32.919><c> expressed</c>

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their<00:08:33.399><c> faith.</c>

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So<00:08:33.679><c> the</c><00:08:33.799><c> Didache</c><00:08:34.240><c> gives</c><00:08:34.779><c> a</c><00:08:35.120><c> positive</c><00:08:36.179><c> confession</c><00:08:36.740><c> of</c><00:08:36.940><c> faith,</c>

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rather<00:08:37.960><c> than</c><00:08:38.259><c> we</c><00:08:38.580><c> believe</c><00:08:38.879><c> this,</c><00:08:39.580><c> we</c><00:08:39.740><c> don't</c><00:08:40.000><c> believe</c><00:08:40.240><c> that.</c>

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Of<00:08:40.539><c> course,</c><00:08:41.419><c> if</c><00:08:41.419><c> you</c><00:08:42.799><c> did</c><00:08:42.899><c> try</c><00:08:43.179><c> to</c><00:08:43.279><c> do</c><00:08:43.360><c> a</c><00:08:43.480><c> list</c><00:08:43.600><c> of</c><00:08:43.820><c> all</c><00:08:43.980><c> the</c><00:08:44.120><c> things</c><00:08:44.240><c> you</c>

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don't<00:08:44.539><c> believe,</c>

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it'd<00:08:44.899><c> be</c><00:08:45.120><c> there</c><00:08:45.379><c> forever,</c><00:08:46.480><c> which</c><00:08:46.639><c> is</c><00:08:46.820><c> one</c><00:08:46.960><c> of</c><00:08:47.059><c> the</c><00:08:47.080><c> reasons.</c>

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It's<00:08:48.240><c> probably</c><00:08:48.460><c> not</c><00:08:48.620><c> a</c><00:08:48.620><c> good</c><00:08:48.799><c> idea</c><00:08:49.000><c> to</c><00:08:49.100><c> keep</c><00:08:49.299><c> doing</c><00:08:49.539><c> that.</c>

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But<00:08:51.440><c> the</c><00:08:51.620><c> Didache</c><00:08:52.059><c> is</c><00:08:52.659><c> really</c><00:08:53.100><c> good</c><00:08:53.320><c> in</c><00:08:53.500><c> that</c><00:08:53.679><c> it</c><00:08:53.700><c> gives</c><00:08:53.820><c> you</c><00:08:54.120><c> a</c>

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good<00:08:54.480><c> positive</c><00:08:54.860><c> expression</c><00:08:55.299><c> of</c><00:08:55.480><c> faith</c>

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and<00:08:56.120><c> also</c><00:08:56.379><c> some</c><00:08:56.620><c> of</c><00:08:56.799><c> the</c><00:08:56.879><c> rationale</c><00:08:57.200><c> behind</c><00:08:57.580><c> the</c><00:08:57.799><c> faith.</c>

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The<00:08:58.899><c> people</c><00:08:59.179><c> in</c><00:08:59.559><c> the</c><00:08:59.860><c> times</c><00:09:00.100><c> of</c><00:09:00.279><c> the</c><00:09:00.399><c> Didache</c><00:09:01.019><c> were</c><00:09:01.480><c> aware</c>

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that<00:09:02.460><c> the</c><00:09:02.659><c> Holy</c><00:09:03.100><c> Spirit</c><00:09:03.440><c> gifts</c><00:09:03.799><c> were</c><00:09:04.240><c> dying</c><00:09:04.519><c> out,</c><00:09:04.860><c> even</c><00:09:05.000><c> in</c>

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their<00:09:05.360><c> time,</c>

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and<00:09:05.679><c> that</c><00:09:05.799><c> helps</c><00:09:06.100><c> us</c><00:09:06.500><c> to</c><00:09:07.000><c> date</c><00:09:07.159><c> the</c><00:09:07.379><c> Didache.</c>

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But<00:09:08.419><c> written</c><00:09:09.679><c> between</c><00:09:10.200><c> the</c><00:09:10.600><c> 1890s</c><00:09:11.279><c> and</c><00:09:11.500><c> maybe</c><00:09:12.279><c> 8110,</c><00:09:13.580><c> 115,</c><00:09:14.320><c> possibly</c><00:09:14.879><c> up</c>

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to<00:09:15.840><c> 120,</c>

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but<00:09:16.899><c> most</c><00:09:17.299><c> commentators</c><00:09:17.820><c> put</c><00:09:18.080><c> it</c><00:09:18.259><c> around</c><00:09:18.539><c> the</c><00:09:18.679><c> end</c><00:09:18.860><c> of</c><00:09:18.980><c> the</c>

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first<00:09:19.279><c> century.</c>

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And<00:09:20.539><c> this</c><00:09:20.700><c> is</c><00:09:20.899><c> one</c><00:09:21.039><c> of</c><00:09:21.179><c> the</c><00:09:21.240><c> reasons</c><00:09:21.460><c> they've</c><00:09:21.799><c> got</c><00:09:21.899><c> to</c><00:09:22.179><c> test</c><00:09:22.419><c> people</c><00:09:22.840><c> coming</c><00:09:23.259><c> to</c>

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their<00:09:23.759><c> churches</c>

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and<00:09:25.080><c> claiming</c><00:09:25.360><c> to</c><00:09:25.639><c> have</c><00:09:25.799><c> the</c><00:09:25.960><c> Holy</c><00:09:26.240><c> Spirit,</c>

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because<00:09:27.080><c> these</c><00:09:27.460><c> gifts</c><00:09:27.759><c> are</c><00:09:28.100><c> not</c><00:09:28.360><c> as</c><00:09:28.620><c> common</c><00:09:28.899><c> as</c><00:09:29.240><c> they</c><00:09:29.460><c> used</c><00:09:29.740><c> to</c><00:09:29.960><c> be.</c>

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And<00:09:30.679><c> as</c><00:09:30.940><c> a</c><00:09:31.019><c> result,</c><00:09:31.840><c> the</c><00:09:31.840><c> authority</c><00:09:32.580><c> that</c><00:09:33.059><c> goes</c><00:09:33.480><c> with</c><00:09:33.720><c> having</c>

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the<00:09:34.059><c> Holy</c><00:09:34.279><c> Spirit</c><00:09:34.580><c> gifts</c><00:09:35.000><c> isn't</c><00:09:35.539><c> there</c><00:09:35.879><c> either.</c>

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And<00:09:36.860><c> this</c><00:09:37.000><c> is</c><00:09:37.100><c> one</c><00:09:37.240><c> of</c><00:09:37.340><c> the</c><00:09:37.379><c> reasons</c><00:09:37.759><c> the</c><00:09:37.940><c> church</c><00:09:38.220><c> begins</c><00:09:38.799><c> to</c>

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fragment<00:09:40.120><c> so</c><00:09:41.240><c> quickly.</c>

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As<00:09:42.220><c> it</c><00:09:42.480><c> becomes</c><00:09:42.840><c> diversified,</c><00:09:43.679><c> as</c><00:09:43.940><c> it</c><00:09:44.299><c> expands</c><00:09:44.879><c> out</c><00:09:45.299><c> rapidly</c>

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from<00:09:46.000><c> Jerusalem,</c>

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and<00:09:47.120><c> then</c><00:09:47.320><c> as</c><00:09:47.480><c> Jerusalem</c><00:09:47.919><c> falls</c><00:09:48.659><c> and</c><00:09:49.840><c> the</c><00:09:50.080><c> Jews</c><00:09:50.419><c> and</c><00:09:51.100><c> Gentile</c>

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Christians<00:09:52.019><c> flee</c><00:09:52.460><c> into</c><00:09:52.720><c> Gentile</c><00:09:53.240><c> lands,</c>

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you<00:09:54.779><c> no</c><00:09:55.039><c> longer</c><00:09:55.519><c> have</c><00:09:55.879><c> those</c><00:09:56.279><c> two</c><00:09:56.539><c> key</c><00:09:56.779><c> centers,</c><00:09:57.500><c> Antioch</c><00:09:57.919><c> and</c>

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Jerusalem,<00:09:59.659><c> helping</c><00:09:59.879><c> to</c><00:10:00.200><c> guide</c><00:10:00.740><c> the</c><00:10:01.179><c> wider</c><00:10:01.419><c> church.</c>

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You've<00:10:02.519><c> now</c><00:10:02.840><c> got</c><00:10:03.279><c> a</c><00:10:03.399><c> lot</c><00:10:03.639><c> of</c><00:10:03.899><c> churches</c><00:10:04.139><c> quite</c><00:10:04.679><c> disconnected</c>

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from<00:10:06.100><c> each</c><00:10:06.440><c> other,</c>

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Rome,<00:10:07.480><c> Galatia,</c><00:10:08.360><c> Thessaly,</c><00:10:09.159><c> Ephesus,</c>

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and<00:10:10.600><c> then</c><00:10:10.820><c> it</c><00:10:10.980><c> starts</c><00:10:11.259><c> to</c><00:10:11.480><c> spread</c><00:10:11.700><c> deeper</c><00:10:12.320><c> into</c><00:10:13.100><c> Turkey,</c><00:10:14.340><c> Asia</c>

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Minor,<00:10:15.039><c> and</c><00:10:15.200><c> all</c><00:10:15.379><c> the</c><00:10:15.419><c> way</c><00:10:15.559><c> down</c><00:10:15.799><c> to</c><00:10:16.019><c> Africa.</c>

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And<00:10:17.379><c> maintaining</c><00:10:17.879><c> the</c><00:10:18.179><c> same</c><00:10:18.539><c> faith</c><00:10:18.899><c> across</c><00:10:19.519><c> all</c><00:10:20.080><c> these</c><00:10:20.440><c> different</c><00:10:20.759><c> lands</c>

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and<00:10:21.840><c> cultures</c>

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is<00:10:22.480><c> very</c><00:10:23.340><c> challenging.</c>

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And<00:10:24.940><c> because</c><00:10:25.600><c> the</c><00:10:26.879><c> Jewish</c><00:10:28.240><c> core</c><00:10:28.960><c> now</c><00:10:29.940><c> starts</c><00:10:30.320><c> to</c><00:10:30.539><c> be</c><00:10:30.820><c> lost,</c>

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Gentile<00:10:32.419><c> influences</c><00:10:33.080><c> creep</c><00:10:33.679><c> in</c><00:10:34.039><c> a</c><00:10:34.139><c> lot</c><00:10:34.379><c> faster.</c>

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Quick<00:10:38.460><c> question.</c><00:10:39.399><c> The</c><00:10:39.580><c> Didache</c><00:10:40.059><c> is</c><00:10:40.299><c> still</c><00:10:40.519><c> available?</c>

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Yes,<00:10:41.820><c> it</c><00:10:41.820><c> is.</c>

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If<00:10:44.100><c> I</c><00:10:44.120><c> may</c><00:10:44.220><c> think</c><00:10:44.379><c> about</c><00:10:44.580><c> the</c><00:10:44.759><c> Didache.</c>

00:10:46.620 --> 00:10:54.039
The<00:10:47.220><c> Didache</c><00:10:47.820><c> was</c><00:10:48.299><c> lost</c><00:10:49.100><c> for</c><00:10:50.840><c> about</c><00:10:51.259><c> 1700</c><00:10:52.039><c> years.</c>

00:10:54.720 --> 00:10:57.399
Historians<00:10:55.320><c> in</c><00:10:55.419><c> previous</c><00:10:55.879><c> centuries</c><00:10:56.299><c> found</c><00:10:56.720><c> references</c><00:10:57.220><c> to</c>

00:10:57.399 --> 00:11:00.179
the<00:10:57.679><c> Didache</c><00:10:58.419><c> in</c><00:10:58.779><c> the</c><00:10:58.960><c> writings</c><00:10:59.200><c> of</c><00:10:59.379><c> the</c><00:10:59.379><c> early</c><00:10:59.639><c> church</c><00:10:59.960><c> fathers.</c>

00:11:00.299 --> 00:11:02.659
Nobody<00:11:00.519><c> knew</c><00:11:00.700><c> what</c><00:11:00.960><c> it</c><00:11:00.960><c> was.</c><00:11:01.460><c> There</c><00:11:01.519><c> were</c><00:11:01.620><c> no</c><00:11:01.840><c> copies</c><00:11:02.220><c> around</c>

00:11:02.659 --> 00:11:03.600
the<00:11:02.740><c> place.</c>

00:11:03.659 --> 00:11:06.960
So<00:11:03.659><c> everyone</c><00:11:04.600><c> was</c><00:11:04.840><c> quite</c><00:11:05.159><c> intrigued,</c><00:11:05.860><c> and</c><00:11:05.919><c> it</c><00:11:06.120><c> almost</c><00:11:06.639><c> became</c>

00:11:06.960 --> 00:11:08.259
this<00:11:07.340><c> mythical</c><00:11:07.820><c> document.</c>

00:11:08.519 --> 00:11:11.159
Didache,<00:11:09.200><c> Didache,</c><00:11:09.700><c> keep</c><00:11:09.860><c> going</c><00:11:10.080><c> on</c><00:11:10.220><c> about</c><00:11:10.440><c> it.</c><00:11:10.620><c> What</c><00:11:10.679><c> is</c><00:11:10.879><c> it?</c>

00:11:11.299 --> 00:11:11.919
Nobody<00:11:11.519><c> noticed.</c>

00:11:11.919 --> 00:11:17.919
And<00:11:12.600><c> then</c><00:11:13.000><c> in</c><00:11:13.320><c> the</c><00:11:13.419><c> late</c><00:11:13.879><c> 19th</c><00:11:14.659><c> century,</c><00:11:17.100><c> this</c><00:11:17.200><c> guy,</c><00:11:17.600><c> I</c><00:11:17.600><c> think</c>

00:11:17.919 --> 00:11:22.159
it<00:11:18.059><c> might</c><00:11:18.200><c> have</c><00:11:18.299><c> been</c><00:11:18.480><c> a</c><00:11:19.539><c> Greek</c><00:11:19.840><c> Orthodox</c><00:11:20.460><c> guy,</c>

00:11:22.740 --> 00:11:27.580
came<00:11:23.039><c> across</c><00:11:23.519><c> it</c><00:11:23.879><c> quite</c><00:11:24.279><c> by</c><00:11:24.639><c> accident</c><00:11:25.340><c> within</c><00:11:26.320><c> the</c><00:11:26.720><c> leaves</c><00:11:27.059><c> of</c>

00:11:27.580 --> 00:11:28.340
this<00:11:27.899><c> book</c>

00:11:28.340 --> 00:11:33.620
when<00:11:29.240><c> he</c><00:11:29.279><c> was</c><00:11:30.259><c> investigating</c><00:11:30.899><c> some</c><00:11:31.740><c> collection</c><00:11:32.100><c> of</c><00:11:32.320><c> ancient</c><00:11:32.559><c> documents.</c>

00:11:33.799 --> 00:11:35.720
And<00:11:33.919><c> he</c><00:11:34.039><c> got</c><00:11:34.240><c> hold</c><00:11:34.460><c> of</c><00:11:34.539><c> it,</c><00:11:34.679><c> and</c><00:11:34.740><c> he</c><00:11:34.799><c> suddenly</c><00:11:34.960><c> realized,</c><00:11:35.279><c> this</c>

00:11:35.720 --> 00:11:37.759
is<00:11:36.039><c> the</c><00:11:36.139><c> thing</c><00:11:36.360><c> we've</c><00:11:36.620><c> been</c><00:11:36.779><c> looking</c><00:11:37.000><c> for</c><00:11:37.340><c> all</c><00:11:37.419><c> this</c><00:11:37.620><c> time.</c>

00:11:37.759 --> 00:11:39.580
I<00:11:37.840><c> think</c><00:11:37.960><c> it</c><00:11:38.019><c> was</c><00:11:38.139><c> around</c><00:11:38.440><c> 1879.</c>

00:11:39.580 --> 00:11:43.100
So<00:11:40.580><c> this</c><00:11:41.259><c> was</c><00:11:41.500><c> a</c><00:11:41.559><c> really</c><00:11:42.259><c> late,</c><00:11:42.480><c> late</c><00:11:42.799><c> discovery.</c>

00:11:43.179 --> 00:11:46.379
And<00:11:43.279><c> the</c><00:11:43.299><c> copy</c><00:11:43.519><c> he</c><00:11:43.759><c> had,</c><00:11:43.940><c> I</c><00:11:44.059><c> think,</c><00:11:44.179><c> was</c><00:11:44.379><c> a</c><00:11:44.500><c> late</c><00:11:45.019><c> Latin</c><00:11:45.500><c> translation</c><00:11:46.100><c> from</c>

00:11:46.379 --> 00:11:47.279
the<00:11:46.600><c> evil</c><00:11:46.899><c> era.</c>

00:11:47.700 --> 00:11:51.620
The<00:11:47.720><c> Didache</c><00:11:47.860><c> was</c><00:11:48.080><c> originally</c><00:11:48.519><c> written</c><00:11:49.100><c> in</c><00:11:49.320><c> Greek,</c><00:11:49.519><c> hence</c><00:11:49.759><c> the</c><00:11:49.940><c> name,</c><00:11:50.299><c> which</c><00:11:50.299><c> is</c><00:11:50.700><c> Greek.</c>

00:11:52.019 --> 00:11:55.340
And<00:11:52.320><c> that</c><00:11:52.720><c> was</c><00:11:53.279><c> a</c><00:11:53.639><c> major,</c><00:11:54.120><c> major</c><00:11:54.539><c> discovery.</c>

00:11:55.879 --> 00:12:00.299
And<00:11:56.320><c> in</c><00:11:56.759><c> the</c><00:11:56.860><c> early</c><00:11:57.240><c> 20th</c><00:11:57.720><c> century,</c><00:11:58.200><c> the</c><00:11:58.340><c> Didache</c><00:11:58.799><c> was</c><00:11:59.100><c> studied</c><00:11:59.360><c> very</c><00:11:59.860><c> closely,</c>

00:12:00.679 --> 00:12:06.000
and<00:12:00.879><c> a</c><00:12:01.120><c> great</c><00:12:01.379><c> deal</c><00:12:02.000><c> of,</c><00:12:04.659><c> I</c><00:12:05.139><c> wouldn't</c><00:12:05.360><c> say</c><00:12:05.620><c> turmoil,</c>

00:12:06.000 --> 00:12:09.480
but<00:12:06.299><c> a</c><00:12:06.980><c> great</c><00:12:07.240><c> deal</c><00:12:07.419><c> of</c><00:12:07.620><c> interest</c><00:12:07.840><c> was</c><00:12:08.039><c> generated</c><00:12:08.480><c> by</c><00:12:08.759><c> it</c><00:12:08.899><c> because</c><00:12:09.259><c> the</c>

00:12:09.480 --> 00:12:11.620
Didache<00:12:09.720><c> was</c><00:12:09.940><c> so</c><00:12:10.220><c> wonderfully</c><00:12:10.500><c> simple.</c>

00:12:11.759 --> 00:12:13.720
There's<00:12:11.840><c> no</c><00:12:12.080><c> reference</c><00:12:12.419><c> to</c><00:12:12.600><c> immortality</c><00:12:13.139><c> of</c><00:12:13.379><c> the</c><00:12:13.419><c> soul.</c>

00:12:13.960 --> 00:12:16.200
There's<00:12:14.059><c> no</c><00:12:14.320><c> reference</c><00:12:14.559><c> to</c><00:12:14.740><c> a</c><00:12:14.899><c> supernatural</c><00:12:15.340><c> devil.</c>

00:12:16.240 --> 00:12:18.299
There's<00:12:16.399><c> no</c><00:12:16.620><c> reference</c><00:12:16.919><c> to</c><00:12:17.200><c> demons.</c><00:12:17.659><c> There's</c><00:12:17.799><c> no</c><00:12:18.039><c> reference</c>

00:12:18.299 --> 00:12:18.899
to<00:12:18.480><c> the</c><00:12:18.659><c> Trinity.</c>

00:12:19.080 --> 00:12:21.480
There's<00:12:19.240><c> no</c><00:12:19.440><c> reference</c><00:12:19.740><c> to</c><00:12:19.980><c> the</c><00:12:20.179><c> deity</c><00:12:20.360><c> of</c><00:12:20.600><c> Christ.</c>

00:12:21.700 --> 00:12:24.879
You<00:12:21.960><c> could</c><00:12:22.179><c> pick</c><00:12:22.399><c> up</c><00:12:22.740><c> the</c><00:12:22.940><c> Didache</c><00:12:23.440><c> and</c><00:12:23.639><c> pretty</c><00:12:23.820><c> much</c><00:12:24.120><c> use</c><00:12:24.399><c> it</c>

00:12:24.879 --> 00:12:25.940
as<00:12:25.100><c> an</c><00:12:25.279><c> ecclesial</c><00:12:25.639><c> guide,</c>

00:12:26.100 --> 00:12:28.820
an<00:12:26.159><c> ecclesial</c><00:12:27.220><c> statement</c><00:12:27.500><c> of</c><00:12:27.679><c> faith</c><00:12:27.879><c> today</c><00:12:28.240><c> in</c><00:12:28.480><c> Christendom,</c>

00:12:28.919 --> 00:12:30.240
here<00:12:28.980><c> in</c><00:12:29.059><c> Ecclesia,</c><00:12:29.419><c> without</c><00:12:29.580><c> any</c><00:12:29.820><c> drama.</c>

00:12:30.679 --> 00:12:32.980
It<00:12:30.840><c> talks</c><00:12:31.000><c> about</c><00:12:31.220><c> the</c><00:12:31.360><c> return</c><00:12:31.580><c> of</c><00:12:31.860><c> Christ.</c><00:12:32.200><c> It</c><00:12:32.259><c> talks</c><00:12:32.580><c> about</c>

00:12:32.980 --> 00:12:34.679
the<00:12:33.639><c> sacrifice</c><00:12:34.139><c> of</c><00:12:34.340><c> Christ.</c>

00:12:34.679 --> 00:12:38.139
Everything<00:12:35.539><c> that</c><00:12:35.799><c> you</c><00:12:36.000><c> need,</c><00:12:36.179><c> all</c><00:12:36.360><c> the</c><00:12:36.480><c> essentials</c><00:12:36.679><c> are</c><00:12:36.879><c> actually</c><00:12:37.200><c> in</c><00:12:37.440><c> there.</c>

00:12:38.620 --> 00:12:44.580
So<00:12:38.620><c> that</c><00:12:39.519><c> was</c><00:12:39.720><c> very</c><00:12:39.980><c> interesting,</c><00:12:40.600><c> and</c><00:12:40.820><c> historians</c><00:12:41.299><c> and</c><00:12:42.700><c> Christian</c><00:12:43.019><c> academics</c><00:12:43.440><c> began</c><00:12:43.879><c> to</c><00:12:44.139><c> realize</c>

00:12:44.580 --> 00:12:48.220
they<00:12:45.580><c> had</c><00:12:45.779><c> found</c><00:12:46.100><c> what</c><00:12:46.679><c> they</c><00:12:46.899><c> called</c><00:12:47.080><c> a</c><00:12:47.220><c> very</c><00:12:47.480><c> primitive</c><00:12:47.820><c> form</c>

00:12:48.220 --> 00:12:48.940
of<00:12:48.480><c> Christianity</c>

00:12:48.940 --> 00:12:53.179
that<00:12:49.620><c> had</c><00:12:49.960><c> still</c><00:12:50.360><c> endured</c><00:12:50.879><c> beyond</c><00:12:51.539><c> the</c><00:12:51.700><c> death</c><00:12:51.840><c> of</c><00:12:52.000><c> the</c><00:12:52.200><c> apostles,</c>

00:12:53.320 --> 00:12:56.679
and<00:12:53.480><c> was</c><00:12:53.659><c> still</c><00:12:53.879><c> being</c><00:12:54.120><c> held</c><00:12:54.320><c> by</c><00:12:54.899><c> not</c><00:12:55.159><c> just</c><00:12:55.440><c> one</c><00:12:55.559><c> or</c><00:12:55.659><c> two</c><00:12:55.940><c> random</c><00:12:56.200><c> people</c><00:12:56.519><c> with</c>

00:12:56.679 --> 00:12:57.399
some<00:12:56.860><c> funny</c><00:12:57.100><c> ideas,</c>

00:12:57.740 --> 00:13:01.559
but<00:12:58.100><c> entire</c><00:12:58.500><c> communities</c><00:12:59.299><c> who</c><00:12:59.720><c> relied</c><00:13:00.019><c> on</c><00:13:00.240><c> this</c><00:13:00.440><c> document</c><00:13:00.820><c> and</c><00:13:01.159><c> knew</c><00:13:01.320><c> it</c>

00:13:01.559 --> 00:13:04.240
and<00:13:01.740><c> shared</c><00:13:01.980><c> it</c><00:13:02.580><c> and</c><00:13:02.980><c> understood</c><00:13:03.419><c> it</c><00:13:03.659><c> very</c><00:13:03.919><c> well.</c>

00:13:04.240 --> 00:13:06.799
So<00:13:04.860><c> that</c><00:13:05.159><c> was</c><00:13:05.360><c> a</c><00:13:05.600><c> major,</c><00:13:05.980><c> major</c><00:13:06.440><c> breakthrough.</c>

00:13:06.980 --> 00:13:14.159
And<00:13:07.019><c> that</c><00:13:07.519><c> led</c><00:13:08.039><c> to</c><00:13:08.399><c> people</c><00:13:09.100><c> concluding</c><00:13:10.960><c> that</c><00:13:11.159><c> these</c><00:13:11.379><c> later</c><00:13:11.639><c> ideas</c><00:13:12.200><c> really</c><00:13:13.120><c> had</c><00:13:13.360><c> to</c>

00:13:14.159 --> 00:13:16.919
be<00:13:14.639><c> refrained</c><00:13:15.919><c> in</c><00:13:16.179><c> historical</c><00:13:16.539><c> content.</c>

00:13:17.320 --> 00:13:20.039
They<00:13:17.440><c> began</c><00:13:17.620><c> to</c><00:13:17.820><c> realize</c><00:13:18.200><c> these</c><00:13:18.620><c> other</c><00:13:18.879><c> ideas</c><00:13:19.120><c> must</c><00:13:19.460><c> have</c><00:13:19.639><c> crept</c><00:13:19.840><c> in</c>

00:13:20.039 --> 00:13:20.799
quite<00:13:20.220><c> a</c><00:13:20.320><c> bit</c><00:13:20.419><c> later.</c>

00:13:21.039 --> 00:13:24.279
And<00:13:21.200><c> the</c><00:13:21.320><c> more</c><00:13:21.580><c> they</c><00:13:22.059><c> studied,</c><00:13:23.440><c> the</c><00:13:23.559><c> more</c><00:13:23.759><c> they</c><00:13:24.059><c> discovered</c>

00:13:24.279 --> 00:13:26.379
this<00:13:24.480><c> wasn't</c><00:13:25.039><c> in</c><00:13:25.200><c> fact</c><00:13:25.299><c> the</c><00:13:25.480><c> case.</c>

00:13:26.899 --> 00:13:30.960
So<00:13:27.059><c> the</c><00:13:27.220><c> Didache</c><00:13:27.559><c> is</c><00:13:27.779><c> a</c><00:13:27.980><c> terrific</c><00:13:28.360><c> little</c><00:13:28.700><c> window</c><00:13:29.100><c> into</c><00:13:29.580><c> a</c><00:13:29.879><c> period</c><00:13:30.220><c> when</c><00:13:30.820><c> the</c>

00:13:30.960 --> 00:13:32.700
Christian<00:13:31.240><c> faith</c><00:13:31.519><c> was</c><00:13:31.700><c> largely</c><00:13:32.100><c> outside</c>

00:13:32.700 --> 00:13:36.220
of<00:13:33.240><c> the</c><00:13:33.240><c> theological</c><00:13:33.740><c> baggage</c><00:13:34.240><c> that</c><00:13:34.759><c> came</c><00:13:34.960><c> later.</c>

00:13:40.759 --> 00:13:42.940
One<00:13:40.899><c> of</c><00:13:41.059><c> the</c><00:13:41.220><c> prominent</c><00:13:41.519><c> Christians</c><00:13:41.960><c> who</c><00:13:42.120><c> was</c><00:13:42.320><c> living</c><00:13:42.519><c> around</c>

00:13:42.940 --> 00:13:45.159
this<00:13:43.179><c> time</c><00:13:43.320><c> was</c><00:13:43.480><c> a</c><00:13:43.500><c> guy</c><00:13:43.700><c> called</c><00:13:44.419><c> Clement</c><00:13:44.820><c> of</c><00:13:45.080><c> Rove.</c>

00:13:45.220 --> 00:13:48.120
Now<00:13:45.360><c> it's</c><00:13:45.440><c> not</c><00:13:45.659><c> the</c><00:13:45.879><c> Clement</c><00:13:46.080><c> who's</c><00:13:46.320><c> actually</c><00:13:46.700><c> mentioned</c><00:13:47.379><c> in</c>

00:13:48.120 --> 00:13:50.639
the<00:13:48.299><c> Pauline</c><00:13:48.620><c> epistles.</c><00:13:49.159><c> He's</c><00:13:49.559><c> another</c><00:13:49.799><c> Clement.</c>

00:13:51.600 --> 00:13:54.679
And<00:13:52.120><c> he</c><00:13:52.399><c> is</c><00:13:52.639><c> a</c><00:13:52.700><c> really</c><00:13:52.980><c> interesting</c><00:13:53.240><c> guy.</c><00:13:53.460><c> He</c><00:13:53.720><c> wrote</c><00:13:54.080><c> a</c><00:13:54.360><c> letter</c>

00:13:54.679 --> 00:13:55.899
to<00:13:54.940><c> the</c><00:13:55.139><c> Corinthian</c><00:13:55.659><c> Ecclesia,</c>

00:13:55.960 --> 00:14:00.000
the<00:13:56.059><c> very</c><00:13:56.320><c> same</c><00:13:56.840><c> Corinthian</c><00:13:57.360><c> Ecclesia</c><00:13:57.740><c> that</c><00:13:58.379><c> Paul</c><00:13:59.059><c> had</c><00:13:59.399><c> written</c><00:13:59.639><c> to.</c>

00:14:00.000 --> 00:14:03.620
And<00:14:00.500><c> it's</c><00:14:00.919><c> interesting</c><00:14:01.340><c> that</c><00:14:01.539><c> in</c><00:14:01.700><c> his</c><00:14:01.919><c> epistle</c><00:14:02.419><c> he</c><00:14:02.860><c> deals</c><00:14:03.220><c> with</c><00:14:03.539><c> the</c>

00:14:03.620 --> 00:14:05.480
same<00:14:03.940><c> kind</c><00:14:04.240><c> of</c><00:14:04.399><c> ongoing</c><00:14:04.919><c> issues</c>

00:14:05.480 --> 00:14:09.220
that<00:14:06.080><c> are</c><00:14:06.799><c> still</c><00:14:07.120><c> plaguing</c><00:14:07.840><c> the</c><00:14:08.059><c> Corinthian</c><00:14:08.419><c> Ecclesia,</c><00:14:09.100><c> the</c>

00:14:09.220 --> 00:14:11.720
jealousy,<00:14:09.980><c> the</c><00:14:10.139><c> greed,</c><00:14:10.620><c> the</c><00:14:10.879><c> strife.</c>

00:14:12.480 --> 00:14:14.480
And<00:14:12.620><c> then</c><00:14:12.840><c> to</c><00:14:12.860><c> some</c><00:14:13.019><c> extent</c><00:14:13.340><c> the</c><00:14:13.559><c> Judaites</c><00:14:14.019><c> are</c><00:14:14.220><c> still</c>

00:14:14.480 --> 00:14:15.259
presenting<00:14:14.840><c> problems.</c>

00:14:15.740 --> 00:14:18.720
He<00:14:15.740><c> has</c><00:14:16.039><c> to</c><00:14:16.279><c> remind</c><00:14:16.700><c> the</c><00:14:16.960><c> Corinthians</c><00:14:17.360><c> that</c><00:14:18.059><c> works</c><00:14:18.379><c> cannot</c>

00:14:18.720 --> 00:14:20.360
say,<00:14:19.179><c> that</c><00:14:19.320><c> the</c><00:14:19.500><c> law</c><00:14:19.659><c> cannot</c><00:14:20.000><c> say.</c>

00:14:20.799 --> 00:14:24.399
And<00:14:21.139><c> he</c><00:14:21.340><c> shows</c><00:14:21.679><c> great</c><00:14:22.279><c> knowledge</c><00:14:22.759><c> of</c><00:14:23.139><c> the</c><00:14:23.299><c> Old</c><00:14:23.519><c> Testament</c><00:14:23.960><c> and</c>

00:14:24.399 --> 00:14:25.620
quotes<00:14:24.720><c> it</c><00:14:25.100><c> extensively.</c>

00:14:25.620 --> 00:14:28.440
He<00:14:25.759><c> talks</c><00:14:26.080><c> about</c><00:14:26.379><c> the</c><00:14:26.600><c> faith</c><00:14:26.820><c> of</c><00:14:27.019><c> Abraham</c><00:14:27.320><c> and</c><00:14:27.559><c> the</c><00:14:27.580><c> faith</c><00:14:27.940><c> of</c><00:14:28.200><c> Noah.</c>

00:14:28.720 --> 00:14:31.659
He<00:14:28.980><c> encourages</c><00:14:29.259><c> people</c><00:14:29.620><c> to</c><00:14:29.840><c> maintain</c><00:14:30.299><c> this</c><00:14:30.840><c> faith</c><00:14:31.100><c> and</c><00:14:31.419><c> copy</c>

00:14:31.659 --> 00:14:32.580
these<00:14:31.980><c> great</c><00:14:32.220><c> people,</c>

00:14:32.960 --> 00:14:35.580
these<00:14:33.240><c> great</c><00:14:33.539><c> faithful</c><00:14:33.820><c> people</c><00:14:34.159><c> of</c><00:14:34.299><c> the</c><00:14:34.399><c> Old</c><00:14:34.580><c> Testament.</c>

00:14:36.240 --> 00:14:40.440
And<00:14:36.340><c> he</c><00:14:36.440><c> gives</c><00:14:36.659><c> them</c><00:14:36.860><c> advice</c><00:14:37.480><c> on</c><00:14:37.759><c> dealing</c><00:14:38.100><c> with</c><00:14:38.259><c> their</c><00:14:38.500><c> problems</c><00:14:38.700><c> and</c><00:14:38.940><c> urges</c><00:14:39.379><c> them</c><00:14:39.899><c> to</c>

00:14:40.440 --> 00:14:41.460
love<00:14:40.879><c> one</c><00:14:41.159><c> another</c>

00:14:41.460 --> 00:14:43.419
as<00:14:41.779><c> Christ</c><00:14:42.120><c> loves</c><00:14:42.419><c> us.</c>

00:14:45.440 --> 00:14:49.940
And<00:14:46.000><c> again,</c><00:14:46.960><c> in</c><00:14:47.039><c> his</c><00:14:48.019><c> theology,</c><00:14:48.620><c> he's</c><00:14:49.080><c> absolutely</c><00:14:49.679><c> courageous.</c>

00:14:50.000 --> 00:14:52.860
There's<00:14:50.220><c> no</c><00:14:50.539><c> reference</c><00:14:50.980><c> to</c><00:14:51.759><c> the</c><00:14:51.940><c> deity</c><00:14:52.179><c> of</c><00:14:52.360><c> Christ</c><00:14:52.639><c> in</c><00:14:52.799><c> the</c>

00:14:52.860 --> 00:14:53.139
middle<00:14:53.000><c> soul.</c>

00:14:53.139 --> 00:14:55.740
Or<00:14:53.200><c> any</c><00:14:53.600><c> of</c><00:14:53.679><c> the</c><00:14:53.879><c> other</c><00:14:54.039><c> vagaries</c><00:14:54.320><c> that</c><00:14:54.480><c> we</c><00:14:54.679><c> find</c><00:14:54.899><c> emerging</c><00:14:55.279><c> later.</c>

00:14:56.120 --> 00:14:58.299
Clement's<00:14:56.500><c> doctrine</c><00:14:56.720><c> is</c><00:14:57.039><c> pure.</c><00:14:57.419><c> We</c><00:14:57.419><c> would</c><00:14:57.620><c> have</c><00:14:57.740><c> no</c><00:14:57.980><c> problems</c>

00:14:58.299 --> 00:15:01.000
with<00:14:58.580><c> Clement</c><00:14:58.980><c> at</c><00:14:59.820><c> all.</c>

00:15:01.620 --> 00:15:05.940
Interesting<00:15:01.980><c> thing</c><00:15:02.720><c> about</c><00:15:03.279><c> his</c><00:15:03.779><c> early</c><00:15:04.379><c> Ecclesis,</c><00:15:05.639><c> when</c><00:15:05.840><c> you</c>

00:15:05.940 --> 00:15:08.200
look<00:15:06.179><c> at</c><00:15:06.340><c> the</c><00:15:06.500><c> Pauline</c><00:15:07.100><c> epistles,</c>

00:15:09.080 --> 00:15:12.659
what's<00:15:09.720><c> one</c><00:15:10.039><c> thing</c><00:15:10.360><c> that</c><00:15:10.720><c> you</c><00:15:10.960><c> notice</c><00:15:11.320><c> about</c><00:15:11.879><c> the</c><00:15:12.179><c> number</c><00:15:12.480><c> of</c>

00:15:12.659 --> 00:15:14.600
Ecclesis<00:15:13.320><c> in</c><00:15:13.539><c> each</c><00:15:13.759><c> city?</c>

00:15:16.440 --> 00:15:17.299
It's<00:15:17.120><c> only</c><00:15:17.200><c> one.</c>

00:15:17.740 --> 00:15:20.059
It's<00:15:18.419><c> only</c><00:15:18.639><c> one,</c><00:15:19.100><c> exactly.</c>

00:15:20.360 --> 00:15:25.120
All<00:15:20.639><c> Christians</c><00:15:21.159><c> in</c><00:15:21.519><c> one</c><00:15:21.860><c> city</c><00:15:22.279><c> were</c><00:15:22.779><c> regarded</c><00:15:23.220><c> as</c><00:15:23.580><c> one</c><00:15:24.080><c> Ecclesia.</c>

00:15:25.240 --> 00:15:28.019
Now<00:15:25.480><c> okay,</c><00:15:25.919><c> for</c><00:15:26.059><c> practical</c><00:15:26.500><c> purposes</c><00:15:27.039><c> they</c><00:15:27.299><c> might</c><00:15:27.559><c> have</c><00:15:27.820><c> to</c>

00:15:28.019 --> 00:15:30.240
meet<00:15:28.240><c> in</c><00:15:28.480><c> smaller</c><00:15:28.759><c> congregations</c><00:15:29.440><c> around</c><00:15:29.879><c> the</c><00:15:30.000><c> place</c>

00:15:30.240 --> 00:15:33.320
because<00:15:30.659><c> there</c><00:15:30.940><c> might</c><00:15:31.139><c> not</c><00:15:31.340><c> be</c><00:15:31.500><c> room</c><00:15:31.679><c> or</c><00:15:31.840><c> they</c><00:15:31.980><c> might</c><00:15:32.320><c> be</c><00:15:32.840><c> living</c><00:15:33.000><c> too</c>

00:15:33.320 --> 00:15:34.360
far<00:15:33.480><c> apart.</c>

00:15:34.379 --> 00:15:40.139
But<00:15:34.820><c> everyone</c><00:15:35.539><c> in</c><00:15:36.500><c> that</c><00:15:37.059><c> city</c><00:15:37.519><c> is</c><00:15:38.659><c> the</c><00:15:38.899><c> same</c><00:15:39.360><c> Ecclesia.</c>

00:15:40.139 --> 00:15:44.960
You<00:15:40.779><c> don't</c><00:15:41.080><c> have</c><00:15:41.820><c> the</c><00:15:42.059><c> people</c><00:15:42.399><c> from</c><00:15:43.559><c> Corinth</c><00:15:44.019><c> East</c><00:15:44.580><c> writing</c>

00:15:44.960 --> 00:15:46.539
to<00:15:45.240><c> the</c><00:15:45.340><c> people</c><00:15:45.659><c> in</c><00:15:45.799><c> Corinth</c><00:15:46.120><c> South,</c>

00:15:46.679 --> 00:15:48.279
saying,<00:15:46.960><c> well</c><00:15:46.960><c> we</c><00:15:47.019><c> don't</c><00:15:47.320><c> like</c><00:15:47.460><c> the</c><00:15:47.679><c> letter</c><00:15:47.799><c> that</c><00:15:47.940><c> you</c><00:15:48.139><c> sent</c>

00:15:48.279 --> 00:15:49.700
to<00:15:48.500><c> Jerusalem</c><00:15:48.779><c> West.</c>

00:15:50.080 --> 00:15:51.480
And<00:15:50.080><c> this</c><00:15:50.320><c> kind</c><00:15:50.519><c> of</c><00:15:50.639><c> thing.</c>

00:15:52.080 --> 00:15:56.340
Everyone<00:15:52.639><c> is</c><00:15:53.200><c> the</c><00:15:53.480><c> same</c><00:15:53.940><c> Ecclesia.</c>

00:15:56.639 --> 00:15:59.679
To<00:15:57.120><c> the</c><00:15:57.899><c> Ecclesia</c><00:15:58.220><c> of</c><00:15:58.460><c> Corinth,</c><00:15:58.759><c> the</c><00:15:58.820><c> Ecclesia</c><00:15:59.159><c> of</c><00:15:59.379><c> Ephesus,</c>

00:15:59.759 --> 00:16:01.120
the<00:15:59.840><c> Ecclesia</c><00:16:00.179><c> of</c><00:16:00.419><c> Rome.</c>

00:16:01.379 --> 00:16:03.240
All<00:16:01.659><c> of</c><00:16:01.799><c> them,</c><00:16:02.059><c> the</c><00:16:02.240><c> same</c><00:16:02.620><c> Ecclesia.</c>

00:16:03.340 --> 00:16:06.320
And<00:16:03.480><c> that's</c><00:16:03.759><c> really</c><00:16:04.159><c> significant</c><00:16:04.779><c> and</c><00:16:04.980><c> it</c><00:16:05.279><c> helps</c><00:16:05.519><c> people,</c><00:16:05.879><c> I</c><00:16:06.100><c> think,</c>

00:16:06.320 --> 00:16:10.659
to<00:16:06.700><c> maintain</c><00:16:07.200><c> a</c><00:16:07.460><c> great</c><00:16:07.700><c> sense</c><00:16:08.000><c> of</c><00:16:08.259><c> community</c><00:16:08.899><c> and</c><00:16:09.580><c> unity.</c>

00:16:11.059 --> 00:16:14.659
We<00:16:11.059><c> didn't</c><00:16:11.419><c> have</c><00:16:11.820><c> the</c><00:16:12.139><c> fragmentation</c><00:16:13.019><c> that</c><00:16:13.659><c> later</c><00:16:14.039><c> grew</c><00:16:14.299><c> up</c>

00:16:14.659 --> 00:16:18.120
as<00:16:15.539><c> churches</c><00:16:16.000><c> became</c><00:16:16.480><c> more</c><00:16:16.879><c> independent</c><00:16:17.419><c> of</c><00:16:17.620><c> each</c><00:16:17.860><c> other</c>

00:16:18.120 --> 00:16:22.659
and<00:16:18.340><c> began</c><00:16:18.779><c> to</c><00:16:18.960><c> sort</c><00:16:18.960><c> of</c><00:16:20.000><c> war</c><00:16:20.259><c> with</c><00:16:21.120><c> each</c><00:16:21.440><c> other</c><00:16:21.639><c> as</c><00:16:22.159><c> churches</c>

00:16:22.659 --> 00:16:24.240
still<00:16:23.059><c> do</c><00:16:23.200><c> today.</c>

00:16:24.879 --> 00:16:29.259
It's<00:16:25.159><c> really</c><00:16:25.580><c> important</c><00:16:26.159><c> and</c><00:16:26.620><c> it</c><00:16:26.899><c> makes</c><00:16:27.139><c> us</c><00:16:27.440><c> realise</c><00:16:28.039><c> that</c>

00:16:29.259 --> 00:16:32.019
modern<00:16:29.759><c> church</c><00:16:30.460><c> organisation</c><00:16:31.399><c> today</c>

00:16:32.019 --> 00:16:35.080
is<00:16:32.399><c> actually</c><00:16:32.879><c> very</c><00:16:33.419><c> far</c><00:16:33.659><c> removed,</c><00:16:33.960><c> even</c><00:16:34.159><c> our</c><00:16:34.379><c> own</c><00:16:34.559><c> system</c><00:16:34.799><c> is</c>

00:16:35.080 --> 00:16:36.500
in<00:16:35.179><c> many</c><00:16:35.379><c> ways</c><00:16:35.600><c> very</c><00:16:35.980><c> far</c><00:16:36.240><c> removed.</c>

00:16:36.879 --> 00:16:39.960
Now<00:16:37.159><c> I'm</c><00:16:37.639><c> not</c><00:16:37.879><c> saying</c><00:16:38.000><c> that</c><00:16:38.200><c> as</c><00:16:38.360><c> an</c><00:16:38.539><c> A,</c><00:16:38.779><c> negative</c><00:16:39.039><c> necessarily</c><00:16:39.639><c> either,</c>

00:16:40.019 --> 00:16:43.980
because<00:16:40.159><c> we've</c><00:16:40.419><c> got</c><00:16:40.559><c> practical</c><00:16:41.019><c> reasons</c><00:16:41.519><c> for</c><00:16:42.240><c> having</c><00:16:42.559><c> the</c><00:16:42.799><c> organisation</c><00:16:43.279><c> that</c><00:16:43.460><c> we</c><00:16:43.659><c> do.</c>

00:16:44.159 --> 00:16:46.919
We've<00:16:44.460><c> got</c><00:16:44.960><c> massive</c><00:16:45.360><c> big</c><00:16:45.600><c> cities,</c><00:16:46.120><c> we've</c><00:16:46.240><c> got</c><00:16:46.240><c> urbanisation,</c>

00:16:47.220 --> 00:16:50.659
vast<00:16:47.460><c> distances</c><00:16:47.779><c> to</c><00:16:48.460><c> cover</c><00:16:48.759><c> and</c><00:16:49.559><c> other</c><00:16:49.820><c> things</c><00:16:50.039><c> like</c><00:16:50.279><c> that.</c>

00:16:51.100 --> 00:16:56.320
The<00:16:51.159><c> only</c><00:16:51.379><c> drawback</c><00:16:51.779><c> is</c><00:16:51.980><c> of</c><00:16:52.120><c> course</c><00:16:52.299><c> that</c><00:16:52.659><c> the</c><00:16:52.879><c> more</c><00:16:53.600><c> different</c><00:16:54.460><c> Ecclesias</c><00:16:55.240><c> crop</c><00:16:55.580><c> up,</c>

00:16:56.440 --> 00:16:58.860
the<00:16:56.659><c> more</c><00:16:57.080><c> different</c><00:16:57.600><c> identities</c><00:16:58.080><c> are</c><00:16:58.539><c> formed.</c>

00:16:58.860 --> 00:17:02.340
And<00:16:59.259><c> then</c><00:16:59.440><c> you</c><00:16:59.539><c> get</c><00:16:59.740><c> this</c><00:16:59.980><c> problem</c><00:17:00.379><c> of</c><00:17:00.620><c> Christian</c><00:17:01.100><c> tribalism,</c>

00:17:02.820 --> 00:17:06.279
whereby<00:17:03.039><c> all</c><00:17:03.379><c> the</c><00:17:03.679><c> Ecclesias</c><00:17:04.140><c> start</c><00:17:04.480><c> to</c><00:17:04.740><c> see</c><00:17:04.779><c> each</c><00:17:05.099><c> other</c><00:17:05.779><c> as</c>

00:17:06.279 --> 00:17:10.019
different<00:17:06.660><c> to</c><00:17:06.839><c> each</c><00:17:07.099><c> other</c><00:17:07.579><c> in</c><00:17:07.799><c> ways</c><00:17:08.279><c> that</c><00:17:08.599><c> we</c><00:17:08.839><c> should</c><00:17:09.140><c> not.</c>

00:17:10.339 --> 00:17:13.819
And<00:17:10.440><c> again</c><00:17:10.799><c> this</c><00:17:11.200><c> starts</c><00:17:12.059><c> to</c><00:17:12.400><c> become</c><00:17:12.579><c> more</c><00:17:12.980><c> common</c><00:17:13.279><c> in</c><00:17:13.720><c> the</c>

00:17:13.819 --> 00:17:15.279
post<00:17:14.279><c>-apostolic</c><00:17:14.859><c> era</c>

00:17:15.279 --> 00:17:19.559
and<00:17:15.599><c> it</c><00:17:15.779><c> gives</c><00:17:15.960><c> rise</c><00:17:16.279><c> to</c><00:17:16.500><c> all</c><00:17:16.599><c> kinds</c><00:17:16.839><c> of</c><00:17:16.960><c> issues</c><00:17:17.119><c> like</c><00:17:18.180><c> Christian</c><00:17:18.519><c> politics</c><00:17:19.039><c> and</c>

00:17:19.559 --> 00:17:20.119
attainment<00:17:19.940><c> wars</c>

00:17:20.119 --> 00:17:22.140
and<00:17:20.299><c> all</c><00:17:20.420><c> those</c><00:17:21.059><c> good</c><00:17:21.240><c> things</c><00:17:21.480><c> we</c><00:17:21.640><c> know</c><00:17:21.799><c> and</c><00:17:21.920><c> love.</c>

00:17:22.140 --> 00:17:27.960
So<00:17:22.799><c> this</c><00:17:24.539><c> is</c><00:17:24.740><c> a</c><00:17:24.839><c> really</c><00:17:25.160><c> interesting</c><00:17:25.500><c> feature</c><00:17:25.980><c> that</c><00:17:26.400><c> all</c><00:17:26.859><c> Christians</c><00:17:27.480><c> of</c><00:17:27.779><c> a</c>

00:17:27.960 --> 00:17:30.740
single<00:17:28.180><c> city</c><00:17:28.619><c> knew</c><00:17:29.259><c> that</c><00:17:29.400><c> they</c><00:17:29.700><c> were</c><00:17:29.980><c> one</c><00:17:30.259><c> Ecclesia</c>

00:17:30.740 --> 00:17:32.839
and<00:17:30.880><c> that</c><00:17:31.000><c> is</c><00:17:31.240><c> a</c><00:17:31.319><c> really</c><00:17:31.640><c> important</c><00:17:32.039><c> thing.</c>

00:17:36.220 --> 00:17:38.700
And<00:17:36.279><c> again</c><00:17:36.559><c> around</c><00:17:36.880><c> the</c><00:17:37.059><c> same</c><00:17:37.380><c> time</c><00:17:37.619><c> as</c><00:17:37.839><c> Clement</c><00:17:38.140><c> of</c><00:17:38.319><c> Rome</c><00:17:38.480><c> we've</c><00:17:38.640><c> got</c>

00:17:38.700 --> 00:17:42.160
this<00:17:38.920><c> guy</c><00:17:39.099><c> called</c><00:17:39.519><c> Ignatius</c><00:17:40.420><c> of</c><00:17:41.299><c> Antioch.</c>

00:17:42.539 --> 00:17:46.160
Ignatius<00:17:42.839><c> is</c><00:17:43.019><c> an</c><00:17:43.200><c> interesting</c><00:17:43.559><c> guy,</c><00:17:43.980><c> he</c><00:17:44.000><c> was</c><00:17:44.319><c> a</c><00:17:44.539><c> fairly</c><00:17:44.900><c> young</c><00:17:45.119><c> man</c>

00:17:46.259 --> 00:17:50.299
and<00:17:46.779><c> there</c><00:17:46.859><c> is</c><00:17:47.220><c> an</c><00:17:47.559><c> early</c><00:17:47.880><c> tradition</c><00:17:48.460><c> that</c><00:17:49.019><c> he</c><00:17:49.200><c> had</c><00:17:49.539><c> known</c><00:17:50.019><c> the</c>

00:17:50.299 --> 00:17:54.200
Apostle<00:17:50.740><c> John</c><00:17:51.059><c> and</c><00:17:51.460><c> maybe</c><00:17:51.859><c> even</c><00:17:52.539><c> studied</c><00:17:52.960><c> under</c><00:17:53.779><c> him.</c>

00:17:54.559 --> 00:17:57.779
We<00:17:54.559><c> don't</c><00:17:54.799><c> know</c><00:17:55.059><c> how</c><00:17:55.460><c> accurate</c><00:17:55.740><c> that</c><00:17:55.940><c> is</c><00:17:56.140><c> but</c><00:17:56.319><c> the</c><00:17:56.559><c> fact</c><00:17:56.759><c> that</c>

00:17:57.779 --> 00:18:02.140
this<00:17:58.039><c> tradition,</c><00:17:58.480><c> this</c><00:18:00.220><c> belief</c><00:18:00.559><c> starts</c><00:18:00.940><c> very</c><00:18:01.400><c> early</c><00:18:01.579><c> in</c><00:18:01.759><c> the</c><00:18:01.880><c> Church</c>

00:18:02.140 --> 00:18:04.240
is<00:18:02.480><c> a</c><00:18:02.579><c> good</c><00:18:02.700><c> indication</c><00:18:03.180><c> that</c><00:18:03.359><c> there</c><00:18:03.480><c> could</c><00:18:03.700><c> be</c><00:18:03.859><c> some</c><00:18:04.039><c> truth</c>

00:18:04.240 --> 00:18:04.700
to<00:18:04.400><c> it.</c>

00:18:04.859 --> 00:18:07.720
It's<00:18:05.039><c> possible</c><00:18:05.460><c> that</c><00:18:05.759><c> at</c><00:18:05.839><c> the</c><00:18:05.960><c> very</c><00:18:06.099><c> least</c><00:18:06.299><c> he</c><00:18:06.440><c> might</c><00:18:06.680><c> have</c><00:18:06.880><c> heard</c><00:18:07.180><c> John</c><00:18:07.420><c> when</c><00:18:07.579><c> he</c>

00:18:07.720 --> 00:18:09.220
was<00:18:07.960><c> a</c><00:18:08.059><c> young</c><00:18:08.240><c> man.</c>

00:18:10.299 --> 00:18:13.420
And<00:18:10.440><c> Ignatius</c><00:18:10.980><c> was</c><00:18:11.440><c> a</c><00:18:11.519><c> very</c><00:18:11.819><c> passionate,</c><00:18:12.720><c> bold</c><00:18:13.019><c> Christian.</c>

00:18:13.420 --> 00:18:18.880
He<00:18:13.660><c> lived</c><00:18:13.980><c> during</c><00:18:14.519><c> a</c><00:18:14.599><c> time</c><00:18:15.420><c> of</c><00:18:15.740><c> Christian</c><00:18:16.240><c> persecution</c><00:18:17.160><c> and</c>

00:18:18.880 --> 00:18:20.740
he<00:18:18.960><c> was</c><00:18:19.240><c> arrested</c><00:18:19.680><c> for</c><00:18:20.039><c> his</c><00:18:20.380><c> faith</c>

00:18:20.740 --> 00:18:25.400
and<00:18:21.319><c> he</c><00:18:21.380><c> was</c><00:18:21.640><c> taken</c><00:18:21.980><c> to</c><00:18:22.259><c> Rome</c><00:18:22.539><c> for</c><00:18:23.079><c> trial</c><00:18:23.400><c> and</c><00:18:23.700><c> eventually</c><00:18:24.099><c> execution.</c>

00:18:25.539 --> 00:18:30.119
And<00:18:25.599><c> on</c><00:18:25.960><c> his</c><00:18:26.259><c> way</c><00:18:26.519><c> to</c><00:18:26.759><c> Rome</c><00:18:27.119><c> he</c><00:18:27.380><c> managed</c><00:18:27.740><c> to</c><00:18:27.980><c> write</c><00:18:28.240><c> seven</c><00:18:28.799><c> letters</c><00:18:29.279><c> to</c>

00:18:30.119 --> 00:18:30.740
different<00:18:30.400><c> Ecclesiastes</c>

00:18:31.160 --> 00:18:34.660
and<00:18:31.680><c> one</c><00:18:32.059><c> to</c><00:18:32.240><c> his</c><00:18:32.420><c> mentor,</c><00:18:32.880><c> a</c><00:18:32.880><c> guy</c><00:18:33.119><c> called</c><00:18:33.359><c> Polycarp.</c>

00:18:34.839 --> 00:18:38.960
And<00:18:35.200><c> in</c><00:18:35.700><c> his</c><00:18:36.339><c> letters</c><00:18:36.839><c> he</c><00:18:37.299><c> does</c><00:18:37.539><c> the</c><00:18:37.720><c> same</c><00:18:38.000><c> kind</c><00:18:38.220><c> of</c><00:18:38.359><c> thing</c><00:18:38.599><c> as</c>

00:18:38.960 --> 00:18:40.420
Clement<00:18:39.339><c> and</c><00:18:39.920><c> Paul.</c>

00:18:40.420 --> 00:18:43.200
He<00:18:41.359><c> encourages</c><00:18:41.359><c> Ecclesiastes,</c><00:18:42.700><c> addresses</c><00:18:42.700><c> some</c><00:18:42.960><c> of</c><00:18:43.059><c> their</c>

00:18:43.200 --> 00:18:48.579
issues,<00:18:44.579><c> talks</c><00:18:45.000><c> about</c><00:18:45.579><c> the</c><00:18:46.279><c> need</c><00:18:46.519><c> to</c><00:18:46.720><c> maintain</c><00:18:47.160><c> faith</c><00:18:47.579><c> under</c><00:18:48.119><c> stress,</c>

00:18:48.900 --> 00:18:52.420
talks<00:18:49.220><c> about</c><00:18:49.460><c> the</c><00:18:49.579><c> role</c><00:18:49.859><c> of</c><00:18:50.079><c> Christ,</c><00:18:50.579><c> what</c><00:18:50.579><c> he's</c><00:18:50.819><c> done</c><00:18:51.119><c> for</c><00:18:51.380><c> us.</c>

00:18:52.660 --> 00:18:55.099
There's<00:18:52.799><c> a</c><00:18:52.900><c> mixture</c><00:18:53.140><c> of</c><00:18:53.500><c> pastoral</c><00:18:53.880><c> and</c><00:18:54.059><c> theological.</c>

00:18:55.740 --> 00:18:59.539
And<00:18:56.220><c> later</c><00:18:56.839><c> Christians</c><00:18:57.319><c> in</c><00:18:57.619><c> subsequent</c><00:18:58.160><c> centuries</c><00:18:58.759><c> actually</c>

00:18:59.539 --> 00:19:01.819
forged<00:18:59.839><c> some</c><00:19:00.240><c> other</c><00:19:00.460><c> letters</c><00:19:00.839><c> in</c><00:19:01.160><c> his</c><00:19:01.539><c> name</c>

00:19:01.819 --> 00:19:05.079
and<00:19:02.119><c> they're</c><00:19:02.279><c> very</c><00:19:02.619><c> easy</c><00:19:02.900><c> to</c><00:19:03.119><c> spot</c><00:19:03.339><c> because</c><00:19:03.720><c> they</c><00:19:04.000><c> have</c><00:19:04.640><c> later</c>

00:19:05.079 --> 00:19:06.119
theology<00:19:05.599><c> in</c><00:19:05.839><c> them.</c>

00:19:06.180 --> 00:19:09.000
They<00:19:06.480><c> talk</c><00:19:06.640><c> very</c><00:19:07.019><c> openly</c><00:19:07.400><c> about</c><00:19:07.720><c> the</c><00:19:07.980><c> deity</c><00:19:08.259><c> of</c><00:19:08.539><c> Christ</c><00:19:08.839><c> and</c>

00:19:09.000 --> 00:19:10.079
all<00:19:09.140><c> these</c><00:19:09.279><c> other</c><00:19:09.500><c> kinds</c><00:19:09.660><c> of</c><00:19:09.839><c> stuff</c>

00:19:10.079 --> 00:19:14.779
which<00:19:10.400><c> is</c><00:19:10.599><c> simply</c><00:19:10.980><c> absent</c><00:19:11.599><c> from</c><00:19:12.480><c> the</c><00:19:13.119><c> original</c><00:19:13.559><c> letters</c><00:19:13.900><c> of</c><00:19:14.180><c> Ignatius.</c>

00:19:15.200 --> 00:19:18.200
And<00:19:15.299><c> then</c><00:19:15.640><c> even</c><00:19:15.880><c> some</c><00:19:16.140><c> of</c><00:19:16.259><c> the</c><00:19:16.440><c> original</c><00:19:16.980><c> letters,</c><00:19:17.700><c> many</c><00:19:18.039><c> of</c>

00:19:18.200 --> 00:19:20.480
the<00:19:18.400><c> copies</c><00:19:18.680><c> were</c><00:19:19.079><c> changed</c><00:19:19.559><c> by</c><00:19:19.880><c> later</c><00:19:20.099><c> Christians</c>

00:19:20.480 --> 00:19:24.579
to<00:19:21.160><c> add</c><00:19:21.640><c> phrases</c><00:19:22.240><c> and</c><00:19:22.779><c> concepts</c><00:19:23.299><c> that</c><00:19:23.500><c> he</c><00:19:23.759><c> did</c><00:19:24.000><c> not</c><00:19:24.319><c> believe</c>

00:19:24.579 --> 00:19:28.460
relating<00:19:25.279><c> to</c><00:19:25.720><c> the</c><00:19:25.880><c> pre</c><00:19:26.099><c>-existence</c><00:19:26.460><c> of</c><00:19:26.619><c> Christ</c><00:19:26.920><c> and</c><00:19:27.480><c> the</c><00:19:28.180><c> deity</c>

00:19:28.460 --> 00:19:29.079
of<00:19:28.680><c> Christ.</c>

00:19:29.460 --> 00:19:31.940
And<00:19:29.640><c> it</c><00:19:29.740><c> takes</c><00:19:29.980><c> a</c><00:19:30.059><c> lot</c><00:19:30.220><c> of</c><00:19:30.339><c> work</c><00:19:30.480><c> to</c><00:19:30.720><c> sit</c><00:19:30.859><c> down</c><00:19:31.180><c> and</c><00:19:31.359><c> lay</c><00:19:31.599><c> copies</c>

00:19:31.940 --> 00:19:33.799
side<00:19:32.299><c> by</c><00:19:32.519><c> side</c><00:19:32.779><c> and</c><00:19:32.920><c> look</c><00:19:33.039><c> at</c><00:19:33.140><c> them.</c>

00:19:34.359 --> 00:19:37.920
I've<00:19:35.000><c> done</c><00:19:35.160><c> a</c><00:19:35.519><c> study</c><00:19:35.799><c> of</c><00:19:35.980><c> Ignatian</c><00:19:36.640><c> epistles</c><00:19:37.019><c> and</c><00:19:37.319><c> managed</c><00:19:37.619><c> to</c>

00:19:37.920 --> 00:19:41.240
piece<00:19:38.140><c> together</c><00:19:38.880><c> what</c><00:19:39.019><c> I</c><00:19:39.240><c> believe</c><00:19:39.400><c> is</c><00:19:39.579><c> a</c><00:19:39.640><c> pretty</c><00:19:39.940><c> accurate</c><00:19:40.480><c> representation.</c>

00:19:41.700 --> 00:19:46.640
And<00:19:41.700><c> you</c><00:19:41.839><c> can</c><00:19:42.099><c> see</c><00:19:42.359><c> that</c><00:19:43.220><c> the</c><00:19:43.460><c> copies</c><00:19:43.799><c> have</c><00:19:44.079><c> been</c><00:19:44.279><c> very</c><00:19:44.640><c> obviously</c><00:19:45.700><c> changed</c><00:19:46.319><c> in</c>

00:19:46.640 --> 00:19:47.420
various<00:19:46.920><c> places</c>

00:19:47.420 --> 00:19:50.440
to<00:19:47.819><c> use</c><00:19:48.019><c> language</c><00:19:48.480><c> which</c><00:19:48.880><c> is</c><00:19:49.099><c> starkly</c><00:19:49.539><c> different</c><00:19:49.880><c> from</c><00:19:50.259><c> the</c>

00:19:50.440 --> 00:19:52.619
language<00:19:50.640><c> he</c><00:19:50.839><c> uses</c><00:19:51.119><c> everywhere</c><00:19:51.660><c> else.</c>

00:19:52.660 --> 00:19:56.660
Clement<00:19:52.839><c> and</c><00:19:53.079><c> Ignatius</c><00:19:53.660><c> are</c><00:19:54.019><c> notable</c><00:19:54.500><c> for</c><00:19:54.819><c> using</c><00:19:55.400><c> exclusively</c><00:19:56.160><c> New</c>

00:19:56.660 --> 00:19:57.599
Testament<00:19:57.160><c> language.</c>

00:19:57.779 --> 00:19:59.859
They<00:19:58.160><c> talk</c><00:19:58.559><c> just</c><00:19:59.059><c> like</c><00:19:59.380><c> the</c><00:19:59.579><c> apostles.</c>

00:19:59.859 --> 00:20:03.099
They're<00:20:00.359><c> living</c><00:20:00.759><c> and</c><00:20:01.000><c> breathing</c><00:20:01.519><c> the</c><00:20:01.779><c> same</c><00:20:02.200><c> faith</c><00:20:02.559><c> and</c><00:20:03.039><c> the</c>

00:20:03.099 --> 00:20:04.539
same<00:20:03.900><c> ideas.</c>

00:20:04.880 --> 00:20:07.180
There's<00:20:05.059><c> a</c><00:20:05.220><c> beautiful</c><00:20:05.619><c> continuity</c><00:20:06.119><c> there.</c>

00:20:08.220 --> 00:20:12.259
So<00:20:08.220><c> Ignatius</c><00:20:08.980><c> gets</c><00:20:09.619><c> to</c><00:20:09.940><c> Rome</c><00:20:10.160><c> and</c><00:20:11.039><c> he's</c><00:20:11.480><c> thrown</c><00:20:11.599><c> him</c><00:20:11.740><c> to</c><00:20:11.900><c> the</c><00:20:12.059><c> arena</c>

00:20:12.259 --> 00:20:14.299
and<00:20:12.480><c> depending</c><00:20:12.700><c> on</c><00:20:12.940><c> which</c><00:20:13.240><c> tradition</c><00:20:13.579><c> he</c><00:20:13.759><c> believes,</c><00:20:14.119><c> either</c>

00:20:14.299 --> 00:20:15.960
he's<00:20:14.539><c> executed</c><00:20:15.059><c> the</c><00:20:15.220><c> normal</c><00:20:15.519><c> way</c>

00:20:15.960 --> 00:20:18.099
or<00:20:16.359><c> thrown</c><00:20:16.619><c> to</c><00:20:16.880><c> wild</c><00:20:17.059><c> animals</c><00:20:17.420><c> and</c><00:20:17.660><c> torn</c><00:20:17.819><c> apart.</c>

00:20:18.200 --> 00:20:21.819
Traditionally<00:20:18.740><c> the</c><00:20:19.099><c> general</c><00:20:19.460><c> idea</c><00:20:19.799><c> is</c><00:20:20.000><c> that</c><00:20:20.220><c> he's</c><00:20:20.579><c> torn</c><00:20:20.799><c> apart</c><00:20:21.140><c> by</c><00:20:21.460><c> animals.</c>

00:20:22.180 --> 00:20:25.859
This<00:20:22.339><c> is</c><00:20:22.500><c> probably</c><00:20:22.740><c> not</c><00:20:24.140><c> the</c><00:20:24.259><c> best</c><00:20:24.440><c> way</c><00:20:24.599><c> to</c><00:20:24.700><c> go</c><00:20:24.839><c> I'd</c><00:20:24.960><c> say.</c>

00:20:28.039 --> 00:20:32.559
But<00:20:28.720><c> Ignatius</c><00:20:29.400><c> was</c><00:20:29.779><c> notable</c><00:20:30.420><c> in</c><00:20:31.339><c> that</c><00:20:31.579><c> he</c><00:20:31.599><c> had</c><00:20:31.779><c> no</c><00:20:32.079><c> fear</c><00:20:32.299><c> of</c><00:20:32.460><c> this.</c>

00:20:32.700 --> 00:20:37.599
And<00:20:32.799><c> he</c><00:20:32.900><c> wrote</c><00:20:33.299><c> about</c><00:20:33.599><c> it</c><00:20:33.819><c> openly,</c><00:20:34.180><c> his</c><00:20:34.440><c> expectation</c><00:20:34.980><c> of</c><00:20:35.279><c> martyrdom</c><00:20:35.799><c> in</c>

00:20:37.599 --> 00:20:40.859
his<00:20:37.880><c> letters</c><00:20:38.500><c> particularly</c><00:20:39.160><c> to</c><00:20:39.599><c> Polycarp.</c>

00:20:42.440 --> 00:20:46.019
And<00:20:42.599><c> martyrdom</c><00:20:42.940><c> really</c><00:20:43.240><c> became</c><00:20:43.640><c> a</c><00:20:43.859><c> theme</c><00:20:44.140><c> under</c><00:20:44.859><c> Nero,</c><00:20:45.900><c> the</c>

00:20:46.019 --> 00:20:47.240
Emperor<00:20:46.240><c> Nero.</c>

00:20:47.400 --> 00:20:49.680
Now<00:20:47.619><c> Nero</c><00:20:48.039><c> is</c><00:20:48.480><c> an</c><00:20:48.720><c> interesting</c><00:20:49.180><c> guy.</c>

00:20:50.019 --> 00:20:52.859
Like<00:20:50.319><c> Caligula</c><00:20:50.900><c> there's</c><00:20:51.299><c> pretty</c><00:20:51.599><c> good</c><00:20:51.920><c> evidence</c><00:20:52.359><c> that</c><00:20:52.700><c> he</c>

00:20:52.859 --> 00:20:53.599
was<00:20:53.119><c> insane.</c>

00:20:53.599 --> 00:20:57.000
His<00:20:54.299><c> family</c><00:20:54.819><c> had</c><00:20:55.119><c> spent</c><00:20:55.400><c> a</c><00:20:55.539><c> few</c><00:20:55.720><c> generations</c><00:20:56.319><c> in</c><00:20:56.740><c> breeding.</c>

00:20:57.400 --> 00:21:00.319
And<00:20:57.480><c> it</c><00:20:57.660><c> turns</c><00:20:57.920><c> out</c><00:20:58.160><c> that</c><00:20:58.319><c> wasn't</c><00:20:58.680><c> a</c><00:20:58.880><c> really</c><00:20:59.099><c> great</c><00:20:59.299><c> idea.</c>

00:21:01.119 --> 00:21:04.240
So<00:21:01.220><c> Nero</c><00:21:01.539><c> had</c><00:21:01.980><c> quite</c><00:21:02.339><c> a</c><00:21:02.680><c> number</c><00:21:02.940><c> of</c><00:21:03.319><c> issues.</c>

00:21:04.440 --> 00:21:09.190
And<00:21:04.519><c> if</c><00:21:04.700><c> you</c><00:21:05.059><c> read</c><00:21:05.859><c> accounts</c><00:21:06.400><c> of</c><00:21:06.680><c> his</c><00:21:07.059><c> life,</c><00:21:07.359><c> some</c><00:21:07.559><c> of</c><00:21:07.759><c> the</c><00:21:07.839><c> stuff</c><00:21:07.980><c> that</c><00:21:08.160><c> he</c><00:21:08.380><c> did,</c>

00:21:12.619 --> 00:21:15.740
quite<00:21:13.240><c> extraordinarily</c><00:21:13.859><c> depraved</c><00:21:14.619><c> Nero.</c>

00:21:16.880 --> 00:21:23.940
So<00:21:17.680><c> Nero</c><00:21:18.279><c> was</c><00:21:18.779><c> very</c><00:21:22.140><c> much</c><00:21:22.500><c> a</c><00:21:22.759><c> loose</c><00:21:23.460><c> cannon.</c>

00:21:24.200 --> 00:21:28.720
He<00:21:24.640><c> ruined</c><00:21:25.019><c> the</c><00:21:26.299><c> Roman</c><00:21:26.519><c> economy</c><00:21:27.039><c> in</c><00:21:27.400><c> various</c><00:21:27.819><c> ways.</c>

00:21:28.839 --> 00:21:31.740
He<00:21:28.980><c> did</c><00:21:29.259><c> crazy</c><00:21:29.640><c> things</c><00:21:30.039><c> like</c><00:21:30.240><c> introducing</c><00:21:31.119><c> additional</c>

00:21:31.740 --> 00:21:32.599
public<00:21:32.180><c> holidays</c>

00:21:32.599 --> 00:21:35.579
and<00:21:33.759><c> mismanaging</c><00:21:34.460><c> the</c><00:21:34.720><c> treasury</c><00:21:35.039><c> and</c><00:21:35.279><c> that</c><00:21:35.279><c> kind</c><00:21:35.420><c> of</c><00:21:35.480><c> thing.</c>

00:21:35.599 --> 00:21:38.440
Even<00:21:35.900><c> worse</c><00:21:36.200><c> than</c><00:21:36.660><c> Caesar's</c><00:21:37.119><c> normally</c><00:21:37.420><c> did.</c>

00:21:38.819 --> 00:21:44.079
And<00:21:39.400><c> at</c><00:21:39.700><c> some</c><00:21:40.180><c> point</c><00:21:40.759><c> a</c><00:21:41.500><c> major</c><00:21:41.859><c> disaster</c><00:21:42.660><c> occurred</c><00:21:43.420><c> in</c><00:21:43.819><c> Rome</c>

00:21:44.079 --> 00:21:45.480
under<00:21:44.859><c> Nero.</c>

00:21:45.700 --> 00:21:48.019
Do<00:21:45.740><c> you</c><00:21:45.819><c> know</c><00:21:45.900><c> what</c><00:21:46.200><c> that</c><00:21:46.539><c> major</c><00:21:46.720><c> disaster</c><00:21:47.160><c> was?</c>

00:21:48.079 --> 00:21:50.319
That's<00:21:48.660><c> right,</c><00:21:48.960><c> the</c><00:21:49.039><c> Great</c><00:21:49.200><c> Fire</c><00:21:49.420><c> of</c><00:21:49.519><c> Rome.</c>

00:21:50.759 --> 00:21:58.180
So<00:21:50.940><c> the</c><00:21:51.019><c> Great</c><00:21:51.299><c> Fire</c><00:21:51.559><c> of</c><00:21:51.680><c> Rome</c><00:21:52.619><c> started</c><00:21:54.099><c> up</c><00:21:54.799><c> in</c><00:21:56.720><c> one</c><00:21:57.019><c> of</c><00:21:57.140><c> the</c><00:21:57.200><c> more</c><00:21:57.380><c> flammable</c><00:21:57.700><c> parts</c><00:21:58.019><c> of</c>

00:21:58.180 --> 00:21:58.480
the<00:21:58.259><c> city</c>

00:21:58.480 --> 00:22:00.700
and<00:21:58.759><c> went</c><00:21:59.299><c> through</c><00:21:59.599><c> it</c><00:21:59.839><c> really</c><00:22:00.359><c> quickly.</c>

00:22:01.099 --> 00:22:03.660
Now<00:22:01.240><c> most</c><00:22:01.480><c> of</c><00:22:01.640><c> Rome</c><00:22:01.799><c> at</c><00:22:01.920><c> this</c><00:22:02.119><c> time</c><00:22:02.619><c> was</c><00:22:02.940><c> built</c><00:22:03.119><c> with</c><00:22:03.339><c> highly</c>

00:22:03.660 --> 00:22:04.440
flammable<00:22:04.000><c> materials.</c>

00:22:04.440 --> 00:22:06.980
A<00:22:04.579><c> lot</c><00:22:04.740><c> of</c><00:22:04.940><c> the</c><00:22:04.980><c> buildings</c><00:22:05.339><c> were</c><00:22:05.940><c> constructed</c><00:22:06.460><c> to</c><00:22:06.720><c> pretty</c>

00:22:06.980 --> 00:22:08.319
poor<00:22:07.140><c> standards.</c>

00:22:09.460 --> 00:22:12.940
And<00:22:09.460><c> this</c><00:22:09.759><c> fire</c><00:22:10.039><c> consumed</c><00:22:10.920><c> acre</c><00:22:11.500><c> after</c><00:22:11.799><c> acre</c><00:22:12.180><c> after</c><00:22:12.480><c> acre</c><00:22:12.740><c> of</c>

00:22:12.940 --> 00:22:13.299
the<00:22:13.079><c> city.</c>

00:22:13.779 --> 00:22:17.319
Now<00:22:13.980><c> the</c><00:22:14.099><c> Romans</c><00:22:14.259><c> did</c><00:22:14.539><c> actually</c><00:22:14.900><c> have</c><00:22:15.299><c> a</c><00:22:15.519><c> fire</c><00:22:15.740><c> brigade,</c><00:22:16.819><c> quite</c><00:22:17.059><c> an</c>

00:22:17.319 --> 00:22:18.740
effective<00:22:17.660><c> fire</c><00:22:17.960><c> brigade.</c>

00:22:18.960 --> 00:22:22.220
But<00:22:19.259><c> the</c><00:22:19.460><c> thing</c><00:22:19.559><c> about</c><00:22:19.779><c> the</c><00:22:19.940><c> Roman</c><00:22:20.180><c> fire</c><00:22:20.480><c> brigade</c><00:22:20.839><c> was</c><00:22:21.240><c> it</c><00:22:21.539><c> tended</c><00:22:21.839><c> to</c>

00:22:22.220 --> 00:22:23.380
operate<00:22:22.519><c> very</c><00:22:23.019><c> nicely</c>

00:22:23.380 --> 00:22:25.400
in<00:22:23.640><c> the</c><00:22:23.759><c> rich</c><00:22:23.980><c> parts</c><00:22:24.240><c> of</c><00:22:24.420><c> the</c><00:22:24.539><c> city.</c>

00:22:25.440 --> 00:22:28.339
And<00:22:25.720><c> it</c><00:22:25.799><c> was</c><00:22:26.059><c> notably</c><00:22:26.440><c> absent</c><00:22:26.960><c> from</c><00:22:27.279><c> the</c><00:22:27.539><c> poorer</c><00:22:27.779><c> parts</c><00:22:28.160><c> of</c>

00:22:28.339 --> 00:22:28.779
the<00:22:28.480><c> city.</c>

00:22:29.259 --> 00:22:32.559
So<00:22:29.579><c> if</c><00:22:30.359><c> you</c><00:22:30.559><c> were</c><00:22:30.779><c> not</c><00:22:31.019><c> in</c><00:22:31.220><c> the</c><00:22:31.319><c> more</c><00:22:31.680><c> affluent</c><00:22:32.000><c> suburbs,</c>

00:22:32.559 --> 00:22:35.400
you<00:22:32.839><c> were</c><00:22:33.380><c> pretty</c><00:22:33.720><c> much</c><00:22:33.960><c> out</c><00:22:34.180><c> of</c><00:22:34.240><c> luck</c><00:22:34.420><c> with</c><00:22:34.700><c> the</c><00:22:34.940><c> whole</c><00:22:35.200><c> fire</c>

00:22:35.400 --> 00:22:36.579
brigade<00:22:35.640><c> thing.</c>

00:22:37.500 --> 00:22:40.059
So<00:22:37.519><c> the</c><00:22:37.720><c> Romans</c><00:22:37.920><c> fought</c><00:22:38.299><c> hard</c><00:22:38.619><c> to</c><00:22:38.839><c> keep</c><00:22:39.000><c> this</c><00:22:39.299><c> fire</c><00:22:39.420><c> under</c><00:22:39.680><c> control</c><00:22:39.940><c> and</c>

00:22:40.059 --> 00:22:41.660
they<00:22:40.319><c> eventually</c><00:22:40.759><c> got</c><00:22:40.960><c> it.</c>

00:22:42.039 --> 00:22:44.400
And<00:22:42.039><c> then</c><00:22:42.259><c> afterwards</c><00:22:42.779><c> when</c><00:22:43.299><c> all</c><00:22:43.500><c> the</c><00:22:43.799><c> screaming</c><00:22:44.019><c> was</c><00:22:44.240><c> over,</c>

00:22:44.420 --> 00:22:47.180
everyone<00:22:44.640><c> was</c><00:22:44.839><c> mopping</c><00:22:45.099><c> their</c><00:22:45.339><c> brows,</c><00:22:45.900><c> the</c><00:22:46.019><c> question</c><00:22:46.539><c> goes</c><00:22:46.859><c> up,</c>

00:22:47.259 --> 00:22:50.880
how<00:22:47.500><c> did</c><00:22:47.640><c> this</c><00:22:48.000><c> start?</c><00:22:48.559><c> How</c><00:22:48.920><c> did</c><00:22:49.099><c> this</c><00:22:49.380><c> start</c><00:22:49.720><c> in</c><00:22:50.180><c> the</c><00:22:50.380><c> first</c><00:22:50.660><c> place?</c>

00:22:51.160 --> 00:22:52.640
Where<00:22:51.359><c> did</c><00:22:51.500><c> it</c><00:22:51.579><c> come</c><00:22:51.819><c> from?</c>

00:22:53.539 --> 00:22:56.279
And<00:22:53.920><c> there</c><00:22:54.039><c> were</c><00:22:54.240><c> various</c><00:22:54.759><c> accounts</c><00:22:55.359><c> going</c><00:22:55.859><c> around.</c>

00:22:56.279 --> 00:23:02.759
One<00:22:57.200><c> account</c><00:22:57.759><c> was</c><00:22:58.640><c> that</c><00:22:59.619><c> Nero</c><00:23:00.380><c> had</c><00:23:01.240><c> started</c><00:23:01.579><c> the</c><00:23:01.880><c> fire</c><00:23:02.140><c> himself,</c>

00:23:02.940 --> 00:23:06.160
just<00:23:03.079><c> for</c><00:23:03.299><c> what</c><00:23:03.500><c> a</c><00:23:04.140><c> wacky</c><00:23:04.500><c> reason</c><00:23:04.700><c> Nero</c><00:23:05.140><c> had.</c>

00:23:06.240 --> 00:23:09.640
And<00:23:06.240><c> some</c><00:23:07.019><c> had</c><00:23:07.259><c> claimed</c><00:23:07.720><c> that</c><00:23:08.319><c> men</c><00:23:08.579><c> with</c><00:23:08.880><c> torches</c><00:23:09.200><c> had</c><00:23:09.420><c> run</c>

00:23:09.640 --> 00:23:10.420
through<00:23:09.980><c> the</c><00:23:10.240><c> streets</c>

00:23:10.420 --> 00:23:12.839
setting<00:23:10.779><c> fire</c><00:23:11.099><c> to</c><00:23:11.420><c> buildings</c><00:23:11.420><c> saying</c><00:23:11.700><c> they</c><00:23:11.859><c> were</c><00:23:11.980><c> doing</c><00:23:12.319><c> so</c>

00:23:12.839 --> 00:23:15.460
with<00:23:13.359><c> the</c><00:23:13.539><c> authority</c><00:23:14.140><c> of</c><00:23:14.400><c> Nero.</c>

00:23:16.480 --> 00:23:18.779
And<00:23:16.500><c> some</c><00:23:16.880><c> people</c><00:23:17.440><c> merely</c><00:23:17.940><c> sort</c><00:23:18.099><c> of</c><00:23:18.279><c> whispered</c><00:23:18.619><c> this</c>

00:23:18.779 --> 00:23:22.220
and<00:23:18.900><c> some</c><00:23:19.119><c> people</c><00:23:19.400><c> said</c><00:23:19.559><c> it</c><00:23:19.740><c> more</c><00:23:19.880><c> openly</c><00:23:20.339><c> if</c><00:23:20.859><c> they</c><00:23:20.980><c> were</c><00:23:21.140><c> bold</c><00:23:21.279><c> enough.</c>

00:23:22.799 --> 00:23:24.940
And<00:23:22.900><c> there</c><00:23:23.740><c> were</c><00:23:23.940><c> various</c><00:23:24.319><c> versions.</c>

00:23:24.940 --> 00:23:28.099
And<00:23:25.519><c> there</c><00:23:25.660><c> were</c><00:23:25.839><c> different</c><00:23:26.160><c> explanations</c><00:23:26.839><c> as</c><00:23:27.079><c> to</c><00:23:27.279><c> why</c><00:23:27.859><c> Nero</c>

00:23:28.099 --> 00:23:28.880
did<00:23:28.559><c> this.</c>

00:23:29.039 --> 00:23:33.319
He<00:23:29.440><c> wanted</c><00:23:29.819><c> to</c><00:23:30.480><c> reclaim</c><00:23:30.980><c> the</c><00:23:31.279><c> destroyed</c><00:23:31.680><c> suburbs</c><00:23:32.259><c> for</c><00:23:32.740><c> himself</c>

00:23:33.319 --> 00:23:36.440
and<00:23:33.740><c> then</c><00:23:34.039><c> build</c><00:23:34.259><c> a</c><00:23:34.400><c> new</c><00:23:34.559><c> palace</c><00:23:34.880><c> or</c><00:23:35.180><c> a</c><00:23:35.220><c> new</c><00:23:35.480><c> temple</c><00:23:35.779><c> or</c><00:23:36.099><c> whatever,</c>

00:23:36.599 --> 00:23:38.319
or<00:23:36.700><c> develop</c><00:23:37.059><c> it,</c><00:23:37.660><c> this</c><00:23:37.880><c> kind</c><00:23:38.079><c> of</c><00:23:38.180><c> thing.</c>

00:23:38.519 --> 00:23:40.819
There<00:23:38.680><c> were</c><00:23:38.700><c> lots</c><00:23:38.940><c> of</c><00:23:39.220><c> theories</c><00:23:39.559><c> going</c><00:23:39.980><c> around.</c>

00:23:41.079 --> 00:23:45.400
And<00:23:41.579><c> when</c><00:23:42.579><c> this</c><00:23:42.819><c> came</c><00:23:43.140><c> to</c><00:23:43.319><c> light,</c><00:23:43.539><c> Nero</c><00:23:44.079><c> wasn't</c><00:23:44.559><c> terribly</c><00:23:45.059><c> thrilled.</c>

00:23:45.460 --> 00:23:48.079
So<00:23:45.880><c> he</c><00:23:46.259><c> looked</c><00:23:46.619><c> for</c><00:23:47.059><c> a</c><00:23:47.279><c> scapegoat.</c>

00:23:48.119 --> 00:23:51.119
And<00:23:48.420><c> the</c><00:23:48.519><c> easiest</c><00:23:48.900><c> scapegoat</c><00:23:49.440><c> at</c><00:23:49.619><c> this</c><00:23:49.859><c> point</c><00:23:50.079><c> was</c><00:23:50.400><c> the</c><00:23:50.680><c> Christians.</c>

00:23:51.119 --> 00:23:55.019
Now,<00:23:52.960><c> people</c><00:23:53.319><c> didn't</c><00:23:53.660><c> know</c><00:23:53.980><c> much</c><00:23:54.279><c> about</c><00:23:54.559><c> the</c><00:23:54.759><c> Christians</c>

00:23:55.019 --> 00:23:58.200
because<00:23:55.779><c> for</c><00:23:56.180><c> all</c><00:23:56.339><c> that</c><00:23:56.500><c> we</c><00:23:56.680><c> find</c><00:23:56.880><c> in</c><00:23:57.079><c> Acts</c><00:23:57.299><c> there's</c><00:23:57.440><c> a</c><00:23:57.480><c> lot</c><00:23:57.700><c> of</c><00:23:57.920><c> preaching.</c>

00:23:58.579 --> 00:24:01.339
We<00:23:58.720><c> still</c><00:23:59.079><c> have</c><00:23:59.279><c> to</c><00:23:59.359><c> remember</c><00:23:59.680><c> they're</c><00:24:00.059><c> a</c><00:24:00.079><c> really,</c><00:24:00.660><c> really</c>

00:24:01.339 --> 00:24:02.259
tiny<00:24:01.740><c> minority.</c>

00:24:02.359 --> 00:24:04.279
They<00:24:02.480><c> are</c><00:24:02.740><c> not</c><00:24:02.980><c> a</c><00:24:03.200><c> big</c><00:24:03.460><c> group</c><00:24:03.660><c> of</c><00:24:03.900><c> people.</c>

00:24:04.619 --> 00:24:06.759
They're<00:24:04.799><c> highly</c><00:24:05.140><c> vocal,</c><00:24:05.599><c> they're</c><00:24:05.779><c> highly</c><00:24:06.119><c> active,</c>

00:24:07.140 --> 00:24:08.700
but<00:24:07.299><c> they're</c><00:24:07.579><c> still</c><00:24:07.819><c> pretty</c><00:24:08.099><c> spread</c><00:24:08.519><c> out.</c>

00:24:08.779 --> 00:24:12.240
They've<00:24:08.920><c> got</c><00:24:09.119><c> tiny</c><00:24:09.519><c> populations</c><00:24:10.299><c> here</c><00:24:10.660><c> and</c><00:24:11.059><c> there</c><00:24:11.240><c> and</c><00:24:11.380><c> everywhere.</c>

00:24:13.180 --> 00:24:16.880
And<00:24:13.579><c> in</c><00:24:14.299><c> Rome</c><00:24:14.539><c> there's</c><00:24:14.759><c> still</c><00:24:15.140><c> a</c><00:24:15.140><c> relatively</c><00:24:15.640><c> new</c><00:24:15.920><c> phenomenon.</c>

00:24:17.019 --> 00:24:19.839
But<00:24:17.279><c> Nero</c><00:24:17.539><c> knows</c><00:24:17.859><c> about</c><00:24:18.140><c> them</c><00:24:18.460><c> and</c><00:24:18.819><c> he</c><00:24:19.099><c> piques</c><00:24:19.359><c> on</c><00:24:19.599><c> them</c>

00:24:19.839 --> 00:24:23.240
because<00:24:20.319><c> they're</c><00:24:20.660><c> weird</c><00:24:21.019><c> and</c><00:24:21.200><c> they're</c><00:24:21.400><c> new</c><00:24:21.619><c> and</c><00:24:22.019><c> they're</c><00:24:22.279><c> not</c>

00:24:23.240 --> 00:24:24.599
greatly<00:24:23.559><c> popular.</c>

00:24:24.920 --> 00:24:28.220
And<00:24:24.920><c> so</c><00:24:25.619><c> Nero</c><00:24:26.079><c> throws</c><00:24:26.579><c> the</c><00:24:26.960><c> blame</c><00:24:27.279><c> onto</c><00:24:27.700><c> the</c><00:24:27.940><c> Christians.</c>

00:24:28.599 --> 00:24:32.299
And<00:24:28.700><c> we</c><00:24:28.880><c> know</c><00:24:29.119><c> this</c><00:24:29.380><c> because</c><00:24:30.099><c> Roman</c><00:24:30.579><c> historians</c><00:24:31.200><c> tell</c><00:24:31.559><c> us</c>

00:24:32.299 --> 00:24:35.660
that<00:24:32.819><c> we</c><00:24:33.220><c> find</c><00:24:33.559><c> these</c><00:24:33.859><c> accounts</c><00:24:34.160><c> quite</c><00:24:34.599><c> openly</c>

00:24:36.480 --> 00:24:39.819
in<00:24:37.200><c> the</c><00:24:37.359><c> accounts</c><00:24:37.599><c> of</c><00:24:37.859><c> various</c><00:24:38.079><c> Roman</c><00:24:38.720><c> historians.</c>

00:24:45.279 --> 00:24:47.900
So<00:24:45.599><c> one</c><00:24:45.779><c> of</c><00:24:45.900><c> these</c><00:24:46.420><c> Roman</c><00:24:46.839><c> historians</c><00:24:47.380><c> says</c><00:24:47.599><c> this,</c>

00:24:47.900 --> 00:24:50.400
To<00:24:48.180><c> get</c><00:24:48.420><c> rid</c><00:24:48.619><c> of</c><00:24:48.759><c> the</c><00:24:49.019><c> report,</c><00:24:49.279><c> that</c><00:24:49.420><c> is</c><00:24:49.599><c> the</c><00:24:49.700><c> report</c><00:24:50.039><c> that</c><00:24:50.200><c> he</c>

00:24:50.400 --> 00:24:52.000
had<00:24:50.660><c> started</c><00:24:50.839><c> the</c><00:24:51.079><c> fire,</c>

00:24:52.039 --> 00:24:54.900
Nero<00:24:52.339><c> fastened</c><00:24:52.880><c> the</c><00:24:53.160><c> guilt</c><00:24:53.480><c> and</c><00:24:54.059><c> inflicted</c><00:24:54.559><c> the</c><00:24:54.579><c> most</c>

00:24:54.900 --> 00:24:56.400
exquisite<00:24:55.559><c> tortures</c>

00:24:56.420 --> 00:24:59.079
on<00:24:56.779><c> a</c><00:24:57.019><c> class</c><00:24:57.299><c> hated</c><00:24:57.740><c> for</c><00:24:57.980><c> their</c><00:24:58.299><c> abominations,</c>

00:24:59.460 --> 00:25:02.299
called<00:24:59.700><c> Christians</c><00:25:00.259><c> by</c><00:25:00.579><c> the</c><00:25:00.779><c> populace.</c>

00:25:02.579 --> 00:25:05.720
Mockery<00:25:03.059><c> of</c><00:25:03.400><c> every</c><00:25:03.920><c> sort</c><00:25:04.279><c> was</c><00:25:04.799><c> added</c><00:25:05.019><c> to</c><00:25:05.200><c> their</c><00:25:05.480><c> deaths,</c>

00:25:05.779 --> 00:25:08.400
covered<00:25:06.099><c> with</c><00:25:06.339><c> the</c><00:25:06.559><c> skins</c><00:25:06.740><c> of</c><00:25:07.039><c> beasts,</c><00:25:07.420><c> they</c><00:25:07.480><c> were</c><00:25:07.779><c> torn</c><00:25:08.039><c> by</c>

00:25:08.400 --> 00:25:09.500
dogs<00:25:08.799><c> and</c><00:25:09.079><c> perished,</c>

00:25:09.759 --> 00:25:12.339
or<00:25:09.900><c> they</c><00:25:09.960><c> were</c><00:25:10.200><c> nailed</c><00:25:10.440><c> to</c><00:25:10.720><c> crosses,</c><00:25:11.559><c> or</c><00:25:11.740><c> they</c><00:25:11.819><c> were</c><00:25:12.119><c> doomed</c>

00:25:12.339 --> 00:25:13.059
to<00:25:12.619><c> the</c><00:25:12.819><c> flames</c>

00:25:13.059 --> 00:25:16.380
and<00:25:13.319><c> burned</c><00:25:13.859><c> to</c><00:25:14.259><c> serve</c><00:25:14.579><c> as</c><00:25:14.859><c> a</c><00:25:14.940><c> nightly</c><00:25:15.359><c> illumination</c><00:25:16.039><c> when</c>

00:25:16.380 --> 00:25:17.539
daylight<00:25:16.720><c> had</c><00:25:17.039><c> expired.</c>

00:25:17.940 --> 00:25:19.319
We<00:25:17.940><c> do</c><00:25:18.200><c> have</c><00:25:18.440><c> a</c><00:25:18.740><c> record</c><00:25:18.740><c> of</c><00:25:18.859><c> this.</c>

00:25:19.799 --> 00:25:22.900
Nero<00:25:19.920><c> would</c><00:25:20.140><c> hold</c><00:25:20.279><c> a</c><00:25:20.480><c> garden</c><00:25:20.720><c> party,</c><00:25:21.380><c> he</c><00:25:21.440><c> would</c><00:25:21.740><c> tie</c><00:25:21.859><c> up</c><00:25:22.019><c> a</c><00:25:22.019><c> bunch</c><00:25:22.299><c> of</c><00:25:22.539><c> Christians,</c>

00:25:23.180 --> 00:25:26.660
he<00:25:23.339><c> would</c><00:25:23.599><c> cover</c><00:25:23.779><c> them</c><00:25:24.160><c> in</c><00:25:24.480><c> tar</c><00:25:24.559><c> and</c><00:25:24.920><c> he</c><00:25:25.000><c> would</c><00:25:25.200><c> have</c><00:25:25.339><c> them</c><00:25:25.519><c> set</c><00:25:25.819><c> alight</c>

00:25:26.660 --> 00:25:28.960
just<00:25:27.700><c> to</c><00:25:27.880><c> illuminate</c><00:25:28.539><c> proceedings.</c>

00:25:29.279 --> 00:25:32.240
I<00:25:29.359><c> don't</c><00:25:29.539><c> know</c><00:25:29.799><c> how</c><00:25:30.119><c> people</c><00:25:30.460><c> managed</c><00:25:30.779><c> to</c><00:25:30.980><c> maintain</c><00:25:31.400><c> an</c><00:25:31.619><c> appetite</c><00:25:32.000><c> under</c>

00:25:32.240 --> 00:25:33.720
those<00:25:32.539><c> circumstances,</c>

00:25:34.039 --> 00:25:37.779
but<00:25:34.640><c> apparently</c><00:25:35.119><c> they</c><00:25:35.420><c> did,</c><00:25:36.099><c> which</c><00:25:36.400><c> is</c><00:25:36.640><c> pretty</c><00:25:36.920><c> harsh.</c>

00:25:38.380 --> 00:25:44.779
So<00:25:38.980><c> Nero</c><00:25:39.440><c> found</c><00:25:39.920><c> the</c><00:25:42.519><c> Christians</c><00:25:42.880><c> a</c><00:25:43.319><c> convenient</c><00:25:43.700><c> scapegoat,</c>

00:25:44.980 --> 00:25:48.640
and<00:25:44.980><c> people</c><00:25:45.420><c> very</c><00:25:45.960><c> easily</c><00:25:46.559><c> jumped</c><00:25:47.059><c> on</c><00:25:47.319><c> this</c><00:25:47.519><c> because,</c><00:25:47.980><c> as</c>

00:25:48.640 --> 00:25:50.039
this<00:25:48.819><c> writer</c><00:25:49.019><c> says,</c>

00:25:50.779 --> 00:25:54.259
the<00:25:51.039><c> Christians</c><00:25:51.359><c> were</c><00:25:51.700><c> hated</c><00:25:52.099><c> for</c><00:25:52.619><c> their</c><00:25:52.900><c> abominations.</c>

00:25:54.779 --> 00:25:57.359
Now<00:25:54.900><c> that's</c><00:25:55.119><c> an</c><00:25:55.259><c> interesting</c><00:25:55.559><c> accusation,</c><00:25:56.079><c> what</c><00:25:56.319><c> abominations</c><00:25:57.039><c> were</c><00:25:57.220><c> the</c>

00:25:57.359 --> 00:25:58.660
Christians<00:25:57.660><c> committing?</c>

00:25:58.960 --> 00:26:00.779
We<00:25:59.180><c> read</c><00:25:59.359><c> through</c><00:25:59.980><c> the</c><00:26:00.079><c> New</c><00:26:00.259><c> Testament</c><00:26:00.539><c> and</c><00:26:00.779><c> go,</c>

00:26:01.079 --> 00:26:04.119
well<00:26:01.079><c> they</c><00:26:02.000><c> seem</c><00:26:02.380><c> to</c><00:26:02.579><c> be</c><00:26:02.579><c> pretty</c><00:26:02.819><c> mellow</c><00:26:03.059><c> people</c><00:26:03.339><c> doing</c><00:26:03.599><c> nice</c><00:26:03.839><c> things</c>

00:26:04.119 --> 00:26:05.799
and<00:26:04.319><c> just</c><00:26:04.519><c> wondering</c><00:26:04.720><c> about</c><00:26:05.019><c> preaching</c><00:26:05.319><c> their</c><00:26:05.579><c> faith.</c>

00:26:05.799 --> 00:26:11.640
What<00:26:06.980><c> possible</c><00:26:08.019><c> reasons</c><00:26:08.559><c> would</c><00:26:08.900><c> the</c><00:26:09.059><c> Romans</c><00:26:09.299><c> have</c><00:26:10.039><c> for</c><00:26:10.480><c> hating</c><00:26:10.920><c> Christians,</c><00:26:11.640><c> do</c>

00:26:11.640 --> 00:26:12.000
you<00:26:11.660><c> think?</c>

00:26:12.259 --> 00:26:13.519
Drinking<00:26:12.519><c> blood.</c>

00:26:13.799 --> 00:26:15.460
Drinking<00:26:14.180><c> blood?</c><00:26:14.819><c> Yep,</c><00:26:15.180><c> cannibalism.</c>

00:26:15.619 --> 00:26:20.279
Cannibalism,<00:26:16.319><c> there</c><00:26:16.319><c> was</c><00:26:16.819><c> a</c><00:26:16.859><c> great</c><00:26:17.220><c> deal</c><00:26:17.400><c> of</c><00:26:17.579><c> misunderstanding</c><00:26:18.220><c> about</c><00:26:18.599><c> the</c><00:26:18.839><c> secret</c><00:26:19.059><c> rituals</c><00:26:19.619><c> of</c>

00:26:20.279 --> 00:26:20.819
the<00:26:20.460><c> Christians.</c>

00:26:21.200 --> 00:26:25.900
They<00:26:21.359><c> were</c><00:26:21.559><c> known</c><00:26:21.799><c> to</c><00:26:22.779><c> eat</c><00:26:23.220><c> and</c><00:26:23.519><c> drink</c><00:26:24.440><c> flesh</c><00:26:24.819><c> and</c><00:26:25.019><c> blood</c><00:26:25.420><c> at</c>

00:26:25.900 --> 00:26:26.880
their<00:26:26.160><c> secret</c><00:26:26.460><c> ceremonies.</c>

00:26:27.140 --> 00:26:27.900
This<00:26:27.140><c> was</c><00:26:27.359><c> a</c><00:26:27.480><c> big</c><00:26:27.660><c> thing.</c>

00:26:28.220 --> 00:26:33.240
And<00:26:28.819><c> cannibalism</c><00:26:29.960><c> was</c><00:26:31.240><c> pretty</c><00:26:31.779><c> foul</c><00:26:32.000><c> in</c><00:26:32.180><c> those</c><00:26:32.400><c> days,</c><00:26:32.980><c> as</c><00:26:33.119><c> it</c>

00:26:33.240 --> 00:26:33.759
is<00:26:33.420><c> today.</c>

00:26:33.759 --> 00:26:37.220
So<00:26:33.759><c> there</c><00:26:34.099><c> were</c><00:26:35.400><c> lots</c><00:26:35.700><c> of</c><00:26:35.880><c> reports,</c><00:26:36.099><c> even</c><00:26:36.420><c> as</c><00:26:36.680><c> late</c><00:26:36.880><c> as</c><00:26:37.079><c> the</c>

00:26:37.220 --> 00:26:38.339
third<00:26:37.599><c> century,</c>

00:26:39.460 --> 00:26:42.140
Christian<00:26:39.940><c> apologists</c><00:26:40.420><c> are</c><00:26:40.799><c> still</c><00:26:41.359><c> trying</c><00:26:41.559><c> to</c><00:26:41.740><c> deduce</c><00:26:41.980><c> from</c>

00:26:42.140 --> 00:26:42.940
this<00:26:42.380><c> myth</c>

00:26:42.940 --> 00:26:46.119
that<00:26:43.539><c> they</c><00:26:43.880><c> are</c><00:26:44.279><c> cannibals</c><00:26:44.539><c> and</c><00:26:44.779><c> they</c><00:26:45.000><c> eat</c><00:26:45.200><c> and</c><00:26:45.420><c> drink</c><00:26:45.640><c> flesh</c>

00:26:46.119 --> 00:26:47.579
and<00:26:46.640><c> blood</c><00:26:46.859><c> at</c><00:26:46.900><c> their</c><00:26:47.240><c> ceremonies.</c>

00:26:47.960 --> 00:26:49.940
They<00:26:48.079><c> have</c><00:26:48.259><c> to</c><00:26:48.400><c> explain</c><00:26:48.779><c> that</c><00:26:49.000><c> it's</c><00:26:49.160><c> all</c><00:26:49.180><c> symbolic</c><00:26:49.599><c> and</c><00:26:49.779><c> it's</c>

00:26:49.940 --> 00:26:50.519
only<00:26:50.079><c> great</c><00:26:50.279><c> in</c><00:26:50.420><c> mind,</c>

00:26:50.599 --> 00:26:52.339
and<00:26:50.700><c> everyone</c><00:26:50.839><c> just</c><00:26:51.059><c> needs</c><00:26:51.180><c> to</c><00:26:51.400><c> calm</c><00:26:51.579><c> down.</c>

00:26:52.599 --> 00:26:56.740
But<00:26:52.940><c> what</c><00:26:53.339><c> other</c><00:26:54.000><c> reasons</c><00:26:54.680><c> would</c><00:26:55.180><c> Romans</c><00:26:55.480><c> have</c><00:26:55.839><c> for</c><00:26:56.039><c> not</c><00:26:56.279><c> liking</c><00:26:56.480><c> the</c>

00:26:56.740 --> 00:26:58.099
Christians,<00:26:57.119><c> do</c><00:26:57.319><c> you</c><00:26:57.380><c> think?</c>

00:26:59.059 --> 00:27:01.700
They're<00:26:59.539><c> not</c><00:26:59.779><c> going</c><00:27:00.000><c> to</c><00:27:00.220><c> know</c><00:27:00.480><c> it</c><00:27:00.900><c> sooner.</c>

00:27:01.880 --> 00:27:02.980
Exactly.

00:27:03.400 --> 00:27:06.420
The<00:27:03.519><c> Christians</c><00:27:03.980><c> were</c><00:27:04.240><c> notorious</c><00:27:05.079><c> for</c><00:27:05.559><c> not</c><00:27:05.859><c> acknowledging</c>

00:27:06.420 --> 00:27:08.720
Caesar<00:27:06.900><c> as</c><00:27:07.759><c> their</c><00:27:08.440><c> monarch.</c>

00:27:08.880 --> 00:27:12.059
And<00:27:08.880><c> see,</c><00:27:09.539><c> at</c><00:27:09.619><c> this</c><00:27:09.960><c> point</c><00:27:10.299><c> a</c><00:27:10.579><c> cult,</c><00:27:11.019><c> an</c><00:27:11.160><c> imperial</c><00:27:11.460><c> cult,</c><00:27:11.839><c> had</c>

00:27:12.059 --> 00:27:13.680
risen<00:27:12.319><c> up</c><00:27:12.480><c> around</c><00:27:13.240><c> the</c><00:27:13.559><c> emperor.</c>

00:27:13.740 --> 00:27:18.000
The<00:27:13.839><c> emperor</c><00:27:14.140><c> was</c><00:27:14.460><c> seen</c><00:27:14.619><c> as</c><00:27:14.799><c> like</c><00:27:15.059><c> a</c><00:27:15.200><c> demigod</c><00:27:15.640><c> or</c><00:27:16.000><c> even</c><00:27:16.559><c> a</c><00:27:17.660><c> full</c>

00:27:18.000 --> 00:27:19.220
god<00:27:18.299><c> in</c><00:27:18.599><c> some</c><00:27:18.859><c> sense.</c>

00:27:19.559 --> 00:27:22.619
You<00:27:19.680><c> had</c><00:27:19.900><c> to</c><00:27:20.119><c> worship</c><00:27:20.519><c> the</c><00:27:20.799><c> emperor</c><00:27:21.079><c> that</c><00:27:21.259><c> was</c><00:27:21.539><c> part</c><00:27:21.960><c> of</c><00:27:22.319><c> your</c>

00:27:22.619 --> 00:27:23.519
civic<00:27:22.940><c> duty.</c>

00:27:23.799 --> 00:27:25.799
You<00:27:23.900><c> had</c><00:27:24.099><c> to</c><00:27:24.299><c> burn</c><00:27:24.579><c> incense</c><00:27:25.140><c> to</c><00:27:25.460><c> the</c><00:27:25.640><c> emperor.</c>

00:27:25.980 --> 00:27:28.240
You<00:27:25.980><c> had</c><00:27:26.220><c> to</c><00:27:26.460><c> acknowledge</c><00:27:26.759><c> him</c><00:27:26.960><c> as</c><00:27:27.240><c> the</c><00:27:27.500><c> god</c><00:27:27.880><c>-king.</c>

00:27:28.240 --> 00:27:33.200
And<00:27:29.240><c> Christians</c><00:27:29.720><c> refused</c><00:27:30.339><c> to</c><00:27:30.619><c> do</c><00:27:30.720><c> that,</c><00:27:30.980><c> even</c><00:27:31.380><c> on</c><00:27:31.839><c> point</c><00:27:32.039><c> of</c><00:27:32.359><c> death.</c>

00:27:34.059 --> 00:27:36.000
And<00:27:34.099><c> the</c><00:27:34.400><c> Romans</c><00:27:34.559><c> were</c><00:27:34.839><c> very</c><00:27:35.180><c> distressed</c><00:27:35.640><c> by</c><00:27:35.819><c> this,</c>

00:27:36.200 --> 00:27:38.680
because<00:27:36.200><c> the</c><00:27:36.259><c> most</c><00:27:36.559><c> important</c><00:27:37.019><c> thing</c><00:27:37.259><c> in</c><00:27:37.400><c> Roman</c><00:27:37.660><c> life</c><00:27:37.980><c> was</c><00:27:38.480><c> to</c>

00:27:38.680 --> 00:27:40.660
maintain<00:27:39.140><c> the</c><00:27:39.299><c> stability</c><00:27:39.759><c> of</c><00:27:39.960><c> the</c><00:27:40.119><c> Roman</c><00:27:40.400><c> civic,</c>

00:27:40.759 --> 00:27:43.759
to<00:27:40.880><c> make</c><00:27:41.180><c> sure</c><00:27:41.640><c> society</c><00:27:42.359><c> ran</c><00:27:42.740><c> properly.</c>

00:27:43.980 --> 00:27:45.720
And<00:27:44.140><c> if</c><00:27:44.299><c> you</c><00:27:44.599><c> disrespected</c><00:27:45.279><c> the</c><00:27:45.519><c> emperor,</c>

00:27:45.799 --> 00:27:48.700
that<00:27:45.839><c> was</c><00:27:46.099><c> pretty</c><00:27:46.400><c> much</c><00:27:46.640><c> the</c><00:27:46.900><c> slippery</c><00:27:47.200><c> slope</c><00:27:47.579><c> to</c><00:27:48.220><c> the</c><00:27:48.380><c> end</c><00:27:48.519><c> of</c>

00:27:48.700 --> 00:27:50.140
civilisation<00:27:49.339><c> as</c><00:27:49.500><c> we</c><00:27:49.680><c> know</c><00:27:49.859><c> it.</c>

00:27:50.400 --> 00:27:53.460
You'd<00:27:50.559><c> have</c><00:27:51.160><c> dogs</c><00:27:51.480><c> and</c><00:27:51.640><c> cats</c><00:27:51.900><c> living</c><00:27:52.119><c> together</c><00:27:52.579><c> and</c><00:27:52.799><c> all</c><00:27:52.900><c> kinds</c><00:27:53.180><c> of</c>

00:27:53.460 --> 00:27:54.500
crazy<00:27:53.660><c> things</c><00:27:53.900><c> going</c><00:27:54.160><c> on.</c>

00:27:54.500 --> 00:27:59.119
So<00:27:55.279><c> the</c><00:27:56.119><c> Romans</c><00:27:56.380><c> were</c><00:27:56.680><c> deeply</c><00:27:57.160><c> offended</c><00:27:57.500><c> that</c><00:27:57.759><c> the</c><00:27:57.940><c> Christians</c><00:27:58.200><c> refused</c>

00:27:59.119 --> 00:28:00.700
to<00:27:59.579><c> acknowledge</c>

00:28:01.160 --> 00:28:03.680
the<00:28:01.759><c> deity</c><00:28:02.039><c> and</c><00:28:02.240><c> the</c><00:28:02.440><c> genius</c><00:28:02.779><c> of</c><00:28:03.160><c> the</c><00:28:03.319><c> emperor.</c>

00:28:04.000 --> 00:28:09.000
And<00:28:04.220><c> they</c><00:28:04.579><c> refused</c><00:28:04.779><c> to</c><00:28:05.099><c> participate</c><00:28:05.700><c> in</c><00:28:06.519><c> the</c><00:28:06.720><c> Roman</c><00:28:07.119><c> state</c><00:28:07.380><c> religion</c><00:28:07.859><c> as</c><00:28:08.180><c> well.</c>

00:28:09.680 --> 00:28:14.539
Another<00:28:09.839><c> reason</c><00:28:10.079><c> they</c><00:28:10.220><c> didn't</c><00:28:10.519><c> like</c><00:28:10.960><c> the</c><00:28:12.440><c> Christians</c><00:28:12.779><c> is</c><00:28:13.299><c> that</c><00:28:13.460><c> Christians</c><00:28:13.779><c> refused</c><00:28:14.259><c> to</c>

00:28:14.539 --> 00:28:16.240
pay<00:28:14.660><c> the</c><00:28:14.819><c> Jewish</c><00:28:15.099><c> tax.</c>

00:28:16.299 --> 00:28:19.500
You<00:28:16.440><c> might</c><00:28:16.680><c> think,</c><00:28:17.019><c> well</c><00:28:17.200><c> why</c><00:28:17.480><c> would</c><00:28:18.119><c> they</c><00:28:18.240><c> pay</c><00:28:18.500><c> in</c><00:28:18.740><c> the</c><00:28:18.859><c> first</c><00:28:19.140><c> place?</c>

00:28:19.500 --> 00:28:24.940
Well,<00:28:20.839><c> in</c><00:28:20.960><c> the</c><00:28:21.079><c> early</c><00:28:21.259><c> days,</c><00:28:21.599><c> of</c><00:28:21.599><c> course,</c><00:28:22.819><c> most</c><00:28:22.819><c> early</c><00:28:23.220><c> Christians</c><00:28:23.660><c> were</c><00:28:23.980><c> Jews.</c>

00:28:26.240 --> 00:28:32.460
And<00:28:26.720><c> even</c><00:28:27.200><c> though</c><00:28:29.259><c> they</c><00:28:30.839><c> didn't</c><00:28:31.099><c> have</c><00:28:31.299><c> the</c><00:28:31.400><c> same</c><00:28:31.559><c> beliefs</c><00:28:31.900><c> as</c><00:28:32.180><c> Jews,</c>

00:28:32.779 --> 00:28:36.000
they<00:28:32.960><c> were</c><00:28:33.099><c> sort</c><00:28:33.180><c> of</c><00:28:33.420><c> locked</c><00:28:33.640><c> in</c><00:28:33.819><c> with</c><00:28:34.000><c> the</c><00:28:34.119><c> Jews</c><00:28:34.259><c> because</c><00:28:34.559><c> they</c><00:28:34.859><c> worshipped</c><00:28:35.160><c> only</c><00:28:35.500><c> one</c><00:28:35.740><c> god,</c>

00:28:36.420 --> 00:28:38.660
and<00:28:36.579><c> they</c><00:28:36.759><c> worshipped</c><00:28:37.000><c> the</c><00:28:37.180><c> same</c><00:28:37.420><c> god</c><00:28:37.559><c> as</c><00:28:37.759><c> the</c><00:28:37.920><c> Jews.</c>

00:28:39.019 --> 00:28:43.880
But<00:28:39.279><c> the</c><00:28:39.619><c> Christians</c><00:28:39.880><c> said,</c><00:28:40.299><c> no,</c><00:28:40.319><c> we're</c><00:28:42.519><c> not</c><00:28:42.799><c> religious</c><00:28:43.579><c> Jews,</c>

00:28:44.119 --> 00:28:47.059
and<00:28:44.279><c> we</c><00:28:44.960><c> worship</c><00:28:45.160><c> the</c><00:28:45.339><c> same</c><00:28:45.700><c> god</c><00:28:45.859><c> but</c><00:28:46.039><c> in</c><00:28:46.200><c> a</c><00:28:46.200><c> different</c><00:28:46.500><c> way,</c>

00:28:47.059 --> 00:28:49.559
and<00:28:47.339><c> no,</c><00:28:47.599><c> we're</c><00:28:47.720><c> not</c><00:28:47.880><c> paying</c><00:28:48.099><c> the</c><00:28:48.259><c> Jewish</c><00:28:48.539><c> tax.</c>

00:28:50.240 --> 00:28:52.460
And<00:28:50.319><c> the</c><00:28:50.460><c> Romans</c><00:28:50.819><c> said,</c><00:28:51.079><c> no,</c><00:28:51.400><c> no,</c><00:28:51.539><c> you're</c><00:28:51.859><c> all</c><00:28:52.019><c> Jews</c><00:28:52.220><c> as</c><00:28:52.339><c> far</c>

00:28:52.460 --> 00:28:53.539
as<00:28:52.519><c> we're</c><00:28:52.619><c> concerned.</c>

00:28:53.579 --> 00:28:57.779
So<00:28:54.039><c> they</c><00:28:54.759><c> persecuted</c><00:28:55.259><c> them</c><00:28:55.660><c> and</c><00:28:56.500><c> hated</c><00:28:56.799><c> them</c><00:28:57.000><c> for</c><00:28:57.140><c> that</c><00:28:57.339><c> reason</c><00:28:57.519><c> as</c><00:28:57.700><c> well.</c>

00:28:57.900 --> 00:29:01.019
It<00:28:57.940><c> wasn't</c><00:28:58.200><c> until</c><00:28:58.480><c> the</c><00:28:58.839><c> end</c><00:28:59.259><c> of</c><00:28:59.559><c> the</c><00:28:59.640><c> first</c><00:28:59.900><c> century</c><00:29:00.380><c> that</c><00:29:00.839><c> the</c>

00:29:01.019 --> 00:29:02.160
Romans<00:29:01.240><c> finally</c><00:29:01.680><c> relented</c>

00:29:02.160 --> 00:29:06.420
and<00:29:02.960><c> excused</c><00:29:03.539><c> the</c><00:29:03.700><c> Christians</c><00:29:04.019><c> from</c><00:29:04.359><c> paying</c><00:29:04.680><c> the</c><00:29:05.140><c> Jewish</c><00:29:05.420><c> tax.</c>

00:29:07.259 --> 00:29:09.279
Another<00:29:07.539><c> rumour</c><00:29:08.059><c> about</c><00:29:08.420><c> the</c><00:29:08.619><c> Christians...</c>

00:29:09.279 --> 00:29:10.380
What<00:29:09.400><c> was</c><00:29:09.799><c> the</c><00:29:09.980><c> Jewish</c><00:29:10.319><c> tax?</c>

00:29:10.740 --> 00:29:13.660
The<00:29:11.299><c> Jewish</c><00:29:11.619><c> tax</c><00:29:11.859><c> was</c><00:29:12.200><c> levied</c><00:29:12.500><c> on</c><00:29:12.799><c> all</c><00:29:13.059><c> followers</c><00:29:13.339><c> of</c><00:29:13.519><c> the</c>

00:29:13.660 --> 00:29:14.380
Jewish<00:29:13.859><c> religion.</c>

00:29:14.380 --> 00:29:19.619
It<00:29:14.980><c> was</c><00:29:15.940><c> just</c><00:29:16.779><c> because.</c><00:29:18.480><c> Why</c><00:29:18.660><c> not?</c>

00:29:20.019 --> 00:29:23.299
So<00:29:20.299><c> it's</c><00:29:21.019><c> one</c><00:29:21.220><c> of</c><00:29:21.299><c> the</c><00:29:21.559><c> many,</c><00:29:21.900><c> many</c><00:29:22.259><c> reasons</c><00:29:22.680><c> the</c><00:29:22.900><c> Jews</c><00:29:23.160><c> and</c>

00:29:23.299 --> 00:29:24.900
the<00:29:23.500><c> Romans</c><00:29:23.619><c> didn't</c><00:29:23.880><c> get</c><00:29:24.119><c> on.</c>

00:29:29.440 --> 00:29:32.359
Another<00:29:30.000><c> issue</c><00:29:30.559><c> that</c><00:29:30.799><c> the</c><00:29:31.019><c> Romans</c><00:29:31.220><c> had</c><00:29:31.619><c> was</c><00:29:31.960><c> that</c><00:29:32.079><c> there</c><00:29:32.140><c> was</c>

00:29:32.359 --> 00:29:34.240
this<00:29:33.059><c> ongoing</c><00:29:33.640><c> rumour</c>

00:29:34.240 --> 00:29:36.920
that<00:29:34.500><c> the</c><00:29:34.680><c> Christians</c><00:29:35.079><c> practised</c><00:29:35.599><c> incest.</c>

00:29:37.119 --> 00:29:39.720
And<00:29:37.240><c> this</c><00:29:37.400><c> arose</c><00:29:37.759><c> from</c><00:29:38.019><c> the</c><00:29:38.160><c> fact</c><00:29:38.380><c> that</c><00:29:39.119><c> Christians</c><00:29:39.480><c> called</c>

00:29:39.720 --> 00:29:41.039
each<00:29:39.960><c> other</c><00:29:40.119><c> brother</c><00:29:40.339><c> and</c><00:29:40.579><c> sister,</c>

00:29:41.039 --> 00:29:44.619
and<00:29:41.640><c> they</c><00:29:41.759><c> married</c><00:29:42.200><c> people</c><00:29:42.660><c> who</c><00:29:42.779><c> they</c><00:29:43.019><c> called</c><00:29:43.200><c> brother</c><00:29:43.460><c> and</c><00:29:43.700><c> sister,</c>

00:29:45.180 --> 00:29:47.059
and<00:29:45.180><c> they</c><00:29:45.440><c> greased</c><00:29:45.619><c> each</c><00:29:45.859><c> other</c><00:29:46.059><c> with</c><00:29:46.259><c> hugs</c><00:29:46.500><c> and</c><00:29:46.720><c> kisses,</c>

00:29:47.099 --> 00:29:52.299
which<00:29:47.339><c> was</c><00:29:48.000><c> very</c><00:29:48.400><c> disturbing</c><00:29:48.900><c> behaviour</c><00:29:49.579><c> and</c><00:29:50.740><c> had</c><00:29:51.819><c> all</c><00:29:52.019><c> sorts</c>

00:29:52.299 --> 00:29:53.460
of<00:29:52.460><c> implications.</c>

00:29:53.480 --> 00:29:55.859
And<00:29:53.480><c> the</c><00:29:53.619><c> Romans</c><00:29:53.799><c> only</c><00:29:54.099><c> had</c><00:29:54.319><c> mirrors,</c><00:29:54.680><c> an</c><00:29:54.900><c> example</c><00:29:55.240><c> of</c><00:29:55.579><c> what</c>

00:29:55.859 --> 00:29:58.039
happens<00:29:56.319><c> if</c><00:29:56.579><c> you</c><00:29:56.819><c> go</c><00:29:57.000><c> down</c><00:29:57.140><c> that</c><00:29:57.380><c> road.</c>

00:29:58.819 --> 00:30:01.259
So<00:29:58.940><c> the</c><00:29:59.180><c> Romans</c><00:29:59.339><c> were</c><00:29:59.539><c> really</c><00:29:59.960><c> uncomfortable</c><00:30:00.660><c> with</c><00:30:01.059><c> this.</c>

00:30:01.319 --> 00:30:04.099
And<00:30:01.460><c> again,</c><00:30:02.140><c> the</c><00:30:02.220><c> Christians,</c><00:30:02.660><c> even</c><00:30:02.900><c> as</c><00:30:03.079><c> late</c><00:30:03.200><c> as</c><00:30:03.359><c> the</c><00:30:03.460><c> third</c><00:30:03.720><c> century,</c>

00:30:04.380 --> 00:30:06.119
the<00:30:04.519><c> Christians</c><00:30:04.700><c> were</c><00:30:04.839><c> working</c><00:30:05.099><c> very</c><00:30:05.440><c> hard</c><00:30:05.579><c> to</c><00:30:05.819><c> try</c><00:30:05.900><c> and</c>

00:30:06.119 --> 00:30:07.420
dispel<00:30:06.400><c> these</c><00:30:06.640><c> rumors</c>

00:30:07.680 --> 00:30:11.059
and<00:30:08.160><c> explain</c><00:30:08.640><c> what</c><00:30:08.960><c> the</c><00:30:09.119><c> real</c><00:30:09.259><c> significance</c><00:30:09.660><c> of</c><00:30:09.900><c> these</c><00:30:10.099><c> relations</c><00:30:10.500><c> was.</c>

00:30:11.920 --> 00:30:14.720
Despite<00:30:12.440><c> what</c><00:30:12.720><c> you</c><00:30:12.819><c> might</c><00:30:13.079><c> have</c><00:30:13.160><c> heard</c><00:30:13.299><c> and</c><00:30:13.480><c> read,</c><00:30:14.140><c> the</c><00:30:14.299><c> Romans</c><00:30:14.480><c> were</c>

00:30:14.720 --> 00:30:16.519
actually<00:30:14.980><c> very</c><00:30:15.299><c> conservative</c><00:30:15.779><c> people.</c>

00:30:16.740 --> 00:30:19.539
Public<00:30:17.000><c> displays</c><00:30:17.480><c> of</c><00:30:17.700><c> affection,</c><00:30:18.480><c> even</c><00:30:18.799><c> between</c><00:30:19.299><c> husband</c>

00:30:19.539 --> 00:30:21.640
and<00:30:19.700><c> wife,</c><00:30:20.099><c> were</c><00:30:20.359><c> frowned</c><00:30:20.720><c> on.</c>

00:30:21.700 --> 00:30:25.519
You<00:30:21.920><c> didn't</c><00:30:22.140><c> go</c><00:30:23.240><c> into</c><00:30:23.779><c> all</c><00:30:24.000><c> that</c><00:30:24.099><c> kind</c><00:30:24.259><c> of</c><00:30:24.380><c> stuff.</c><00:30:24.819><c> It's</c><00:30:25.200><c> just</c>

00:30:25.519 --> 00:30:26.299
not<00:30:25.779><c> appropriate.</c>

00:30:26.680 --> 00:30:28.920
You<00:30:27.039><c> keep</c><00:30:27.180><c> that</c><00:30:27.420><c> for</c><00:30:27.559><c> your</c><00:30:27.740><c> own</c><00:30:27.920><c> house.</c><00:30:28.240><c> No</c><00:30:28.359><c> one</c><00:30:28.440><c> needs</c><00:30:28.640><c> to</c><00:30:28.920><c> see</c>

00:30:28.920 --> 00:30:30.119
that<00:30:29.119><c> kind</c><00:30:29.299><c> of</c><00:30:29.380><c> nonsense.</c>

00:30:30.819 --> 00:30:38.259
And<00:30:31.299><c> the</c><00:30:31.500><c> Romans</c><00:30:31.759><c> did</c><00:30:32.079><c> not</c><00:30:32.359><c> like</c><00:30:33.079><c> this</c><00:30:33.940><c> very</c><00:30:34.460><c> liberal</c><00:30:34.980><c> behaviour</c><00:30:36.880><c> by</c><00:30:37.640><c> the</c><00:30:37.859><c> Christians.</c>

00:30:38.259 --> 00:30:43.940
It<00:30:38.319><c> was</c><00:30:38.579><c> offensive</c><00:30:39.200><c> and</c><00:30:40.099><c> it</c><00:30:40.299><c> had</c><00:30:40.460><c> all</c><00:30:40.619><c> kinds</c><00:30:40.900><c> of</c><00:30:41.079><c> ugly</c><00:30:41.359><c> connotations.</c>

00:30:44.460 --> 00:30:48.940
And<00:30:44.480><c> the</c><00:30:44.579><c> other</c><00:30:44.740><c> thing,</c><00:30:45.359><c> too,</c><00:30:46.319><c> about</c><00:30:46.539><c> the</c><00:30:46.859><c> Christians</c><00:30:47.200><c> was</c><00:30:47.799><c> that</c><00:30:47.920><c> they</c><00:30:48.059><c> wouldn't</c><00:30:48.440><c> shut</c><00:30:48.759><c> up</c>

00:30:48.940 --> 00:30:50.259
about<00:30:49.160><c> their</c><00:30:49.460><c> religion.</c>

00:30:50.579 --> 00:30:54.279
Now<00:30:50.759><c> in</c><00:30:50.920><c> the</c><00:30:51.119><c> ancient</c><00:30:51.299><c> world,</c><00:30:51.740><c> it</c><00:30:51.740><c> was</c><00:30:51.980><c> no</c><00:30:52.160><c> big</c><00:30:52.400><c> deal</c><00:30:53.079><c> if</c><00:30:53.900><c> you</c>

00:30:54.279 --> 00:30:57.099
meet<00:30:54.599><c> someone</c><00:30:54.819><c> and</c><00:30:55.079><c> you</c><00:30:55.359><c> tell</c><00:30:55.519><c> them</c><00:30:55.700><c> about</c><00:30:55.940><c> your</c><00:30:56.140><c> religion,</c>

00:30:57.880 --> 00:31:02.000
and<00:30:57.880><c> they</c><00:30:58.420><c> say,</c><00:30:58.779><c> oh,</c><00:30:58.880><c> I</c><00:30:59.819><c> have</c><00:31:00.099><c> my</c><00:31:00.380><c> god,</c><00:31:00.539><c> you've</c><00:31:00.799><c> got</c><00:31:00.980><c> your</c><00:31:01.200><c> god,</c>

00:31:02.039 --> 00:31:02.859
and<00:31:02.400><c> that's</c><00:31:02.660><c> fine.</c>

00:31:02.880 --> 00:31:05.259
And<00:31:03.019><c> if</c><00:31:03.059><c> you</c><00:31:03.160><c> want</c><00:31:03.299><c> to</c><00:31:03.400><c> worship</c><00:31:03.619><c> my</c><00:31:03.859><c> god,</c><00:31:04.119><c> you</c><00:31:04.119><c> can.</c><00:31:04.579><c> If</c><00:31:04.779><c> you</c><00:31:04.920><c> don't</c><00:31:05.079><c> want</c><00:31:05.240><c> to</c>

00:31:05.259 --> 00:31:06.519
worship<00:31:05.440><c> my</c><00:31:05.660><c> god,</c><00:31:05.740><c> that's</c><00:31:06.000><c> no</c><00:31:06.140><c> big</c><00:31:06.359><c> deal.</c>

00:31:06.980 --> 00:31:11.619
Now<00:31:07.380><c> the</c><00:31:07.599><c> Christians</c><00:31:07.960><c> said,</c><00:31:08.960><c> this</c><00:31:09.279><c> is</c><00:31:09.539><c> my</c><00:31:09.740><c> god,</c><00:31:10.599><c> and</c><00:31:10.640><c> you</c><00:31:10.799><c> should</c><00:31:11.019><c> worship</c><00:31:11.279><c> him,</c><00:31:11.559><c> too.</c>

00:31:11.619 --> 00:31:13.700
In<00:31:11.640><c> fact,</c><00:31:11.980><c> you</c><00:31:12.180><c> really</c><00:31:12.440><c> have</c><00:31:12.640><c> to</c><00:31:12.779><c> worship</c><00:31:13.019><c> him.</c><00:31:13.460><c> You've</c><00:31:13.619><c> got</c>

00:31:13.700 --> 00:31:14.700
to<00:31:13.759><c> worship</c><00:31:14.039><c> him.</c>

00:31:14.819 --> 00:31:17.859
And<00:31:15.000><c> here's</c><00:31:15.440><c> all</c><00:31:15.640><c> the</c><00:31:15.700><c> information</c><00:31:16.059><c> about</c><00:31:16.240><c> my</c><00:31:16.440><c> god.</c><00:31:17.660><c> And</c><00:31:17.759><c> you</c>

00:31:17.859 --> 00:31:19.000
should<00:31:18.039><c> be</c><00:31:18.259><c> worshiping,</c><00:31:18.680><c> too.</c>

00:31:19.380 --> 00:31:21.759
And<00:31:19.559><c> the</c><00:31:19.799><c> pagan</c><00:31:20.039><c> would</c><00:31:20.259><c> go,</c><00:31:20.740><c> no,</c><00:31:20.920><c> it's</c><00:31:21.059><c> okay,</c><00:31:21.279><c> I've</c><00:31:21.460><c> got</c><00:31:21.559><c> my</c>

00:31:21.759 --> 00:31:22.180
own<00:31:21.960><c> gods.</c>

00:31:22.559 --> 00:31:24.519
And<00:31:22.700><c> the</c><00:31:22.779><c> Christians</c><00:31:22.900><c> would</c><00:31:23.000><c> go,</c><00:31:23.140><c> no,</c><00:31:23.380><c> they</c><00:31:23.480><c> don't</c><00:31:23.680><c> exist.</c>

00:31:24.900 --> 00:31:26.660
The<00:31:25.059><c> pagan</c><00:31:25.140><c> would</c><00:31:25.259><c> go,</c><00:31:25.440><c> what?</c><00:31:26.240><c> No,</c><00:31:26.460><c> no,</c><00:31:26.579><c> no.</c>

00:31:26.740 --> 00:31:28.859
And<00:31:26.839><c> the</c><00:31:27.079><c> Christians</c><00:31:27.160><c> would</c><00:31:27.220><c> go,</c><00:31:27.440><c> no,</c><00:31:27.779><c> there's</c><00:31:28.000><c> only</c><00:31:28.259><c> one</c><00:31:28.480><c> god,</c><00:31:28.759><c> and</c>

00:31:28.859 --> 00:31:30.019
it's<00:31:29.059><c> my</c><00:31:29.319><c> god.</c>

00:31:30.200 --> 00:31:33.400
Now<00:31:30.599><c> this,</c><00:31:31.039><c> again,</c><00:31:31.380><c> was</c><00:31:31.640><c> very</c><00:31:32.039><c> offensive</c><00:31:32.420><c> in</c><00:31:32.599><c> the</c><00:31:32.759><c> ancient</c><00:31:33.039><c> world.</c>

00:31:33.400 --> 00:31:37.460
It<00:31:33.900><c> was</c><00:31:34.519><c> fine</c><00:31:34.799><c> to</c><00:31:35.119><c> say,</c><00:31:35.900><c> I</c><00:31:36.059><c> want</c><00:31:36.319><c> to</c><00:31:36.460><c> worship</c><00:31:36.740><c> your</c><00:31:37.039><c> god</c><00:31:37.240><c> and</c>

00:31:37.460 --> 00:31:38.460
your<00:31:37.660><c> gods,</c>

00:31:38.500 --> 00:31:40.579
but<00:31:38.720><c> you</c><00:31:38.779><c> didn't</c><00:31:39.019><c> go</c><00:31:39.220><c> telling</c><00:31:39.400><c> people</c><00:31:39.799><c> their</c><00:31:40.039><c> gods</c><00:31:40.299><c> didn't</c>

00:31:40.579 --> 00:31:42.200
exist.<00:31:41.059><c> That</c><00:31:41.119><c> was</c><00:31:41.339><c> rude.</c>

00:31:42.339 --> 00:31:45.039
You<00:31:42.539><c> ignored</c><00:31:43.059><c> the</c><00:31:43.319><c> existence</c><00:31:43.779><c> of</c><00:31:44.000><c> other</c><00:31:44.160><c> people's</c><00:31:44.619><c> gods,</c><00:31:44.900><c> and</c>

00:31:45.039 --> 00:31:47.779
you<00:31:45.180><c> just</c><00:31:45.400><c> said,</c><00:31:45.559><c> I've</c><00:31:45.740><c> got</c><00:31:45.859><c> my</c><00:31:46.160><c> own,</c><00:31:46.859><c> and</c><00:31:47.180><c> that's</c><00:31:47.500><c> fine.</c>

00:31:48.140 --> 00:31:50.380
So<00:31:48.339><c> again,</c><00:31:48.720><c> this</c><00:31:48.859><c> was</c><00:31:49.019><c> the</c><00:31:49.099><c> same</c><00:31:49.400><c> problem</c><00:31:49.759><c> that</c><00:31:49.980><c> the</c><00:31:50.160><c> Romans</c>

00:31:50.380 --> 00:31:51.559
had<00:31:50.680><c> had</c><00:31:50.859><c> with</c><00:31:51.099><c> the</c><00:31:51.299><c> Jews.</c>

00:31:51.980 --> 00:31:55.480
It<00:31:52.099><c> was</c><00:31:52.119><c> starting</c><00:31:52.339><c> up</c><00:31:52.579><c> again,</c><00:31:52.839><c> it</c><00:31:52.880><c> was</c><00:31:53.180><c> massively</c><00:31:53.839><c> infugating.</c>

00:31:56.400 --> 00:32:01.279
And<00:31:56.539><c> the</c><00:31:56.720><c> last</c><00:31:56.940><c> thing,</c><00:31:57.160><c> which</c><00:31:57.339><c> might</c><00:31:57.579><c> seem</c><00:31:57.799><c> a</c><00:31:57.859><c> bit</c><00:31:58.119><c> weird</c><00:31:58.359><c> to</c><00:31:58.579><c> us,</c><00:31:59.220><c> is</c><00:31:59.299><c> that</c><00:31:59.539><c> Christianity</c><00:32:00.000><c> was</c><00:32:00.299><c> hated</c><00:32:00.599><c> because</c><00:32:00.880><c> it</c><00:32:01.039><c> was</c><00:32:01.240><c> a</c>

00:32:01.279 --> 00:32:02.599
new<00:32:01.640><c> religion.</c>

00:32:02.759 --> 00:32:05.200
Now<00:32:03.200><c> with</c><00:32:03.500><c> the</c><00:32:03.619><c> Greeks,</c><00:32:04.000><c> it</c><00:32:04.000><c> wasn't</c><00:32:04.319><c> so</c><00:32:04.539><c> much</c><00:32:04.700><c> of</c><00:32:04.859><c> a</c><00:32:04.900><c> problem.</c>

00:32:05.299 --> 00:32:10.480
The<00:32:05.420><c> Greeks</c><00:32:05.680><c> loved</c><00:32:06.119><c> new</c><00:32:06.400><c> ideas,</c><00:32:07.019><c> as</c><00:32:07.319><c> we</c><00:32:07.480><c> know</c><00:32:07.759><c> from</c><00:32:08.039><c> Paul's</c><00:32:09.240><c> discussions</c><00:32:09.680><c> and</c><00:32:09.880><c> debates</c><00:32:10.200><c> on</c>

00:32:10.480 --> 00:32:10.960
Mars<00:32:10.660><c> Hill.</c>

00:32:11.279 --> 00:32:13.460
The<00:32:11.500><c> Greeks</c><00:32:11.519><c> loved</c><00:32:12.000><c> to</c><00:32:12.299><c> learn</c><00:32:12.400><c> new</c><00:32:12.619><c> things</c><00:32:12.799><c> and</c><00:32:12.940><c> talk</c><00:32:13.220><c> about</c>

00:32:13.460 --> 00:32:15.819
new<00:32:13.619><c> things,</c><00:32:14.059><c> new</c><00:32:14.200><c> ideas,</c><00:32:14.640><c> new</c><00:32:14.759><c> philosophies,</c><00:32:15.259><c> new</c><00:32:15.480><c> religions.</c>

00:32:16.259 --> 00:32:18.220
But<00:32:16.420><c> the</c><00:32:16.539><c> Romans,</c><00:32:17.000><c> again,</c><00:32:17.200><c> being</c><00:32:17.359><c> more</c><00:32:17.579><c> conservative,</c><00:32:18.119><c> saw</c>

00:32:18.220 --> 00:32:19.160
no<00:32:18.480><c> need</c><00:32:18.700><c> for</c><00:32:18.940><c> that.</c>

00:32:19.500 --> 00:32:23.480
We've<00:32:19.799><c> got</c><00:32:20.019><c> our</c><00:32:20.559><c> pagan</c><00:32:20.880><c> beliefs,</c><00:32:21.680><c> they've</c><00:32:22.079><c> served</c><00:32:22.259><c> us</c><00:32:22.539><c> well</c><00:32:22.740><c> for</c><00:32:23.160><c> X</c>

00:32:23.480 --> 00:32:24.859
number<00:32:23.799><c> of</c><00:32:23.980><c> years.</c>

00:32:25.460 --> 00:32:26.980
A<00:32:25.579><c> new</c><00:32:25.880><c> religion</c><00:32:26.220><c> is</c><00:32:26.579><c> a</c><00:32:26.660><c> novelty.</c>

00:32:27.180 --> 00:32:29.099
If<00:32:27.359><c> this</c><00:32:27.640><c> religion</c><00:32:27.920><c> was</c><00:32:28.140><c> a</c><00:32:28.259><c> good</c><00:32:28.420><c> one,</c><00:32:28.599><c> someone</c><00:32:28.839><c> would</c><00:32:29.039><c> have</c>

00:32:29.099 --> 00:32:29.960
thought<00:32:29.299><c> about</c><00:32:29.519><c> it</c><00:32:29.599><c> earlier.</c>

00:32:29.960 --> 00:32:33.059
This<00:32:30.339><c> would</c><00:32:30.799><c> have</c><00:32:30.940><c> been</c><00:32:31.039><c> kicking</c><00:32:31.279><c> around</c><00:32:31.599><c> for</c><00:32:31.720><c> thousands</c><00:32:32.000><c> of</c><00:32:32.240><c> years.</c>

00:32:33.839 --> 00:32:36.400
So<00:32:34.279><c> they</c><00:32:34.720><c> meet</c><00:32:34.859><c> the</c><00:32:35.079><c> Christians</c><00:32:35.380><c> in</c><00:32:35.559><c> the</c><00:32:35.700><c> microplaces</c><00:32:36.140><c> and</c>

00:32:36.400 --> 00:32:37.819
they're<00:32:36.400><c> talking</c><00:32:36.579><c> about</c><00:32:36.880><c> the</c><00:32:37.059><c> respective</c><00:32:37.519><c> beliefs.</c>

00:32:37.980 --> 00:32:40.319
The<00:32:38.099><c> Christian</c><00:32:38.279><c> goes,</c><00:32:38.759><c> I</c><00:32:38.759><c> love</c><00:32:38.980><c> this</c><00:32:39.180><c> belief</c><00:32:39.440><c> system,</c><00:32:40.140><c> it's</c>

00:32:40.319 --> 00:32:40.819
called<00:32:40.480><c> the</c><00:32:40.700><c> way.</c>

00:32:41.299 --> 00:32:43.720
And<00:32:41.619><c> so</c><00:32:41.779><c> the</c><00:32:41.900><c> pagan</c><00:32:42.019><c> goes,</c><00:32:42.400><c> okay,</c><00:32:42.539><c> tell</c><00:32:42.640><c> me</c><00:32:43.119><c> about</c><00:32:43.359><c> the</c><00:32:43.539><c> ways.</c>

00:32:44.000 --> 00:32:47.240
This<00:32:44.220><c> ancient</c><00:32:44.619><c> way,</c><00:32:45.000><c> no</c><00:32:45.099><c> doubt,</c><00:32:45.400><c> goes</c><00:32:45.579><c> back</c><00:32:45.799><c> thousands</c><00:32:46.180><c> of</c><00:32:46.420><c> years.</c>

00:32:47.839 --> 00:32:49.559
And<00:32:47.839><c> the</c><00:32:48.279><c> Christian</c><00:32:48.440><c> goes,</c><00:32:48.720><c> no,</c><00:32:48.920><c> no,</c><00:32:49.019><c> it</c><00:32:49.059><c> started</c><00:32:49.140><c> about</c><00:32:49.380><c> 30</c>

00:32:49.559 --> 00:32:50.099
years<00:32:49.779><c> ago.</c>

00:32:50.599 --> 00:32:53.859
And<00:32:50.940><c> the</c><00:32:51.480><c> pagan</c><00:32:51.680><c> goes,</c><00:32:52.539><c> you</c><00:32:52.640><c> kidding?</c><00:32:52.880><c> That's</c><00:32:53.099><c> not</c><00:32:53.200><c> a</c><00:32:53.339><c> religion,</c><00:32:53.539><c> that's</c>

00:32:53.859 --> 00:32:54.740
a<00:32:54.019><c> hobby.</c>

00:32:54.950 --> 00:32:59.240
How<00:32:55.279><c> can</c><00:32:56.240><c> you</c><00:32:56.380><c> have</c><00:32:56.700><c> any</c><00:32:57.160><c> credibility</c><00:32:57.740><c> if</c><00:32:58.400><c> your</c><00:32:58.619><c> religion</c><00:32:58.940><c> is</c>

00:32:59.240 --> 00:33:00.599
only<00:32:59.559><c> a</c><00:32:59.579><c> few</c><00:32:59.839><c> decades</c><00:33:00.180><c> old?</c>

00:33:00.799 --> 00:33:03.859
That's<00:33:01.460><c> appalling.</c><00:33:02.200><c> These</c><00:33:02.339><c> are</c><00:33:02.539><c> frivolous</c><00:33:03.099><c> foolish</c><00:33:03.420><c> ideas</c>

00:33:03.859 --> 00:33:04.960
for<00:33:04.059><c> children.</c>

00:33:05.180 --> 00:33:09.779
And<00:33:05.259><c> for</c><00:33:05.400><c> a</c><00:33:05.480><c> long</c><00:33:05.720><c> time</c><00:33:06.180><c> Christianity</c><00:33:06.700><c> was</c><00:33:07.140><c> denigrated</c><00:33:07.660><c> as</c><00:33:08.259><c> the</c><00:33:08.500><c> religion</c><00:33:09.259><c> of</c>

00:33:09.779 --> 00:33:12.339
uneducated<00:33:10.619><c> people</c><00:33:10.960><c> and</c><00:33:11.380><c> slaves.</c>

00:33:13.359 --> 00:33:15.539
So<00:33:13.519><c> the</c><00:33:13.680><c> Romans</c><00:33:13.880><c> had</c><00:33:14.079><c> all</c><00:33:14.339><c> kinds</c><00:33:14.640><c> of</c><00:33:14.859><c> what</c><00:33:14.940><c> they</c><00:33:15.259><c> considered</c>

00:33:15.539 --> 00:33:18.700
perfectly<00:33:16.000><c> valid</c><00:33:16.319><c> reasons</c><00:33:16.799><c> for</c><00:33:17.279><c> hating</c><00:33:17.579><c> the</c><00:33:17.859><c> Christians.</c>

00:33:18.900 --> 00:33:24.019
Nevertheless,<00:33:19.839><c> the</c><00:33:19.839><c> persecution</c><00:33:20.539><c> of</c><00:33:20.779><c> Nero</c><00:33:21.819><c> did</c><00:33:22.339><c> not</c><00:33:22.660><c> actually</c><00:33:23.559><c> help</c>

00:33:24.019 --> 00:33:28.019
much<00:33:24.279><c> because</c><00:33:25.259><c> the</c><00:33:25.579><c> Christians</c><00:33:25.920><c> bizarrely</c><00:33:26.900><c> thrived</c><00:33:27.359><c> under</c><00:33:27.720><c> it.</c>

00:33:28.180 --> 00:33:33.180
The<00:33:28.359><c> more</c><00:33:28.640><c> the</c><00:33:28.819><c> Christians</c><00:33:29.019><c> were</c><00:33:29.359><c> persecuted,</c><00:33:30.579><c> the</c><00:33:30.900><c> more</c><00:33:31.319><c> they</c><00:33:31.619><c> seemed</c><00:33:32.000><c> to</c><00:33:32.400><c> grow.</c>

00:33:33.920 --> 00:33:38.759
It<00:33:34.079><c> wasn't</c><00:33:34.420><c> that</c><00:33:34.700><c> the</c><00:33:34.880><c> Christians</c><00:33:35.200><c> wanted</c><00:33:35.819><c> to</c><00:33:36.220><c> be</c><00:33:36.460><c> killed,</c><00:33:37.319><c> it's</c><00:33:37.539><c> that</c><00:33:37.680><c> they</c><00:33:37.880><c> were</c><00:33:38.180><c> willing</c><00:33:38.519><c> to</c>

00:33:38.759 --> 00:33:39.819
die<00:33:39.099><c> for</c><00:33:39.319><c> their</c><00:33:39.660><c> faith.</c>

00:33:39.880 --> 00:33:41.740
They<00:33:40.000><c> were</c><00:33:40.259><c> willing</c><00:33:40.519><c> to</c><00:33:40.779><c> be</c><00:33:41.220><c> martyrs.</c>

00:33:42.039 --> 00:33:43.900
Anyone<00:33:42.400><c> know</c><00:33:42.579><c> what</c><00:33:42.799><c> martyr</c><00:33:43.000><c> means?</c><00:33:43.440><c> Can</c><00:33:43.559><c> someone</c><00:33:43.640><c> tell</c><00:33:43.799><c> us</c>

00:33:43.900 --> 00:33:45.180
what<00:33:44.079><c> martyr</c><00:33:44.299><c> means?</c>

00:33:47.900 --> 00:33:52.400
It<00:33:48.539><c> means</c><00:33:49.180><c> witness,</c><00:33:51.000><c> from</c><00:33:51.180><c> the</c><00:33:51.240><c> Greek</c><00:33:51.460><c> word</c><00:33:51.619><c> materios,</c><00:33:52.400><c> it</c>

00:33:52.400 --> 00:33:53.599
means<00:33:52.680><c> witness.</c>

00:33:53.660 --> 00:33:58.420
So<00:33:53.660><c> you're</c><00:33:53.960><c> not</c><00:33:54.440><c> dying</c><00:33:54.880><c> out</c><00:33:55.160><c> of</c><00:33:55.279><c> some</c><00:33:55.500><c> bizarre</c><00:33:55.900><c> death</c><00:33:56.299><c> wish,</c><00:33:56.839><c> you're</c><00:33:56.940><c> dying</c><00:33:57.380><c> as</c><00:33:57.779><c> a</c><00:33:57.900><c> witness.</c>

00:33:58.740 --> 00:34:04.279
A<00:33:59.059><c> witness</c><00:33:59.279><c> to</c><00:33:59.519><c> your</c><00:33:59.759><c> faith,</c><00:34:00.079><c> a</c><00:34:00.200><c> witness</c><00:34:00.519><c> to</c><00:34:00.880><c> the</c><00:34:01.119><c> power</c><00:34:01.539><c> of</c><00:34:01.779><c> your</c><00:34:02.099><c> faith</c><00:34:02.420><c> and</c><00:34:02.940><c> the</c><00:34:03.119><c> tenacity</c><00:34:03.900><c> of</c>

00:34:04.279 --> 00:34:05.420
your<00:34:04.579><c> faith.</c>

00:34:05.880 --> 00:34:08.860
And<00:34:06.359><c> the</c><00:34:06.740><c> Romans</c><00:34:06.980><c> found</c><00:34:07.240><c> this</c><00:34:07.480><c> very</c><00:34:07.720><c> disturbing</c><00:34:08.119><c> because</c><00:34:08.579><c> in</c>

00:34:08.860 --> 00:34:12.659
the<00:34:09.039><c> pagan</c><00:34:09.320><c> world</c><00:34:09.699><c> there</c><00:34:09.980><c> was</c><00:34:10.320><c> no</c><00:34:10.639><c> culture</c><00:34:11.000><c> or</c><00:34:11.239><c> history</c><00:34:11.639><c> of</c><00:34:12.079><c> martyrdom.</c>

00:34:12.659 --> 00:34:19.559
Now<00:34:13.420><c> the</c><00:34:13.659><c> Jews</c><00:34:14.219><c> had</c><00:34:15.400><c> a</c><00:34:15.880><c> history</c><00:34:16.380><c> of</c><00:34:16.619><c> martyrdom,</c><00:34:17.519><c> they</c><00:34:18.780><c> were</c><00:34:18.900><c> very</c><00:34:19.159><c> good</c><00:34:19.340><c> at</c>

00:34:19.559 --> 00:34:21.800
it,<00:34:19.559><c> they</c><00:34:19.599><c> did</c><00:34:19.960><c> it</c><00:34:20.059><c> for</c><00:34:20.280><c> thousands</c><00:34:20.599><c> of</c><00:34:20.760><c> years.</c>

00:34:22.260 --> 00:34:26.059
And<00:34:22.260><c> this</c><00:34:22.800><c> was</c><00:34:23.000><c> something</c><00:34:23.420><c> that</c><00:34:24.000><c> the</c><00:34:24.599><c> Christians</c><00:34:24.920><c> inherited.</c>

00:34:26.239 --> 00:34:29.820
This<00:34:26.420><c> idea</c><00:34:26.880><c> of</c><00:34:27.139><c> a</c><00:34:27.280><c> noble</c><00:34:27.599><c> death</c><00:34:28.019><c> for</c><00:34:28.340><c> a</c><00:34:28.380><c> noble</c><00:34:28.840><c> cause.</c>

00:34:30.079 --> 00:34:32.539
And<00:34:30.219><c> the</c><00:34:30.380><c> fact</c><00:34:30.559><c> that</c><00:34:30.739><c> you</c><00:34:30.880><c> couldn't</c><00:34:31.320><c> stamp</c><00:34:31.639><c> out</c><00:34:31.900><c> Christianity</c>

00:34:32.539 --> 00:34:37.360
by<00:34:33.260><c> killing</c><00:34:34.019><c> Christians</c><00:34:34.679><c> was</c><00:34:35.280><c> very</c><00:34:35.739><c> troubling</c><00:34:36.139><c> to</c><00:34:36.840><c> the</c><00:34:37.039><c> Romans.</c>

00:34:37.360 --> 00:34:43.099
Because<00:34:38.039><c> if</c><00:34:38.360><c> you</c><00:34:38.519><c> can't</c><00:34:38.900><c> kill</c><00:34:39.159><c> these</c><00:34:39.460><c> people</c><00:34:39.800><c> off</c><00:34:40.219><c> and</c><00:34:40.659><c> you</c><00:34:40.800><c> can't</c><00:34:42.260><c> argue</c><00:34:42.579><c> them</c><00:34:42.820><c> out</c><00:34:43.000><c> of</c>

00:34:43.099 --> 00:34:43.760
their<00:34:43.219><c> beliefs</c>

00:34:43.760 --> 00:34:47.400
and<00:34:44.320><c> you</c><00:34:44.519><c> can't</c><00:34:45.019><c> simply</c><00:34:45.420><c> prohibit</c><00:34:46.179><c> the</c><00:34:46.599><c> religion</c><00:34:46.860><c> into</c><00:34:47.179><c> non</c>

00:34:47.400 --> 00:34:50.119
-existence,<00:34:48.239><c> what</c><00:34:48.460><c> are</c><00:34:48.519><c> you</c><00:34:48.639><c> supposed</c><00:34:49.079><c> to</c><00:34:49.300><c> do?</c>

00:34:50.139 --> 00:34:54.059
And<00:34:50.380><c> of</c><00:34:50.639><c> course</c><00:34:50.800><c> if</c><00:34:50.980><c> you</c><00:34:51.219><c> can't</c><00:34:51.539><c> get</c><00:34:51.679><c> rid</c><00:34:51.900><c> of</c><00:34:52.039><c> this</c><00:34:52.900><c> troublesome</c><00:34:53.360><c> religion,</c>

00:34:54.500 --> 00:34:55.920
the<00:34:54.639><c> gods</c><00:34:54.900><c> will</c><00:34:55.260><c> frown</c><00:34:55.519><c> on</c><00:34:55.719><c> you.</c>

00:34:56.400 --> 00:34:58.719
The<00:34:56.559><c> gods</c><00:34:56.760><c> will</c><00:34:57.000><c> be</c><00:34:57.159><c> upset</c><00:34:57.599><c> that</c><00:34:57.760><c> you're</c><00:34:57.940><c> not</c><00:34:58.219><c> dealing</c><00:34:58.500><c> with</c>

00:34:58.719 --> 00:34:59.179
this<00:34:58.860><c> properly.</c>

00:34:59.179 --> 00:35:02.260
The<00:34:59.599><c> Romans</c><00:34:59.820><c> came</c><00:35:00.139><c> to</c><00:35:00.260><c> believe</c><00:35:00.539><c> that</c><00:35:01.059><c> every</c><00:35:01.460><c> major</c><00:35:01.739><c> disaster,</c>

00:35:02.440 --> 00:35:04.500
a<00:35:02.599><c> famine,</c><00:35:03.079><c> a</c><00:35:03.099><c> crop</c><00:35:03.219><c> failure,</c><00:35:03.679><c> a</c><00:35:03.880><c> flood</c><00:35:04.019><c> or</c><00:35:04.039><c> whatever</c>

00:35:04.500 --> 00:35:08.260
was<00:35:05.519><c> the</c><00:35:05.820><c> result</c><00:35:06.340><c> of</c><00:35:06.619><c> not</c><00:35:06.820><c> dealing</c><00:35:07.159><c> with</c><00:35:07.420><c> the</c><00:35:07.579><c> Christians</c><00:35:07.900><c> properly.</c>

00:35:08.360 --> 00:35:11.260
So<00:35:08.440><c> they</c><00:35:08.619><c> persecuted</c><00:35:09.260><c> them</c><00:35:09.920><c> all</c><00:35:10.340><c> the</c><00:35:10.460><c> more.</c>

00:35:11.920 --> 00:35:19.219
So<00:35:12.360><c> these</c><00:35:13.059><c> are</c><00:35:13.519><c> the</c><00:35:13.820><c> main</c><00:35:14.159><c> causes</c><00:35:14.719><c> of</c><00:35:15.760><c> the</c><00:35:16.699><c> tension</c><00:35:17.139><c> and</c><00:35:17.659><c> strife</c><00:35:18.059><c> between</c><00:35:18.760><c> the</c>

00:35:19.219 --> 00:35:20.380
Romans<00:35:19.579><c> and</c><00:35:19.940><c> the</c><00:35:20.119><c> Christians.</c>

00:35:20.380 --> 00:35:24.480
One<00:35:20.719><c> of</c><00:35:20.900><c> the</c><00:35:20.900><c> reasons</c><00:35:21.179><c> they</c><00:35:21.360><c> became</c><00:35:22.059><c> hated</c><00:35:22.639><c> for</c><00:35:23.280><c> their</c><00:35:23.619><c> abominations,</c><00:35:24.360><c> as</c>

00:35:24.480 --> 00:35:25.880
this<00:35:24.679><c> writer</c><00:35:24.860><c> says.</c>

00:35:30.239 --> 00:35:33.539
I<00:35:30.280><c> mentioned</c><00:35:30.519><c> earlier</c><00:35:30.980><c> that</c><00:35:32.079><c> Ignatius</c><00:35:32.559><c> of</c><00:35:32.739><c> Antioch</c><00:35:33.079><c> wrote</c><00:35:33.320><c> to</c>

00:35:33.539 --> 00:35:35.179
his<00:35:33.659><c> mentor</c><00:35:33.900><c> Polycarp</c><00:35:34.619><c> of</c><00:35:34.760><c> Smyrna.</c>

00:35:35.539 --> 00:35:37.960
Polycarp<00:35:36.099><c> was</c><00:35:36.400><c> an</c><00:35:36.659><c> interesting</c><00:35:36.900><c> guy,</c><00:35:37.239><c> he</c><00:35:37.239><c> lived</c><00:35:37.320><c> in</c><00:35:37.500><c> Smyrna,</c>

00:35:38.099 --> 00:35:39.139
which<00:35:38.380><c> is</c><00:35:38.539><c> in</c><00:35:38.780><c> Turkey,</c>

00:35:39.480 --> 00:35:43.980
and<00:35:40.059><c> he</c><00:35:40.300><c> was</c><00:35:40.559><c> the</c><00:35:40.719><c> bishop</c><00:35:40.960><c> or</c><00:35:41.360><c> shepherd</c><00:35:41.820><c> of</c><00:35:42.639><c> his</c><00:35:42.940><c> church</c><00:35:43.340><c> there.</c>

00:35:43.980 --> 00:35:48.780
And<00:35:44.820><c> he</c><00:35:45.039><c> was</c><00:35:45.539><c> recognised</c><00:35:46.519><c> as</c><00:35:46.820><c> a</c><00:35:47.039><c> wise</c><00:35:47.260><c> man,</c><00:35:47.940><c> he'd</c><00:35:47.940><c> been</c><00:35:47.940><c> a</c><00:35:48.099><c> Christian</c><00:35:48.360><c> all</c>

00:35:48.780 --> 00:35:49.900
his<00:35:49.099><c> life,</c>

00:35:51.139 --> 00:35:53.920
which<00:35:51.300><c> was</c><00:35:51.559><c> unusual,</c><00:35:52.039><c> he</c><00:35:52.219><c> wasn't</c><00:35:52.539><c> a</c><00:35:52.920><c> convert,</c><00:35:53.219><c> I</c><00:35:53.280><c> think</c><00:35:53.559><c> he'd</c>

00:35:53.920 --> 00:35:56.840
actually<00:35:54.199><c> grown</c><00:35:54.360><c> up</c><00:35:54.619><c> as</c><00:35:54.880><c> a</c><00:35:55.000><c> Christian</c><00:35:55.179><c> in</c><00:35:55.360><c> a</c><00:35:55.440><c> Christian</c><00:35:55.719><c> family.</c>

00:35:57.599 --> 00:36:01.199
And<00:35:57.800><c> considering</c><00:35:58.019><c> he</c><00:35:58.139><c> was</c><00:35:58.420><c> born</c><00:35:58.579><c> around</c><00:35:58.900><c> AD</c><00:35:59.239><c> 69,</c><00:35:59.840><c> if</c><00:36:00.079><c> that</c><00:36:00.300><c> makes</c><00:36:00.599><c> sense,</c><00:36:01.099><c> he</c>

00:36:01.199 --> 00:36:03.800
was<00:36:01.400><c> probably</c><00:36:01.760><c> a</c><00:36:01.980><c> first</c><00:36:02.159><c> generation</c><00:36:02.760><c> Christian.</c>

00:36:04.179 --> 00:36:09.739
Polycarp<00:36:04.579><c> was</c><00:36:04.860><c> a</c><00:36:05.019><c> very</c><00:36:05.920><c> well</c><00:36:06.280><c>-loved</c><00:36:06.619><c> member</c><00:36:07.219><c> of</c><00:36:07.980><c> his</c><00:36:08.579><c> community.</c>

00:36:10.199 --> 00:36:21.579
And<00:36:10.800><c> under</c><00:36:11.400><c> the</c><00:36:12.019><c> persecution</c><00:36:13.380><c> of</c><00:36:15.300><c> one</c><00:36:16.300><c> of</c><00:36:18.619><c> the</c><00:36:18.699><c> later</c><00:36:18.960><c> emperors,</c><00:36:20.159><c> Polycarp</c><00:36:21.179><c> became</c>

00:36:21.579 --> 00:36:23.219
a<00:36:21.900><c> wanted</c><00:36:22.239><c> man,</c>

00:36:23.599 --> 00:36:27.159
because<00:36:23.780><c> the</c><00:36:24.260><c> Romans</c><00:36:24.519><c> wanted</c><00:36:24.820><c> to</c><00:36:25.039><c> start</c><00:36:25.400><c> striking</c><00:36:26.119><c> at</c><00:36:26.460><c> the</c><00:36:26.639><c> leaders</c><00:36:26.940><c> of</c>

00:36:27.159 --> 00:36:29.380
the<00:36:27.400><c> Ecclesiastes</c><00:36:27.820><c> to</c><00:36:28.159><c> demoralise</c><00:36:28.860><c> them.</c>

00:36:29.619 --> 00:36:32.460
So<00:36:29.840><c> for</c><00:36:30.019><c> a</c><00:36:30.099><c> long</c><00:36:30.380><c> time</c><00:36:30.800><c> Polycarp</c><00:36:31.380><c> was</c><00:36:31.679><c> moved</c><00:36:31.880><c> from</c><00:36:32.119><c> house</c><00:36:32.340><c> to</c>

00:36:32.460 --> 00:36:34.659
house<00:36:32.920><c> to</c><00:36:33.159><c> stay</c><00:36:33.340><c> one</c><00:36:33.619><c> step</c><00:36:33.920><c> ahead</c><00:36:34.179><c> of</c><00:36:34.340><c> the</c><00:36:34.460><c> Lord.</c>

00:36:34.659 --> 00:36:37.539
But<00:36:35.099><c> finally</c><00:36:35.659><c> one</c><00:36:35.900><c> night</c><00:36:36.099><c> the</c><00:36:36.280><c> Romans</c><00:36:36.440><c> caught</c><00:36:36.699><c> up</c><00:36:36.860><c> with</c><00:36:37.059><c> him,</c>

00:36:38.039 --> 00:36:39.179
and<00:36:38.039><c> they</c><00:36:38.300><c> crashed</c><00:36:38.519><c> down</c><00:36:38.719><c> the</c><00:36:38.880><c> door,</c>

00:36:39.239 --> 00:36:42.300
and<00:36:39.420><c> there</c><00:36:39.599><c> was</c><00:36:39.800><c> Polycarp</c><00:36:40.659><c> sitting</c><00:36:40.940><c> with</c><00:36:41.420><c> a</c><00:36:41.579><c> bunch</c><00:36:41.800><c> of</c><00:36:41.980><c> his</c><00:36:42.159><c> mates.</c>

00:36:42.360 --> 00:36:45.820
Now<00:36:42.519><c> by</c><00:36:42.699><c> this</c><00:36:42.940><c> stage</c><00:36:43.340><c> Polycarp</c><00:36:44.179><c> is</c><00:36:44.480><c> well</c><00:36:44.659><c> into</c><00:36:44.900><c> his</c><00:36:45.199><c> 80s,</c><00:36:45.579><c> he's</c>

00:36:45.820 --> 00:36:48.219
around<00:36:46.119><c> 86</c><00:36:46.739><c> if</c><00:36:47.059><c> not</c><00:36:47.280><c> older.</c>

00:36:49.280 --> 00:36:52.059
And<00:36:49.679><c> the</c><00:36:49.860><c> Romans</c><00:36:50.039><c> said,</c><00:36:50.360><c> the</c><00:36:50.360><c> game's</c><00:36:50.579><c> up</c><00:36:50.699><c> Polycarp,</c><00:36:51.579><c> we're</c><00:36:51.940><c> going</c><00:36:52.019><c> to</c>

00:36:52.059 --> 00:36:52.960
arrest<00:36:52.260><c> you</c><00:36:52.400><c> and</c><00:36:52.500><c> that's</c><00:36:52.599><c> it.</c>

00:36:53.199 --> 00:36:56.159
And<00:36:53.340><c> Polycarp</c><00:36:53.639><c> said,</c><00:36:54.219><c> okay,</c><00:36:54.559><c> no</c><00:36:54.719><c> that's</c><00:36:55.219><c> a</c><00:36:55.420><c> fair</c><00:36:55.420><c> call.</c>

00:36:56.340 --> 00:36:58.260
We<00:36:56.500><c> were</c><00:36:56.659><c> actually</c><00:36:56.920><c> about</c><00:36:57.199><c> to</c><00:36:57.320><c> have</c><00:36:57.699><c> supper,</c><00:36:57.920><c> would</c><00:36:58.059><c> you</c><00:36:58.139><c> like</c>

00:36:58.260 --> 00:36:59.179
to<00:36:58.360><c> have</c><00:36:58.440><c> supper</c><00:36:58.659><c> with</c><00:36:58.840><c> us?</c>

00:36:59.179 --> 00:37:02.860
And<00:37:00.119><c> the</c><00:37:00.659><c> Roman</c><00:37:01.000><c> guards</c><00:37:01.260><c> were</c><00:37:01.719><c> very</c><00:37:02.039><c> confused,</c><00:37:02.539><c> because</c><00:37:02.679><c> this</c>

00:37:02.860 --> 00:37:04.099
wasn't<00:37:03.400><c> following</c><00:37:03.719><c> the</c><00:37:03.900><c> norm,</c>

00:37:04.260 --> 00:37:07.300
but<00:37:04.460><c> it</c><00:37:04.880><c> usually</c><00:37:04.940><c> involved</c><00:37:05.239><c> violence</c><00:37:05.579><c> on</c><00:37:05.880><c> the</c><00:37:05.880><c> screen</c><00:37:06.039><c> and</c><00:37:06.460><c> people</c><00:37:06.719><c> jumping</c><00:37:07.019><c> out</c><00:37:07.219><c> of</c>

00:37:07.300 --> 00:37:08.739
windows<00:37:07.559><c> and</c><00:37:07.739><c> all</c><00:37:07.900><c> sorts.</c>

00:37:09.420 --> 00:37:12.119
But<00:37:09.519><c> they</c><00:37:09.659><c> said,</c><00:37:09.860><c> okay,</c><00:37:10.300><c> yeah</c><00:37:10.440><c> sure,</c><00:37:11.659><c> not</c><00:37:11.800><c> a</c><00:37:11.900><c> bad</c><00:37:11.980><c> idea.</c>

00:37:12.179 --> 00:37:16.019
They<00:37:12.539><c> also</c><00:37:12.920><c> sat</c><00:37:13.440><c> down</c><00:37:13.760><c> and</c><00:37:13.960><c> had</c><00:37:14.300><c> supper</c><00:37:14.739><c> with</c><00:37:15.019><c> the</c><00:37:15.159><c> Christians.</c>

00:37:16.320 --> 00:37:19.179
And<00:37:16.440><c> then</c><00:37:16.800><c> afterwards</c><00:37:17.440><c> Polycarp</c><00:37:18.119><c> said,</c><00:37:18.699><c> would</c><00:37:18.780><c> you</c><00:37:18.860><c> mind</c><00:37:19.019><c> if</c>

00:37:19.179 --> 00:37:23.280
I<00:37:19.340><c> had</c><00:37:19.780><c> a</c><00:37:20.260><c> few</c><00:37:20.440><c> minutes</c><00:37:21.099><c> in</c><00:37:21.440><c> another</c><00:37:21.760><c> room</c><00:37:21.920><c> to</c><00:37:22.139><c> pray</c><00:37:22.420><c> with</c><00:37:22.719><c> my</c><00:37:22.980><c> friends,</c>

00:37:23.400 --> 00:37:25.019
and<00:37:23.519><c> then</c><00:37:23.619><c> I'll</c><00:37:23.739><c> come</c><00:37:23.900><c> with</c><00:37:24.079><c> you.</c>

00:37:26.840 --> 00:37:30.380
And<00:37:27.380><c> sure</c><00:37:27.920><c> enough</c><00:37:28.139><c> he</c><00:37:28.260><c> did</c><00:37:28.380><c> that,</c><00:37:28.639><c> he</c><00:37:28.780><c> prayed</c><00:37:28.960><c> with</c><00:37:29.179><c> his</c><00:37:29.380><c> friends,</c><00:37:30.280><c> and</c>

00:37:30.380 --> 00:37:32.099
he<00:37:30.460><c> came</c><00:37:30.599><c> out</c><00:37:30.780><c> and</c><00:37:31.119><c> he</c><00:37:31.360><c> surrendered</c><00:37:31.679><c> himself.</c>

00:37:32.260 --> 00:37:36.800
And<00:37:32.360><c> the</c><00:37:32.539><c> Romans</c><00:37:32.760><c> were</c><00:37:33.360><c> really</c><00:37:33.860><c> confused,</c><00:37:35.059><c> because</c><00:37:35.260><c> once</c><00:37:35.880><c> again</c><00:37:36.480><c> the</c>

00:37:36.800 --> 00:37:38.239
Christians<00:37:37.039><c> were</c><00:37:37.300><c> being</c><00:37:37.480><c> very</c><00:37:37.840><c> unfair</c>

00:37:38.239 --> 00:37:40.480
by<00:37:38.639><c> not</c><00:37:39.199><c> doing</c><00:37:39.460><c> all</c><00:37:39.719><c> the</c><00:37:39.800><c> normal</c><00:37:40.019><c> things.</c>

00:37:40.860 --> 00:37:45.039
They<00:37:41.059><c> found</c><00:37:41.260><c> this</c><00:37:41.480><c> very</c><00:37:41.920><c> unsettling,</c><00:37:42.860><c> and</c><00:37:43.039><c> also</c><00:37:43.360><c> the</c><00:37:43.539><c> fact</c><00:37:43.679><c> that</c><00:37:43.920><c> they</c><00:37:44.099><c> had</c><00:37:44.280><c> been</c><00:37:44.619><c> asked</c><00:37:44.860><c> to</c>

00:37:45.039 --> 00:37:47.300
arrest<00:37:45.280><c> an</c><00:37:45.559><c> 86</c><00:37:46.039><c> year</c><00:37:46.559><c> old</c><00:37:46.760><c> man</c>

00:37:47.300 --> 00:37:51.880
who<00:37:48.280><c> logically</c><00:37:48.840><c> presented</c><00:37:49.440><c> no</c><00:37:49.800><c> threat</c><00:37:50.280><c> to</c><00:37:50.579><c> the</c><00:37:50.780><c> empire</c><00:37:51.219><c> was</c>

00:37:51.880 --> 00:37:52.800
very<00:37:52.300><c> embarrassing.</c>

00:37:52.800 --> 00:37:59.940
So<00:37:53.380><c> anyway</c><00:37:53.780><c> they</c><00:37:54.000><c> dragged</c><00:37:54.360><c> him</c><00:37:54.579><c> back</c><00:37:54.820><c> off</c><00:37:55.179><c> to</c><00:37:56.639><c> the</c><00:37:57.719><c> authorities,</c><00:37:59.000><c> and</c><00:37:59.099><c> he</c><00:37:59.440><c> was</c>

00:37:59.940 --> 00:38:00.860
thrown<00:38:00.199><c> in</c><00:38:00.420><c> the</c><00:38:00.599><c> arena,</c>

00:38:01.139 --> 00:38:03.380
and<00:38:01.179><c> he</c><00:38:01.300><c> was</c><00:38:01.559><c> told</c><00:38:01.739><c> to</c><00:38:01.940><c> recant.</c>

00:38:04.559 --> 00:38:08.519
And<00:38:05.000><c> standing</c><00:38:05.460><c> there</c><00:38:05.780><c> this</c><00:38:06.039><c> little</c><00:38:06.400><c> old</c><00:38:06.659><c> man</c><00:38:06.960><c> in</c><00:38:07.139><c> this</c><00:38:07.400><c> vast</c><00:38:07.860><c> arena,</c>

00:38:09.019 --> 00:38:12.619
surrounded<00:38:09.500><c> by</c><00:38:10.119><c> hundreds</c><00:38:10.440><c> if</c><00:38:10.699><c> not</c><00:38:10.860><c> thousands</c><00:38:11.300><c> of</c><00:38:11.579><c> baying</c><00:38:11.760><c> Romans,</c>

00:38:12.880 --> 00:38:17.260
Polycarp<00:38:13.340><c> simply</c><00:38:13.639><c> said,</c><00:38:14.380><c> no,</c><00:38:14.639><c> 86</c><00:38:15.039><c> years</c><00:38:15.820><c> have</c><00:38:16.059><c> I</c><00:38:16.260><c> served</c><00:38:16.460><c> Christ,</c><00:38:17.099><c> and</c>

00:38:17.260 --> 00:38:19.219
he<00:38:17.400><c> has</c><00:38:17.639><c> never</c><00:38:18.039><c> wronged</c><00:38:18.320><c> me.</c>

00:38:19.440 --> 00:38:22.760
And<00:38:19.880><c> the</c><00:38:20.000><c> Romans</c><00:38:20.260><c> thought,</c><00:38:21.519><c> oh,</c><00:38:21.820><c> okay.</c>

00:38:23.420 --> 00:38:28.539
So<00:38:23.559><c> then</c><00:38:23.780><c> they</c><00:38:23.900><c> said,</c><00:38:24.260><c> okay</c><00:38:24.440><c> Polycarp,</c><00:38:26.320><c> if</c><00:38:26.559><c> you</c><00:38:27.039><c> don't</c><00:38:27.400><c> recant,</c><00:38:28.380><c> you're</c>

00:38:28.539 --> 00:38:29.639
going<00:38:28.639><c> to</c><00:38:28.739><c> get</c><00:38:28.880><c> an</c><00:38:29.059><c> even</c><00:38:29.300><c> worse</c><00:38:29.539><c> death.</c>

00:38:29.699 --> 00:38:33.000
We<00:38:29.800><c> could</c><00:38:29.980><c> have</c><00:38:30.159><c> executed</c><00:38:30.619><c> you</c><00:38:30.880><c> cleanly,</c><00:38:31.539><c> if</c><00:38:31.719><c> you</c><00:38:31.900><c> don't</c><00:38:32.139><c> recant,</c><00:38:32.900><c> we</c>

00:38:33.000 --> 00:38:34.199
will<00:38:33.199><c> send</c><00:38:33.340><c> in</c><00:38:33.500><c> the</c><00:38:33.639><c> wild</c><00:38:33.780><c> animals,</c>

00:38:34.380 --> 00:38:36.300
and<00:38:34.519><c> you</c><00:38:34.639><c> know,</c><00:38:34.860><c> we</c><00:38:34.920><c> all</c><00:38:34.940><c> know</c><00:38:35.099><c> how</c><00:38:35.320><c> that</c><00:38:35.480><c> is.</c>

00:38:36.400 --> 00:38:39.599
And<00:38:36.639><c> Polycarp</c><00:38:37.179><c> replied,</c><00:38:37.619><c> let</c><00:38:37.719><c> them</c><00:38:37.960><c> come,</c><00:38:38.539><c> I</c><00:38:38.639><c> cannot</c><00:38:38.960><c> change</c>

00:38:39.599 --> 00:38:41.579
from<00:38:40.179><c> wood</c><00:38:40.539><c> to</c><00:38:40.860><c> bear.</c>

00:38:42.400 --> 00:38:45.820
Now<00:38:42.940><c> the</c><00:38:43.480><c> Romans</c><00:38:43.760><c> now</c><00:38:44.119><c> had</c><00:38:44.260><c> this</c><00:38:44.539><c> bizarre</c><00:38:44.820><c> situation</c><00:38:45.480><c> where</c><00:38:45.699><c> a</c>

00:38:45.820 --> 00:38:50.119
little<00:38:45.920><c> old</c><00:38:46.159><c> man</c><00:38:46.800><c> was</c><00:38:47.199><c> about</c><00:38:47.420><c> to</c><00:38:47.559><c> be</c><00:38:47.719><c> torn</c><00:38:47.960><c> apart</c><00:38:48.519><c> by</c><00:38:49.539><c> wild</c><00:38:49.739><c> animals,</c>

00:38:50.139 --> 00:38:55.539
they<00:38:50.380><c> actually</c><00:38:50.579><c> ended</c><00:38:50.820><c> up</c><00:38:50.940><c> burning</c><00:38:51.179><c> him,</c><00:38:52.739><c> in</c><00:38:52.920><c> front</c><00:38:53.039><c> of</c><00:38:53.179><c> a</c><00:38:53.280><c> whole</c><00:38:54.019><c> large</c><00:38:54.320><c> number</c><00:38:54.619><c> of</c><00:38:54.820><c> people,</c>

00:38:55.719 --> 00:38:58.139
despite<00:38:56.239><c> being</c><00:38:56.460><c> one</c><00:38:56.679><c> of</c><00:38:56.679><c> the</c><00:38:56.800><c> most</c><00:38:57.139><c> inoffensive</c><00:38:57.619><c> people</c><00:38:57.940><c> you</c>

00:38:58.139 --> 00:38:59.619
could<00:38:58.300><c> possibly</c><00:38:58.599><c> imagine.</c>

00:38:59.679 --> 00:39:02.699
And<00:38:59.820><c> after</c><00:39:00.320><c> Polycarp</c><00:39:00.920><c> had</c><00:39:01.139><c> died,</c><00:39:01.739><c> a</c><00:39:01.820><c> lot</c><00:39:01.940><c> of</c><00:39:02.119><c> the</c><00:39:02.400><c> Romans</c><00:39:02.400><c> felt</c>

00:39:02.699 --> 00:39:05.099
very<00:39:03.260><c> uneasy</c><00:39:03.559><c> and</c><00:39:03.800><c> uncomfortable</c><00:39:04.199><c> with</c><00:39:04.380><c> what</c><00:39:04.559><c> had</c><00:39:04.840><c> happened,</c>

00:39:05.400 --> 00:39:08.880
because<00:39:05.639><c> in</c><00:39:05.820><c> the</c><00:39:05.960><c> ancient</c><00:39:06.239><c> world,</c><00:39:07.199><c> old</c><00:39:07.320><c> age</c><00:39:07.599><c> was</c><00:39:07.860><c> greatly</c><00:39:08.199><c> respected,</c>

00:39:08.880 --> 00:39:13.300
and<00:39:09.400><c> Polycarp</c><00:39:10.159><c> had</c><00:39:10.400><c> demonstrated</c><00:39:10.880><c> such</c><00:39:11.260><c> incredible</c><00:39:12.000><c> unshakable</c><00:39:12.780><c> faith,</c>

00:39:13.699 --> 00:39:17.639
and<00:39:13.780><c> such</c><00:39:14.219><c> dignity</c><00:39:14.719><c> in</c><00:39:15.300><c> the</c><00:39:15.460><c> face</c><00:39:15.739><c> of</c><00:39:16.119><c> a</c><00:39:16.260><c> hideous</c><00:39:16.699><c> torment,</c>

00:39:17.659 --> 00:39:20.519
that<00:39:17.840><c> a</c><00:39:17.920><c> lot</c><00:39:18.119><c> of</c><00:39:18.300><c> people</c><00:39:18.500><c> felt</c><00:39:18.800><c> that,</c><00:39:19.260><c> you</c><00:39:19.440><c> know,</c><00:39:19.840><c> maybe</c><00:39:20.079><c> it</c><00:39:20.139><c> went</c><00:39:20.380><c> a</c>

00:39:20.519 --> 00:39:22.519
little<00:39:20.780><c> bit</c><00:39:21.000><c> too</c><00:39:21.219><c> far</c><00:39:21.380><c> this</c><00:39:21.679><c> time.</c>

00:39:22.559 --> 00:39:25.260
And<00:39:22.960><c> it</c><00:39:23.199><c> was</c><00:39:23.420><c> around</c><00:39:23.760><c> this</c><00:39:24.059><c> time</c><00:39:24.320><c> that</c><00:39:24.599><c> a</c><00:39:24.639><c> lot</c><00:39:24.900><c> of</c><00:39:25.099><c> Romans</c>

00:39:25.260 --> 00:39:26.480
became<00:39:25.679><c> uncomfortable,</c>

00:39:27.000 --> 00:39:30.239
with<00:39:27.179><c> some</c><00:39:27.500><c> of</c><00:39:27.639><c> the</c><00:39:27.760><c> more</c><00:39:28.059><c> extreme</c><00:39:28.639><c> measures</c><00:39:29.119><c> handed</c><00:39:29.820><c> out</c><00:39:30.059><c> to</c>

00:39:30.239 --> 00:39:31.260
the<00:39:30.400><c> Christians,</c>

00:39:31.440 --> 00:39:34.380
and<00:39:31.719><c> sympathy</c><00:39:32.139><c> began</c><00:39:32.559><c> to</c><00:39:32.880><c> turn</c><00:39:33.039><c> towards</c><00:39:33.639><c> the</c><00:39:33.920><c> Christians,</c>

00:39:34.380 --> 00:39:38.460
and<00:39:34.780><c> as</c><00:39:35.079><c> a</c><00:39:35.260><c> result,</c><00:39:36.739><c> Christians</c><00:39:36.900><c> began</c><00:39:37.380><c> to</c><00:39:37.579><c> win</c><00:39:37.719><c> more</c><00:39:38.019><c> converts.</c>

00:39:38.900 --> 00:39:41.940
Once<00:39:39.219><c> again,</c><00:39:39.679><c> no</c><00:39:39.719><c> matter</c><00:39:40.019><c> what</c><00:39:40.400><c> the</c><00:39:40.579><c> Romans</c><00:39:40.800><c> did,</c><00:39:41.559><c> all</c><00:39:41.800><c> they</c>

00:39:41.940 --> 00:39:45.460
ended<00:39:42.260><c> up</c><00:39:42.500><c> doing</c><00:39:42.820><c> was</c><00:39:43.239><c> spreading</c><00:39:43.659><c> and</c><00:39:44.019><c> growing</c><00:39:44.320><c> Christianity.</c>

00:39:47.099 --> 00:39:50.480
Another<00:39:47.340><c> guy</c><00:39:47.619><c> around</c><00:39:47.880><c> this</c><00:39:48.179><c> time</c><00:39:48.320><c> is</c><00:39:48.780><c> Papias</c><00:39:49.280><c> of</c><00:39:49.760><c> Hierapolis.</c>

00:39:50.820 --> 00:39:54.780
Papias,<00:39:51.360><c> again,</c><00:39:52.380><c> seems</c><00:39:52.639><c> to</c><00:39:52.860><c> have</c><00:39:52.980><c> been</c><00:39:53.079><c> a</c><00:39:53.139><c> guy</c><00:39:53.460><c> who</c><00:39:54.059><c> had</c><00:39:54.400><c> some</c>

00:39:54.780 --> 00:39:57.860
connection<00:39:55.260><c> with</c><00:39:55.500><c> people</c><00:39:55.860><c> who</c><00:39:57.000><c> knew</c><00:39:57.260><c> the</c><00:39:57.519><c> apostles,</c>

00:39:58.179 --> 00:40:00.260
he<00:39:58.400><c> was</c><00:39:58.760><c> very</c><00:39:59.219><c> close</c><00:39:59.539><c> to</c><00:39:59.760><c> them.</c>

00:40:00.260 --> 00:40:04.800
And<00:40:01.219><c> Papias</c><00:40:01.699><c> had</c><00:40:02.179><c> great</c><00:40:02.760><c> knowledge</c><00:40:03.260><c> of</c><00:40:03.579><c> the</c><00:40:03.820><c> sayings</c><00:40:04.159><c> of</c><00:40:04.320><c> Jesus.</c>

00:40:05.199 --> 00:40:10.519
He<00:40:05.400><c> wrote,</c><00:40:05.820><c> we</c><00:40:06.059><c> are</c><00:40:06.260><c> told,</c><00:40:06.639><c> a</c><00:40:06.860><c> five</c><00:40:07.179><c>-volume</c><00:40:08.079><c> series</c><00:40:08.719><c> on</c><00:40:09.260><c> the</c><00:40:09.619><c> sayings</c><00:40:09.880><c> of</c><00:40:10.039><c> Jesus.</c>

00:40:11.019 --> 00:40:15.460
Unfortunately,<00:40:12.199><c> all</c><00:40:12.219><c> but</c><00:40:12.440><c> a</c><00:40:12.619><c> tiny</c><00:40:12.900><c> few</c><00:40:13.199><c> fragments</c><00:40:13.659><c> have</c><00:40:14.139><c> been</c><00:40:14.500><c> lost,</c>

00:40:15.599 --> 00:40:18.019
and<00:40:15.940><c> so</c><00:40:16.099><c> we</c><00:40:16.199><c> just</c><00:40:16.400><c> have</c><00:40:16.480><c> these</c><00:40:16.820><c> tiny</c><00:40:17.099><c> little</c><00:40:17.480><c> remnants</c><00:40:17.780><c> of</c>

00:40:18.019 --> 00:40:19.840
what<00:40:18.280><c> Papias</c><00:40:19.260><c> wrote.</c>

00:40:20.219 --> 00:40:23.559
And<00:40:20.400><c> he</c><00:40:20.480><c> was</c><00:40:20.780><c> a</c><00:40:20.900><c> really</c><00:40:21.920><c> faithful</c><00:40:22.280><c> guy,</c><00:40:22.619><c> I'm</c><00:40:22.880><c> pretty</c><00:40:23.179><c> sure</c><00:40:23.360><c> he</c>

00:40:23.559 --> 00:40:25.739
knew<00:40:23.780><c> Polycarp</c><00:40:24.460><c> as</c><00:40:24.780><c> well,</c>

00:40:26.199 --> 00:40:28.019
and<00:40:26.559><c> he</c><00:40:26.760><c> did</c><00:40:27.000><c> great</c><00:40:27.340><c> work</c><00:40:27.579><c> in</c><00:40:27.739><c> his</c><00:40:27.840><c> pleasure.</c>

00:40:28.019 --> 00:40:32.280
And<00:40:28.440><c> again,</c><00:40:29.320><c> in</c><00:40:29.340><c> the</c><00:40:29.559><c> writings</c><00:40:29.900><c> of</c><00:40:30.139><c> these</c><00:40:30.440><c> guys,</c><00:40:31.159><c> you</c><00:40:31.199><c> find</c><00:40:31.659><c> not</c><00:40:32.039><c> a</c>

00:40:32.280 --> 00:40:34.219
hint<00:40:32.639><c> of</c><00:40:33.159><c> the</c><00:40:33.380><c> later</c><00:40:33.599><c> theology</c>

00:40:34.219 --> 00:40:37.619
that<00:40:34.639><c> would</c><00:40:34.840><c> develop</c><00:40:35.159><c> into</c><00:40:35.639><c> Christianity</c><00:40:36.219><c> as</c><00:40:36.800><c> we</c><00:40:36.960><c> know</c><00:40:37.139><c> it</c><00:40:37.280><c> today.</c>

00:40:37.940 --> 00:40:40.780
All<00:40:38.159><c> of</c><00:40:38.340><c> these</c><00:40:38.519><c> guys</c><00:40:38.940><c> are</c><00:40:39.860><c> perfectly</c><00:40:40.320><c> kosher.</c>

00:40:41.119 --> 00:40:44.300
One<00:40:41.320><c> of</c><00:40:41.500><c> the</c><00:40:41.500><c> reasons</c><00:40:42.079><c> the</c><00:40:42.820><c> works</c><00:40:43.159><c> of</c><00:40:43.340><c> these</c><00:40:43.559><c> guys</c><00:40:43.719><c> was</c><00:40:43.980><c> not</c>

00:40:44.300 --> 00:40:45.039
greatly<00:40:44.599><c> preserved</c>

00:40:45.039 --> 00:40:50.679
was<00:40:45.380><c> because</c><00:40:46.539><c> their</c><00:40:47.719><c> beliefs</c><00:40:48.119><c> seemed</c><00:40:48.539><c> so</c><00:40:48.940><c> primitive</c><00:40:49.360><c> and</c><00:40:49.820><c> outdated</c><00:40:50.400><c> to</c>

00:40:50.679 --> 00:40:51.880
later<00:40:50.880><c> Christians.</c>

00:40:51.920 --> 00:40:55.980
The<00:40:52.059><c> works</c><00:40:52.320><c> of</c><00:40:52.579><c> Papias</c><00:40:52.960><c> weren't</c><00:40:54.639><c> held</c><00:40:54.960><c> because</c><00:40:55.360><c> people</c><00:40:55.679><c> felt,</c>

00:40:55.980 --> 00:40:58.860
well,<00:40:56.780><c> he</c><00:40:57.000><c> didn't</c><00:40:57.280><c> believe</c><00:40:57.639><c> in,</c><00:40:58.039><c> he</c><00:40:58.320><c> didn't</c><00:40:58.500><c> believe</c><00:40:58.719><c> that</c>

00:40:58.860 --> 00:40:59.800
Jesus<00:40:59.179><c> was</c><00:40:59.440><c> God,</c>

00:41:00.260 --> 00:41:03.380
and<00:41:00.559><c> he</c><00:41:00.760><c> didn't</c><00:41:01.019><c> believe</c><00:41:01.519><c> in</c><00:41:02.119><c> the</c><00:41:02.280><c> intelligence</c><00:41:02.760><c> of</c><00:41:03.079><c> the</c><00:41:03.139><c> soul,</c>

00:41:03.599 --> 00:41:06.900
and<00:41:03.780><c> he</c><00:41:03.900><c> kept</c><00:41:04.079><c> going</c><00:41:04.360><c> on</c><00:41:04.579><c> about</c><00:41:04.900><c> Jesus</c><00:41:05.260><c> returning</c><00:41:05.719><c> and</c><00:41:05.880><c> a</c><00:41:06.019><c> kingdom</c><00:41:06.260><c> being</c><00:41:06.500><c> set</c><00:41:06.679><c> up,</c>

00:41:07.099 --> 00:41:10.380
which<00:41:07.260><c> by</c><00:41:07.500><c> the</c><00:41:07.659><c> fourth</c><00:41:07.840><c> century</c><00:41:08.380><c> began</c><00:41:08.860><c> to</c><00:41:09.059><c> be</c><00:41:09.119><c> a</c><00:41:09.119><c> very</c><00:41:09.460><c> outdated</c><00:41:10.019><c> idea</c>

00:41:10.380 --> 00:41:12.360
that<00:41:10.539><c> people</c><00:41:10.840><c> were</c><00:41:11.099><c> starting</c><00:41:11.260><c> to</c><00:41:11.519><c> abandon.</c>

00:41:12.519 --> 00:41:15.480
So<00:41:12.760><c> one</c><00:41:12.940><c> of</c><00:41:13.019><c> the</c><00:41:13.079><c> reasons</c><00:41:13.420><c> we</c><00:41:13.559><c> don't</c><00:41:13.820><c> have</c><00:41:14.179><c> much</c><00:41:14.559><c> from</c><00:41:14.780><c> these</c><00:41:15.059><c> guys</c>

00:41:15.480 --> 00:41:18.599
is<00:41:16.119><c> because</c><00:41:16.500><c> later</c><00:41:16.719><c> Christians</c><00:41:17.099><c> simply</c><00:41:17.420><c> did</c><00:41:17.760><c> not</c><00:41:18.000><c> see</c><00:41:18.199><c> their</c>

00:41:18.599 --> 00:41:21.079
works<00:41:19.039><c> as</c><00:41:19.480><c> being</c><00:41:19.739><c> worth</c><00:41:20.139><c> preserving.</c>

00:41:23.079 --> 00:41:28.320
The<00:41:23.800><c> first</c><00:41:24.400><c> major</c><00:41:25.579><c> influential</c><00:41:26.940><c> heretic</c><00:41:27.519><c> is</c><00:41:27.679><c> a</c><00:41:27.679><c> guy</c><00:41:27.960><c> called</c>

00:41:28.320 --> 00:41:30.119
Marcion<00:41:28.760><c> of</c><00:41:29.260><c> Sinopei.</c>

00:41:32.119 --> 00:41:34.579
Marcion<00:41:32.619><c> came</c><00:41:33.019><c> from</c><00:41:33.579><c> a</c><00:41:33.800><c> rich</c><00:41:34.099><c> family.</c>

00:41:34.800 --> 00:41:36.480
He<00:41:34.860><c> moved</c><00:41:35.139><c> from</c><00:41:35.420><c> Sinopei</c><00:41:35.880><c> to</c><00:41:36.079><c> Rome.</c>

00:41:36.940 --> 00:41:40.539
He<00:41:37.199><c> joined</c><00:41:37.440><c> the</c><00:41:37.679><c> ecclesial</c><00:41:38.000><c> at</c><00:41:38.099><c> Rome,</c><00:41:38.860><c> and</c><00:41:38.860><c> he</c><00:41:39.179><c> donated</c><00:41:39.579><c> a</c><00:41:39.900><c> large</c><00:41:40.340><c> sum</c>

00:41:40.539 --> 00:41:42.460
of<00:41:40.739><c> money.</c>

00:41:43.039 --> 00:41:46.860
And<00:41:43.039><c> in</c><00:41:43.900><c> some</c><00:41:44.079><c> accounts</c><00:41:44.460><c> there's</c><00:41:44.960><c> a</c><00:41:44.960><c> suggestion</c><00:41:45.340><c> that</c><00:41:45.579><c> he</c><00:41:45.780><c> might</c><00:41:46.000><c> even</c><00:41:46.119><c> become</c><00:41:46.539><c> an</c>

00:41:46.860 --> 00:41:48.619
elder<00:41:47.219><c> in</c><00:41:47.920><c> the</c><00:41:48.260><c> ecclesial.</c>

00:41:48.619 --> 00:41:52.559
But<00:41:49.139><c> over</c><00:41:49.539><c> time,</c><00:41:50.139><c> for</c><00:41:50.139><c> whatever</c><00:41:50.420><c> reason,</c><00:41:51.500><c> Marcion</c><00:41:51.659><c> began</c><00:41:52.179><c> to</c>

00:41:52.559 --> 00:41:55.380
develop<00:41:52.800><c> some</c><00:41:53.179><c> very</c><00:41:53.760><c> funny</c><00:41:54.139><c> ideas,</c>

00:41:55.679 --> 00:42:02.460
and<00:41:55.679><c> eventually</c><00:41:56.619><c> the</c><00:41:58.219><c> church</c><00:41:59.380><c> withdrew</c><00:42:00.119><c> fellowship</c><00:42:00.559><c> from</c><00:42:01.199><c> him</c><00:42:01.739><c> because</c><00:42:02.219><c> he</c>

00:42:02.460 --> 00:42:04.500
began<00:42:02.800><c> to</c><00:42:03.119><c> preach</c><00:42:03.360><c> heresy.</c>

00:42:05.099 --> 00:42:08.079
And<00:42:05.360><c> after</c><00:42:05.659><c> withdrawing</c><00:42:06.199><c> fellowship,</c><00:42:06.719><c> they</c><00:42:06.920><c> also</c><00:42:07.400><c> returned</c>

00:42:08.079 --> 00:42:10.840
every<00:42:08.579><c> bit</c><00:42:08.780><c> of</c><00:42:08.980><c> money</c><00:42:09.380><c> that</c><00:42:09.679><c> he</c><00:42:09.880><c> had</c><00:42:10.159><c> given</c><00:42:10.440><c> to</c><00:42:10.679><c> them.</c>

00:42:11.000 --> 00:42:14.099
So<00:42:11.260><c> no</c><00:42:11.519><c> one</c><00:42:11.659><c> could</c><00:42:11.940><c> say,</c><00:42:12.699><c> oh</c><00:42:12.840><c> well,</c><00:42:12.960><c> they</c><00:42:13.119><c> just</c><00:42:13.360><c> took</c><00:42:13.460><c> his</c><00:42:13.679><c> money</c><00:42:13.860><c> and</c>

00:42:14.099 --> 00:42:15.860
exploited<00:42:14.440><c> him</c><00:42:14.800><c> and</c><00:42:14.960><c> then</c><00:42:15.320><c> dumped</c><00:42:15.579><c> him.</c>

00:42:15.860 --> 00:42:19.300
And<00:42:16.440><c> Marcion</c><00:42:16.880><c> quite</c><00:42:17.139><c> happily</c><00:42:17.460><c> left,</c><00:42:17.719><c> took</c><00:42:17.920><c> his</c><00:42:18.079><c> money</c><00:42:18.320><c> and</c><00:42:18.480><c> left,</c>

00:42:19.760 --> 00:42:22.099
and<00:42:19.860><c> he</c><00:42:19.980><c> went</c><00:42:20.159><c> back,</c><00:42:20.380><c> I</c><00:42:20.500><c> think,</c><00:42:20.719><c> to</c><00:42:20.860><c> Sinopei,</c><00:42:21.320><c> and</c><00:42:21.460><c> he</c><00:42:21.760><c> started</c>

00:42:22.099 --> 00:42:26.260
his<00:42:22.480><c> own</c><00:42:22.679><c> little</c><00:42:23.980><c> belief</c><00:42:24.340><c> system,</c><00:42:24.820><c> sort</c><00:42:24.840><c> of</c><00:42:25.059><c> pseudo</c><00:42:25.460><c> cult.</c>

00:42:26.800 --> 00:42:29.380
So<00:42:27.159><c> what</c><00:42:27.820><c> did</c><00:42:28.039><c> Marcion</c><00:42:28.380><c> believe</c><00:42:28.659><c> that</c><00:42:28.820><c> was</c><00:42:28.980><c> so</c><00:42:29.219><c> weird?</c>

00:42:29.739 --> 00:42:33.420
Well,<00:42:30.059><c> Marcion</c><00:42:30.400><c> had</c><00:42:30.739><c> some</c><00:42:31.139><c> views</c><00:42:31.539><c> that</c><00:42:32.360><c> were</c><00:42:32.980><c> stridently,</c>

00:42:33.559 --> 00:42:35.739
well<00:42:33.699><c> today</c><00:42:33.980><c> we</c><00:42:34.239><c> would</c><00:42:34.380><c> call</c><00:42:34.500><c> them</c><00:42:34.980><c> fairly</c><00:42:34.980><c> anti</c><00:42:35.199><c>-Semitic.</c>

00:42:36.000 --> 00:42:38.860
He<00:42:36.239><c> rejected</c><00:42:36.780><c> the</c><00:42:37.019><c> Old</c><00:42:37.199><c> Testament</c><00:42:37.619><c> completely.</c>

00:42:39.019 --> 00:42:44.139
He<00:42:39.219><c> said</c><00:42:39.559><c> the</c><00:42:40.119><c> Old</c><00:42:40.539><c> Testament</c><00:42:40.980><c> god</c><00:42:41.400><c> is</c><00:42:42.400><c> the</c><00:42:42.719><c> big,</c><00:42:43.280><c> nasty,</c><00:42:43.840><c> angry</c><00:42:43.840><c> god,</c>

00:42:44.139 --> 00:42:50.039
and<00:42:45.000><c> Jesus</c><00:42:46.380><c> is</c><00:42:47.659><c> this</c><00:42:47.900><c> sort</c><00:42:48.239><c> of</c><00:42:48.239><c> demigod</c><00:42:48.739><c> who</c><00:42:48.880><c> comes</c><00:42:49.179><c> down</c><00:42:49.579><c> and</c>

00:42:50.039 --> 00:42:51.179
makes<00:42:50.260><c> things</c><00:42:50.460><c> alright</c><00:42:50.800><c> again.</c>

00:42:51.500 --> 00:42:53.639
The<00:42:51.539><c> old</c><00:42:51.760><c> angry</c><00:42:52.000><c> god</c><00:42:52.159><c> of</c><00:42:52.320><c> the</c><00:42:52.420><c> Old</c><00:42:52.659><c> Testament</c><00:42:52.920><c> hated</c><00:42:53.280><c> us.</c>

00:42:54.059 --> 00:42:57.820
Jesus<00:42:54.400><c> comes</c><00:42:54.739><c> down,</c><00:42:55.320><c> this</c><00:42:55.579><c> demigod</c><00:42:56.360><c> who</c><00:42:57.059><c> loves</c><00:42:57.340><c> us,</c><00:42:57.599><c> and</c><00:42:57.659><c> he's</c>

00:42:57.820 --> 00:42:59.619
going<00:42:57.960><c> to</c><00:42:58.059><c> make</c><00:42:58.199><c> everything</c><00:42:58.460><c> okay.</c>

00:43:00.559 --> 00:43:04.440
So<00:43:00.800><c> Marcion</c><00:43:01.099><c> rejected</c><00:43:01.679><c> the</c><00:43:01.960><c> whole</c><00:43:02.280><c> of</c><00:43:02.619><c> the</c><00:43:02.719><c> Old</c><00:43:02.920><c> Testament</c><00:43:03.260><c> as</c><00:43:03.639><c> uninspired,</c>

00:43:04.760 --> 00:43:08.019
and<00:43:04.920><c> he</c><00:43:05.059><c> didn't</c><00:43:05.320><c> even</c><00:43:05.739><c> accept</c><00:43:06.119><c> all</c><00:43:06.360><c> of</c><00:43:06.480><c> the</c><00:43:06.619><c> books</c><00:43:06.780><c> that</c><00:43:06.960><c> we</c><00:43:07.119><c> know</c><00:43:07.380><c> today</c><00:43:07.679><c> as</c>

00:43:08.019 --> 00:43:08.760
the<00:43:08.099><c> New</c><00:43:08.380><c> Testament.</c>

00:43:08.760 --> 00:43:11.719
He<00:43:09.219><c> cobbled</c><00:43:09.639><c> together</c><00:43:10.000><c> just</c><00:43:10.320><c> a</c><00:43:10.719><c> tiny</c><00:43:11.019><c> handful</c><00:43:11.400><c> of</c><00:43:11.619><c> them.</c>

00:43:11.960 --> 00:43:16.099
He<00:43:12.400><c> had</c><00:43:12.840><c> a</c><00:43:13.139><c> version</c><00:43:13.480><c> of</c><00:43:13.739><c> Luke</c><00:43:13.900><c> that</c><00:43:14.079><c> he'd</c><00:43:14.320><c> rewritten,</c><00:43:15.179><c> took</c><00:43:15.460><c> out</c><00:43:15.699><c> all</c><00:43:15.820><c> the</c><00:43:15.920><c> bits</c><00:43:16.000><c> he</c>

00:43:16.099 --> 00:43:16.760
didn't<00:43:16.400><c> like,</c>

00:43:17.239 --> 00:43:19.440
and<00:43:17.420><c> then</c><00:43:17.579><c> some</c><00:43:17.760><c> of</c><00:43:17.860><c> the</c><00:43:18.000><c> Pauline</c><00:43:18.340><c> epistles,</c><00:43:18.940><c> took</c><00:43:19.099><c> out</c><00:43:19.320><c> the</c>

00:43:19.440 --> 00:43:21.340
bits<00:43:19.559><c> he</c><00:43:19.719><c> didn't</c><00:43:19.940><c> like</c><00:43:20.199><c> and</c><00:43:20.380><c> wrote</c><00:43:20.639><c> some</c><00:43:20.840><c> more</c><00:43:21.000><c> in,</c>

00:43:21.599 --> 00:43:24.760
and<00:43:21.860><c> he</c><00:43:22.760><c> put</c><00:43:22.920><c> that</c><00:43:23.099><c> all</c><00:43:23.260><c> together</c><00:43:23.619><c> in</c><00:43:23.840><c> one</c><00:43:24.059><c> big</c><00:43:24.260><c> book</c><00:43:24.440><c> that</c><00:43:24.599><c> he</c>

00:43:24.760 --> 00:43:25.860
called<00:43:24.860><c> the</c><00:43:25.139><c> Apostolicon.</c>

00:43:26.059 --> 00:43:27.780
And<00:43:26.119><c> he</c><00:43:26.139><c> said,</c><00:43:26.440><c> there</c><00:43:26.639><c> you</c><00:43:26.800><c> go,</c><00:43:27.059><c> that's</c><00:43:27.440><c> all</c><00:43:27.539><c> we</c><00:43:27.679><c> need.</c>

00:43:27.940 --> 00:43:30.360
These<00:43:28.219><c> are</c><00:43:28.420><c> the</c><00:43:28.599><c> authoritative</c><00:43:29.260><c> books.</c>

00:43:30.579 --> 00:43:33.840
Now<00:43:30.780><c> that</c><00:43:31.039><c> caused</c><00:43:31.280><c> quite</c><00:43:31.619><c> a</c><00:43:31.840><c> stir,</c><00:43:32.780><c> because</c><00:43:33.079><c> at</c><00:43:33.280><c> this</c><00:43:33.539><c> point</c>

00:43:33.840 --> 00:43:35.119
there<00:43:34.039><c> was</c><00:43:34.320><c> no</c><00:43:34.480><c> New</c><00:43:34.699><c> Testament.</c>

00:43:35.420 --> 00:43:37.019
There<00:43:35.559><c> was</c><00:43:35.780><c> no</c><00:43:36.000><c> canon</c><00:43:36.360><c> of</c><00:43:36.659><c> Scripture.</c>

00:43:37.019 --> 00:43:40.280
No<00:43:37.659><c> one</c><00:43:37.820><c> had</c><00:43:37.960><c> sat</c><00:43:38.139><c> down</c><00:43:38.360><c> and</c><00:43:38.380><c> said,</c><00:43:38.679><c> these</c><00:43:38.820><c> are</c><00:43:38.980><c> the</c><00:43:39.039><c> 27</c><00:43:39.400><c> books</c>

00:43:40.280 --> 00:43:42.360
that<00:43:40.500><c> we</c><00:43:40.780><c> regard</c><00:43:41.039><c> as</c><00:43:41.280><c> authoritative.</c>

00:43:42.400 --> 00:43:44.800
Marcion<00:43:42.739><c> is</c><00:43:43.199><c> the</c><00:43:43.420><c> first</c><00:43:43.739><c> guy</c><00:43:44.000><c> to</c><00:43:44.199><c> do</c><00:43:44.380><c> that.</c>

00:43:45.179 --> 00:43:49.239
He's<00:43:45.300><c> the</c><00:43:45.500><c> first</c><00:43:45.880><c> guy</c><00:43:46.239><c> to</c><00:43:46.579><c> create</c><00:43:47.360><c> a</c><00:43:47.900><c> pseudo</c><00:43:48.360><c>-Christian</c><00:43:48.840><c> canon.</c>

00:43:49.639 --> 00:43:51.960
The<00:43:49.760><c> idea</c><00:43:50.079><c> of</c><00:43:50.239><c> a</c><00:43:50.400><c> canon</c><00:43:50.480><c> wasn't</c><00:43:51.119><c> new,</c><00:43:51.639><c> of</c><00:43:51.659><c> course.</c>

00:43:52.219 --> 00:43:54.360
Everyone<00:43:52.500><c> understood</c><00:43:53.039><c> the</c><00:43:53.380><c> Old</c><00:43:53.639><c> Testament</c><00:43:54.039><c> canon.</c>

00:43:54.579 --> 00:43:58.460
That<00:43:54.579><c> had</c><00:43:54.659><c> been</c><00:43:54.900><c> long</c><00:43:55.199><c> established</c><00:43:55.679><c> even</c><00:43:56.679><c> before</c><00:43:57.119><c> the</c><00:43:57.260><c> first</c><00:43:57.460><c> century.</c>

00:43:58.559 --> 00:44:02.940
But<00:43:58.719><c> the</c><00:43:58.860><c> idea</c><00:43:59.300><c> of</c><00:43:59.719><c> a</c><00:43:59.940><c> New</c><00:44:00.099><c> Testament</c><00:44:00.519><c> canon</c><00:44:00.940><c> was</c><00:44:01.920><c> very</c><00:44:02.400><c> interesting</c><00:44:02.739><c> and</c>

00:44:02.940 --> 00:44:03.619
very<00:44:03.280><c> novel.</c>

00:44:03.619 --> 00:44:07.739
And<00:44:04.280><c> because</c><00:44:04.820><c> Marcion,</c><00:44:05.739><c> a</c><00:44:05.960><c> heretic,</c><00:44:06.500><c> was</c><00:44:06.599><c> the</c><00:44:06.739><c> first</c><00:44:07.019><c> to</c><00:44:07.219><c> do</c><00:44:07.380><c> it,</c>

00:44:08.059 --> 00:44:11.559
it<00:44:08.179><c> sparked</c><00:44:08.400><c> a</c><00:44:08.659><c> mad</c><00:44:08.900><c> scramble</c><00:44:09.360><c> of</c><00:44:09.619><c> Christians</c><00:44:09.980><c> suddenly</c><00:44:10.639><c> saying,</c>

00:44:11.800 --> 00:44:14.900
hey,<00:44:12.099><c> we'd</c><00:44:12.320><c> better</c><00:44:12.519><c> start</c><00:44:13.500><c> collecting</c><00:44:14.039><c> and</c><00:44:14.360><c> preserving</c>

00:44:14.900 --> 00:44:17.360
these<00:44:16.059><c> other,</c><00:44:16.059><c> these</c><00:44:16.460><c> apostolic</c><00:44:16.980><c> writings,</c>

00:44:17.739 --> 00:44:20.960
make<00:44:17.920><c> sure</c><00:44:18.079><c> they're</c><00:44:18.380><c> not</c><00:44:18.539><c> lost,</c><00:44:19.360><c> and</c><00:44:19.659><c> make</c><00:44:19.900><c> sure</c><00:44:20.119><c> that</c><00:44:20.340><c> we</c><00:44:20.440><c> can</c>

00:44:20.960 --> 00:44:22.460
confer<00:44:21.340><c> with</c><00:44:21.579><c> God</c><00:44:21.739><c> all</c><00:44:21.900><c> the</c><00:44:22.099><c> right</c><00:44:22.219><c> books.</c>

00:44:22.699 --> 00:44:27.099
So<00:44:22.980><c> from</c><00:44:23.139><c> this</c><00:44:23.420><c> point</c><00:44:23.639><c> on,</c><00:44:25.139><c> the</c><00:44:25.280><c> Church</c><00:44:25.860><c> places</c><00:44:26.340><c> a</c><00:44:26.639><c> great</c><00:44:26.960><c> and</c>

00:44:27.099 --> 00:44:28.699
even<00:44:27.519><c> greater</c><00:44:27.900><c> priority</c>

00:44:28.699 --> 00:44:32.480
on<00:44:29.420><c> the</c><00:44:29.980><c> collection</c><00:44:30.480><c> of</c><00:44:31.340><c> the</c><00:44:31.340><c> preservation</c><00:44:31.840><c> of</c><00:44:32.159><c> the</c><00:44:32.300><c> New</c>

00:44:32.480 --> 00:44:34.039
Testament<00:44:32.880><c> manuscripts.</c>

00:44:34.239 --> 00:44:37.460
And<00:44:34.340><c> this</c><00:44:34.519><c> is</c><00:44:34.780><c> challenging</c><00:44:35.400><c> in</c><00:44:36.199><c> the</c><00:44:36.320><c> first</c><00:44:36.820><c> century</c><00:44:37.139><c> and</c><00:44:37.280><c> even</c>

00:44:37.460 --> 00:44:38.420
the<00:44:37.619><c> second</c><00:44:38.000><c> century</c>

00:44:38.420 --> 00:44:40.440
because<00:44:39.079><c> of</c><00:44:39.400><c> the</c><00:44:39.599><c> low</c><00:44:39.840><c> literacy</c><00:44:40.219><c> rate.</c>

00:44:40.500 --> 00:44:43.219
Anyone<00:44:40.679><c> want</c><00:44:40.860><c> to</c><00:44:40.960><c> have</c><00:44:41.099><c> a</c><00:44:41.260><c> guess</c><00:44:41.420><c> at</c><00:44:41.559><c> the</c><00:44:41.800><c> literacy</c><00:44:42.079><c> rate</c><00:44:42.739><c> of</c>

00:44:43.219 --> 00:44:45.300
the<00:44:43.380><c> Greco</c><00:44:43.599><c>-Roman</c><00:44:43.860><c> Empire</c><00:44:44.159><c> at</c><00:44:44.360><c> this</c><00:44:44.500><c> point?</c>

00:44:46.239 --> 00:44:46.480
Ten<00:44:46.480><c> per</c><00:44:46.480><c> cent.</c>

00:44:46.480 --> 00:44:50.000
Ten<00:44:46.480><c> per</c><00:44:46.800><c> cent.</c><00:44:47.460><c> Pretty</c><00:44:47.780><c> abysmal.</c><00:44:49.179><c> Ten</c><00:44:49.500><c> per</c><00:44:49.780><c> cent.</c>

00:44:50.360 --> 00:44:53.199
And<00:44:50.559><c> that's</c><00:44:50.820><c> why</c><00:44:51.260><c> you</c><00:44:51.460><c> have,</c><00:44:52.360><c> in</c><00:44:52.360><c> the</c><00:44:52.539><c> Pauline</c><00:44:52.820><c> epistles,</c>

00:44:53.420 --> 00:44:53.800
Paul<00:44:53.539><c> says,</c>

00:44:54.099 --> 00:44:56.960
have<00:44:54.260><c> this</c><00:44:54.539><c> letter</c><00:44:55.099><c> read</c><00:44:55.440><c> out</c><00:44:56.000><c> before</c><00:44:56.480><c> the</c><00:44:56.699><c> enclosure.</c>

00:44:56.960 --> 00:44:59.760
We<00:44:57.360><c> just</c><00:44:57.880><c> skip</c><00:44:58.159><c> over</c><00:44:58.440><c> the</c><00:44:58.619><c> idea,</c><00:44:58.980><c> have</c><00:44:59.159><c> it</c><00:44:59.280><c> read</c><00:44:59.380><c> out</c><00:44:59.559><c> before</c>

00:44:59.760 --> 00:45:00.079
the<00:44:59.920><c> enclosure,</c>

00:45:00.219 --> 00:45:02.400
like<00:45:00.360><c> we</c><00:45:00.500><c> do</c><00:45:00.579><c> with</c><00:45:00.679><c> the</c><00:45:00.840><c> announcements</c><00:45:01.119><c> in</c><00:45:01.920><c> the</c><00:45:02.019><c> morning.</c>

00:45:02.559 --> 00:45:06.619
Well,<00:45:02.780><c> I</c><00:45:02.980><c> challenge</c><00:45:03.260><c> anyone</c><00:45:03.579><c> to</c><00:45:03.860><c> sit</c><00:45:04.599><c> through</c><00:45:05.280><c> the</c><00:45:05.820><c> entire</c><00:45:06.099><c> epistle</c><00:45:06.440><c> of</c>

00:45:06.619 --> 00:45:08.460
Romans<00:45:06.940><c> on</c><00:45:07.380><c> a</c><00:45:07.460><c> Sunday</c><00:45:07.679><c> morning.</c>

00:45:09.659 --> 00:45:11.800
You<00:45:09.659><c> have</c><00:45:09.699><c> this</c><00:45:09.880><c> announcement</c><00:45:10.300><c> from</c><00:45:10.500><c> our</c><00:45:10.659><c> brother</c><00:45:10.880><c> Paul.</c>

00:45:13.500 --> 00:45:14.960
And<00:45:13.900><c> that's</c><00:45:14.300><c> what</c><00:45:14.460><c> you</c><00:45:14.579><c> had</c><00:45:14.699><c> to</c><00:45:14.820><c> do.</c>

00:45:15.119 --> 00:45:16.719
You<00:45:15.480><c> couldn't</c><00:45:15.719><c> have</c><00:45:15.880><c> been</c><00:45:15.880><c> into</c><00:45:16.079><c> the</c><00:45:16.260><c> Lotus</c><00:45:16.500><c> Board.</c>

00:45:16.900 --> 00:45:18.920
Okay,<00:45:17.139><c> I've</c><00:45:17.199><c> been</c><00:45:17.239><c> into</c><00:45:17.340><c> the</c><00:45:17.539><c> Lotus</c><00:45:17.679><c> Board.</c><00:45:18.000><c> What</c><00:45:18.219><c> happens</c><00:45:18.460><c> now?</c><00:45:18.780><c> I</c>

00:45:18.920 --> 00:45:19.800
don't<00:45:18.940><c> want</c><00:45:19.039><c> to</c><00:45:19.039><c> read</c><00:45:19.219><c> it.</c>

00:45:19.880 --> 00:45:23.619
So<00:45:20.260><c> we</c><00:45:21.320><c> have</c><00:45:21.559><c> to</c><00:45:21.800><c> realise</c><00:45:22.059><c> this</c><00:45:22.260><c> is</c><00:45:22.500><c> a</c><00:45:22.500><c> very</c><00:45:22.900><c> challenging</c><00:45:23.320><c> time.</c>

00:45:23.619 --> 00:45:29.260
And<00:45:23.940><c> it's</c><00:45:24.179><c> almost</c><00:45:24.679><c> paradoxical</c><00:45:25.739><c> that</c><00:45:26.280><c> in</c><00:45:26.500><c> a</c><00:45:26.760><c> time</c><00:45:27.360><c> of</c><00:45:27.860><c> low</c><00:45:28.079><c> literacy,</c>

00:45:29.320 --> 00:45:34.019
the<00:45:29.500><c> Christians</c><00:45:29.880><c> have</c><00:45:30.179><c> a</c><00:45:30.360><c> religion</c><00:45:30.920><c> that's</c><00:45:32.019><c> focused</c><00:45:32.239><c> and</c><00:45:32.579><c> centered</c><00:45:32.940><c> based</c><00:45:33.599><c> on</c>

00:45:34.019 --> 00:45:35.219
a<00:45:34.380><c> book.</c>

00:45:35.239 --> 00:45:40.400
But<00:45:35.420><c> as</c><00:45:35.639><c> a</c><00:45:35.820><c> result,</c><00:45:36.239><c> of</c><00:45:36.239><c> course,</c><00:45:36.599><c> that</c><00:45:36.639><c> meant</c><00:45:36.900><c> that</c><00:45:37.119><c> Christians</c><00:45:37.380><c> became</c><00:45:38.019><c> more</c><00:45:38.619><c> interested</c><00:45:39.260><c> in</c><00:45:39.599><c> literacy.</c>

00:45:40.579 --> 00:45:45.739
Literacy<00:45:41.179><c> became</c><00:45:41.780><c> a</c><00:45:42.639><c> skill</c><00:45:42.840><c> that</c><00:45:43.059><c> they</c><00:45:43.340><c> desired</c><00:45:44.059><c> even</c><00:45:44.840><c> more</c><00:45:45.500><c> greatly.</c>

00:45:45.880 --> 00:45:49.039
Because<00:45:46.039><c> most</c><00:45:46.139><c> people</c><00:45:46.320><c> didn't</c><00:45:46.840><c> need</c><00:45:47.199><c> literacy</c><00:45:47.780><c> on</c><00:45:48.199><c> an</c><00:45:48.400><c> everyday</c><00:45:48.679><c> basis.</c>

00:45:49.179 --> 00:45:52.099
Most<00:45:49.420><c> jobs</c><00:45:49.659><c> didn't</c><00:45:50.320><c> involve</c><00:45:50.860><c> literacy</c><00:45:51.260><c> at</c><00:45:51.519><c> all</c><00:45:51.699><c> in</c><00:45:51.840><c> the</c><00:45:51.940><c> same</c>

00:45:52.099 --> 00:45:53.039
way<00:45:52.219><c> that</c><00:45:52.340><c> they</c><00:45:52.519><c> do</c><00:45:52.699><c> today.</c>

00:45:53.039 --> 00:45:56.840
And<00:45:53.500><c> also,</c><00:45:54.260><c> reading</c><00:45:54.280><c> and</c><00:45:54.460><c> writing</c><00:45:54.940><c> were</c><00:45:55.980><c> taught</c><00:45:56.300><c> as</c><00:45:56.559><c> two</c>

00:45:56.840 --> 00:45:59.000
completely<00:45:57.400><c> separate</c><00:45:57.860><c> skills.</c>

00:45:59.880 --> 00:46:02.039
Obviously,<00:46:00.320><c> if</c><00:46:00.500><c> you</c><00:46:00.599><c> could</c><00:46:00.800><c> write,</c><00:46:01.119><c> you</c><00:46:01.179><c> could</c><00:46:01.340><c> read</c><00:46:01.519><c> as</c><00:46:01.780><c> well.</c>

00:46:02.219 --> 00:46:05.820
But<00:46:02.340><c> some</c><00:46:02.559><c> people</c><00:46:02.780><c> only</c><00:46:03.199><c> ever</c><00:46:03.659><c> learned</c><00:46:03.800><c> to</c><00:46:04.039><c> read,</c><00:46:04.360><c> never</c><00:46:04.599><c> learned</c><00:46:04.840><c> to</c><00:46:05.039><c> write.</c>

00:46:06.119 --> 00:46:07.800
And<00:46:06.300><c> they</c><00:46:06.360><c> were</c><00:46:06.539><c> two</c><00:46:06.780><c> completely</c><00:46:07.280><c> different</c><00:46:07.599><c> skills.</c>

00:46:07.900 --> 00:46:10.699
Today<00:46:08.159><c> we</c><00:46:08.340><c> understand</c><00:46:08.860><c> there's</c><00:46:09.360><c> two</c><00:46:09.639><c> sides</c><00:46:09.940><c> of</c><00:46:10.099><c> the</c><00:46:10.260><c> one</c><00:46:10.480><c> coin.</c>

00:46:10.780 --> 00:46:12.860
And<00:46:10.900><c> I</c><00:46:11.099><c> wouldn't</c><00:46:11.239><c> call</c><00:46:11.500><c> that</c><00:46:11.760><c> coin</c><00:46:11.960><c> literacy.</c>

00:46:13.139 --> 00:46:15.719
But<00:46:13.320><c> in</c><00:46:13.519><c> the</c><00:46:13.639><c> ancient</c><00:46:13.920><c> world,</c><00:46:14.420><c> reading</c><00:46:14.500><c> and</c><00:46:14.760><c> writing</c><00:46:14.940><c> were</c><00:46:15.219><c> taught</c><00:46:15.440><c> as</c>

00:46:15.719 --> 00:46:17.059
two<00:46:16.300><c> separate</c><00:46:16.719><c> skills.</c>

00:46:17.099 --> 00:46:20.019
And<00:46:17.219><c> you</c><00:46:17.360><c> could</c><00:46:17.579><c> have</c><00:46:18.659><c> one</c><00:46:19.079><c> without</c><00:46:19.559><c> the</c><00:46:19.840><c> other.</c>

00:46:20.019 --> 00:46:25.079
So<00:46:20.019><c> the</c><00:46:21.460><c> Church</c><00:46:21.820><c> begins</c><00:46:22.360><c> to</c><00:46:23.099><c> become</c><00:46:23.420><c> very</c><00:46:24.000><c> guarded</c><00:46:24.300><c> and</c><00:46:24.619><c> careful</c>

00:46:25.079 --> 00:46:27.980
about<00:46:25.719><c> the</c><00:46:25.980><c> types</c><00:46:26.300><c> of</c><00:46:26.519><c> books</c><00:46:26.739><c> they</c><00:46:27.059><c> accept</c><00:46:27.360><c> as</c><00:46:27.639><c> authority</c>

00:46:27.980 --> 00:46:32.579
and<00:46:28.679><c> the</c><00:46:28.920><c> reasons</c><00:46:29.199><c> why</c><00:46:29.480><c> they</c><00:46:29.679><c> accept</c><00:46:30.099><c> those</c><00:46:30.480><c> books</c><00:46:31.119><c> as</c><00:46:31.820><c> authoritative.</c>

00:46:33.119 --> 00:46:36.659
Simon,<00:46:33.219><c> I'm</c><00:46:33.280><c> not</c><00:46:33.519><c> sure</c><00:46:33.699><c> where</c><00:46:34.679><c> we</c><00:46:35.280><c> are</c><00:46:35.480><c> for</c><00:46:35.639><c> time</c><00:46:35.840><c> in</c><00:46:36.400><c> the</c>

00:46:36.659 --> 00:46:37.119
first<00:46:36.860><c> session.</c>

00:46:37.340 --> 00:46:38.960
But<00:46:37.480><c> I'll</c><00:46:37.840><c> just</c><00:46:38.059><c> take</c><00:46:38.219><c> my</c><00:46:38.400><c> cue</c><00:46:38.500><c> from</c><00:46:38.699><c> you.</c>

00:46:39.219 --> 00:46:41.599
I<00:46:39.280><c> know</c><00:46:39.440><c> we</c><00:46:39.639><c> started</c><00:46:39.820><c> late,</c><00:46:40.159><c> so</c><00:46:40.380><c> just</c><00:46:40.599><c> let</c><00:46:40.719><c> me</c><00:46:40.900><c> know.</c>

00:46:41.659 --> 00:46:42.699
We've<00:46:41.719><c> got</c><00:46:41.980><c> a</c><00:46:42.119><c> few</c><00:46:42.139><c> more</c><00:46:42.420><c> minutes.</c>

00:46:42.940 --> 00:46:44.880
OK,<00:46:43.340><c> that'll</c><00:46:43.820><c> give</c><00:46:43.960><c> me</c><00:46:44.119><c> time</c><00:46:44.219><c> to</c><00:46:44.360><c> finish</c><00:46:44.539><c> this</c><00:46:44.739><c> slide.</c>

00:46:45.320 --> 00:46:48.880
So<00:46:45.699><c> as</c><00:46:46.179><c> an</c><00:46:46.440><c> example</c><00:46:46.940><c> of</c><00:46:47.199><c> the</c><00:46:47.420><c> challenges</c><00:46:47.840><c> facing</c><00:46:48.460><c> the</c><00:46:48.719><c> Church</c>

00:46:48.880 --> 00:46:49.619
at<00:46:49.079><c> this</c><00:46:49.280><c> time,</c>

00:46:49.619 --> 00:46:52.800
lots<00:46:50.219><c> of</c><00:46:50.559><c> other</c><00:46:50.860><c> weird</c><00:46:51.159><c> documents</c><00:46:51.619><c> began</c><00:46:52.059><c> to</c><00:46:52.260><c> float</c><00:46:52.400><c> around,</c>

00:46:52.920 --> 00:46:55.219
like<00:46:53.179><c> the</c><00:46:53.380><c> Epistle</c><00:46:53.579><c> of</c><00:46:53.780><c> Barnabas,</c><00:46:54.219><c> which</c><00:46:54.280><c> was</c><00:46:54.579><c> obviously</c><00:46:54.860><c> not</c>

00:46:55.219 --> 00:46:56.760
written<00:46:55.460><c> by</c><00:46:55.739><c> Barnabas.</c>

00:46:57.000 --> 00:46:59.460
So<00:46:57.320><c> the</c><00:46:57.480><c> Epistle</c><00:46:57.780><c> of</c><00:46:58.000><c> Barnabas,</c><00:46:58.539><c> The</c><00:46:58.659><c> Shepherd</c><00:46:58.840><c> of</c><00:46:59.119><c> Hermas,</c>

00:46:59.579 --> 00:47:03.440
The<00:46:59.739><c> Gospel</c><00:47:00.039><c> of</c><00:47:00.159><c> the</c><00:47:00.360><c> Egyptians,</c><00:47:02.500><c> a</c><00:47:02.539><c> book</c><00:47:02.760><c> called</c><00:47:03.000><c> The</c><00:47:03.239><c> Acts</c>

00:47:03.440 --> 00:47:04.599
of<00:47:03.760><c> Andrew.</c>

00:47:04.639 --> 00:47:07.000
You<00:47:04.980><c> never</c><00:47:05.420><c> want</c><00:47:05.619><c> to</c><00:47:05.760><c> know</c><00:47:05.940><c> what</c><00:47:06.159><c> Andrew</c><00:47:06.300><c> got</c><00:47:06.460><c> up</c><00:47:06.619><c> to</c><00:47:06.719><c> in</c><00:47:06.840><c> his</c>

00:47:07.000 --> 00:47:07.420
spare<00:47:07.139><c> time.</c>

00:47:07.780 --> 00:47:09.579
Well,<00:47:07.880><c> you</c><00:47:08.059><c> won't</c><00:47:08.280><c> find</c><00:47:08.460><c> it</c><00:47:08.659><c> in</c><00:47:08.940><c> The</c><00:47:09.079><c> Acts</c><00:47:09.199><c> of</c><00:47:09.380><c> Andrew</c>

00:47:09.579 --> 00:47:11.380
because<00:47:09.739><c> it</c><00:47:09.820><c> was</c><00:47:10.039><c> written</c><00:47:10.219><c> on</c><00:47:10.420><c> after</c><00:47:10.579><c> his</c><00:47:10.739><c> death.</c>

00:47:11.699 --> 00:47:15.579
So<00:47:11.699><c> all</c><00:47:12.119><c> these</c><00:47:12.380><c> weird,</c><00:47:13.300><c> odd</c><00:47:13.860><c> books</c><00:47:14.420><c> began</c><00:47:14.760><c> to</c><00:47:15.059><c> spring</c><00:47:15.239><c> up</c>

00:47:15.579 --> 00:47:21.320
and<00:47:15.900><c> odd</c><00:47:16.320><c> manuscripts</c><00:47:16.900><c> from</c><00:47:17.460><c> people</c><00:47:17.800><c> with</c><00:47:18.119><c> very</c><00:47:18.559><c> odd</c><00:47:18.800><c> different</c><00:47:19.260><c> versions</c><00:47:19.719><c> of</c><00:47:20.159><c> Christianity,</c>

00:47:21.519 --> 00:47:25.699
mainly<00:47:21.920><c> from</c><00:47:22.260><c> Gentile</c><00:47:22.780><c> centres</c><00:47:23.039><c> like</c><00:47:23.420><c> Alexandria</c><00:47:24.099><c> or</c><00:47:24.500><c> Samaria.</c>

00:47:25.760 --> 00:47:28.460
And<00:47:26.400><c> that</c><00:47:27.039><c> caused</c><00:47:27.420><c> great</c><00:47:27.880><c> confusion</c>

00:47:28.460 --> 00:47:31.400
because<00:47:28.780><c> people</c><00:47:29.139><c> weren't</c><00:47:29.739><c> sure</c><00:47:30.219><c> which</c><00:47:30.760><c> books</c><00:47:31.019><c> they</c><00:47:31.280><c> should</c>

00:47:31.400 --> 00:47:33.239
be<00:47:31.659><c> accepting</c><00:47:31.860><c> as</c><00:47:32.119><c> authoritative.</c>

00:47:33.340 --> 00:47:37.159
The<00:47:33.519><c> Gospel</c><00:47:33.900><c> of</c><00:47:34.099><c> the</c><00:47:34.239><c> Epistle</c><00:47:34.559><c> of</c><00:47:34.780><c> Barnabas</c><00:47:35.239><c> is</c><00:47:35.679><c> notable</c><00:47:36.219><c> again</c>

00:47:37.159 --> 00:47:41.380
in<00:47:38.059><c> that</c><00:47:38.239><c> it</c><00:47:38.460><c> takes</c><00:47:38.699><c> a</c><00:47:38.980><c> very</c><00:47:39.619><c> anti</c><00:47:40.480><c>-Semitic</c><00:47:41.000><c> tone.</c>

00:47:41.380 --> 00:47:45.599
It<00:47:41.900><c> claims</c><00:47:42.400><c> that</c><00:47:42.699><c> the</c><00:47:42.880><c> Jews</c><00:47:43.079><c> were</c><00:47:43.440><c> rejected</c><00:47:43.900><c> at</c><00:47:44.380><c> Sinai</c>

00:47:45.599 --> 00:47:49.920
following<00:47:46.539><c> the</c><00:47:47.599><c> whole</c><00:47:47.820><c> big</c><00:47:48.039><c> deal</c><00:47:48.340><c> with</c><00:47:48.679><c> the</c><00:47:48.820><c> Golden</c><00:47:49.159><c> Calf</c>

00:47:49.940 --> 00:47:53.719
and<00:47:50.460><c> that</c><00:47:50.659><c> the</c><00:47:50.840><c> Law</c><00:47:50.940><c> of</c><00:47:51.159><c> Moses,</c><00:47:51.860><c> as</c><00:47:52.059><c> issued</c><00:47:52.280><c> by</c><00:47:52.559><c> God,</c><00:47:52.980><c> was</c><00:47:53.059><c> never</c><00:47:53.320><c> meant</c><00:47:53.559><c> to</c>

00:47:53.719 --> 00:47:54.659
be<00:47:53.900><c> kept</c><00:47:54.119><c> literally,</c>

00:47:54.820 --> 00:48:00.000
but<00:47:55.039><c> it</c><00:47:55.079><c> was</c><00:47:55.320><c> only</c><00:47:55.619><c> some</c><00:47:55.900><c> kind</c><00:47:56.219><c> of</c><00:47:56.519><c> set</c><00:47:58.460><c> of</c><00:47:58.659><c> spiritual</c><00:47:59.079><c> laws</c>

00:48:01.119 --> 00:48:04.599
and<00:48:01.639><c> that</c><00:48:01.960><c> the</c><00:48:02.920><c> rituals</c><00:48:03.179><c> described</c><00:48:03.780><c> there</c><00:48:03.900><c> were</c><00:48:04.119><c> never</c><00:48:04.380><c> meant</c>

00:48:04.599 --> 00:48:06.539
to<00:48:04.780><c> be</c><00:48:04.920><c> actually</c><00:48:05.300><c> carried</c><00:48:05.519><c> out</c><00:48:05.800><c> in</c><00:48:06.000><c> real</c><00:48:06.199><c> life.</c>

00:48:06.539 --> 00:48:10.320
And<00:48:06.800><c> that</c><00:48:06.960><c> the</c><00:48:07.139><c> Jews</c><00:48:07.280><c> misunderstood</c><00:48:08.039><c> this</c><00:48:08.380><c> because</c><00:48:08.960><c> they</c><00:48:09.239><c> were</c><00:48:09.480><c> deceived</c><00:48:09.960><c> by</c>

00:48:10.320 --> 00:48:11.239
an<00:48:10.539><c> evil</c><00:48:10.760><c> angel</c>

00:48:11.239 --> 00:48:14.119
and<00:48:11.679><c> God</c><00:48:11.880><c> completely</c><00:48:12.539><c> rejected</c><00:48:12.920><c> them</c><00:48:13.239><c> and</c><00:48:13.519><c> they</c><00:48:13.659><c> no</c><00:48:13.920><c> longer</c>

00:48:14.119 --> 00:48:16.559
have<00:48:14.400><c> any</c><00:48:14.800><c> part</c><00:48:15.079><c> in</c><00:48:15.239><c> his</c><00:48:15.559><c> plan.</c>

00:48:18.059 --> 00:48:22.539
And<00:48:18.059><c> whoever</c><00:48:18.760><c> wrote</c><00:48:19.059><c> the</c><00:48:19.179><c> Epistle</c><00:48:19.519><c> of</c><00:48:19.820><c> Barnabas</c><00:48:20.119><c> is</c><00:48:20.500><c> very</c><00:48:21.099><c> familiar</c><00:48:21.840><c> with</c><00:48:22.360><c> the</c>

00:48:22.539 --> 00:48:23.019
Old<00:48:22.699><c> Testament.</c>

00:48:23.239 --> 00:48:28.340
He<00:48:23.320><c> quotes</c><00:48:23.579><c> it</c><00:48:23.960><c> extensively,</c><00:48:24.920><c> but</c><00:48:25.019><c> he</c><00:48:25.239><c> has</c><00:48:25.500><c> very</c><00:48:26.199><c> little</c><00:48:26.719><c> knowledge</c><00:48:27.320><c> of</c>

00:48:28.340 --> 00:48:29.800
the<00:48:28.679><c> New</c><00:48:28.900><c> Testament</c><00:48:29.360><c> books.</c>

00:48:30.059 --> 00:48:34.219
Guys<00:48:30.239><c> like</c><00:48:30.579><c> Papias</c><00:48:31.219><c> and</c><00:48:31.719><c> Polycarp,</c><00:48:32.599><c> we</c><00:48:32.880><c> find</c><00:48:33.099><c> a</c><00:48:33.199><c> pretty</c><00:48:33.460><c> good</c>

00:48:34.219 --> 00:48:35.860
knowledge<00:48:34.659><c> between</c><00:48:35.539><c> them.</c>

00:48:35.860 --> 00:48:38.780
They're<00:48:36.300><c> quoting</c><00:48:36.679><c> segments</c><00:48:37.280><c> of</c><00:48:37.800><c> the</c><00:48:38.000><c> Gospels</c><00:48:38.280><c> and</c><00:48:38.460><c> in</c><00:48:38.559><c> some</c>

00:48:38.780 --> 00:48:40.539
cases<00:48:39.179><c> even</c><00:48:39.699><c> the</c><00:48:39.900><c> Pauline</c><00:48:40.239><c> Epistles.</c>

00:48:40.719 --> 00:48:42.380
They're<00:48:40.760><c> familiar</c><00:48:41.099><c> with</c><00:48:41.280><c> his</c><00:48:41.500><c> writings.</c>

00:48:42.539 --> 00:48:44.940
Whoever<00:48:42.860><c> wrote</c><00:48:43.119><c> the</c><00:48:43.280><c> Epistle</c><00:48:43.559><c> of</c><00:48:43.800><c> Barnabas</c><00:48:44.119><c> has</c><00:48:44.500><c> virtually</c>

00:48:44.940 --> 00:48:46.559
no<00:48:45.460><c> knowledge</c><00:48:45.860><c> of</c><00:48:46.079><c> the</c><00:48:46.159><c> New</c><00:48:46.360><c> Testament.</c>

00:48:46.840 --> 00:48:50.739
He's<00:48:47.139><c> only</c><00:48:47.539><c> read</c><00:48:47.739><c> a</c><00:48:47.780><c> few</c><00:48:48.039><c> bits</c><00:48:48.300><c> and</c><00:48:48.460><c> pieces,</c><00:48:49.079><c> handfuls</c><00:48:49.820><c> of</c><00:48:49.940><c> scraps</c><00:48:50.179><c> here</c><00:48:50.500><c> and</c><00:48:50.599><c> there.</c>

00:48:50.880 --> 00:48:54.179
He<00:48:51.099><c> doesn't</c><00:48:51.519><c> have</c><00:48:51.920><c> a</c><00:48:52.079><c> coherent</c><00:48:52.599><c> picture</c><00:48:53.079><c> of</c><00:48:53.780><c> the</c><00:48:53.960><c> New</c>

00:48:54.179 --> 00:48:54.960
Testament<00:48:54.619><c> message,</c>

00:48:55.039 --> 00:48:57.840
the<00:48:55.199><c> Gospel</c><00:48:55.539><c> message</c><00:48:55.980><c> and</c><00:48:56.300><c> the</c><00:48:56.480><c> Christian</c><00:48:56.880><c> faith.</c>

00:48:57.960 --> 00:49:03.099
And<00:48:58.199><c> it's</c><00:48:58.500><c> in</c><00:48:59.179><c> the</c><00:48:59.639><c> Epistle</c><00:49:00.000><c> of</c><00:49:00.300><c> Barnabas</c><00:49:00.920><c> that</c><00:49:01.199><c> we</c><00:49:01.519><c> first</c><00:49:01.900><c> find</c><00:49:02.360><c> within</c><00:49:02.760><c> a</c>

00:49:03.099 --> 00:49:04.139
Christian<00:49:03.420><c> context</c>

00:49:04.139 --> 00:49:08.659
a<00:49:04.679><c> reference</c><00:49:05.099><c> to</c><00:49:05.400><c> the</c><00:49:05.500><c> idea</c><00:49:06.099><c> that</c><00:49:06.559><c> God</c><00:49:06.840><c> has</c><00:49:07.119><c> a</c><00:49:07.360><c> plan</c><00:49:07.619><c> with</c><00:49:07.860><c> creation</c><00:49:08.340><c> that</c>

00:49:08.659 --> 00:49:10.719
spans<00:49:08.960><c> 6</c><00:49:09.360><c>,000</c><00:49:09.659><c> years.</c>

00:49:11.460 --> 00:49:15.179
And<00:49:11.579><c> this</c><00:49:11.739><c> was</c><00:49:11.940><c> not</c><00:49:12.219><c> an</c><00:49:12.360><c> idea</c><00:49:12.659><c> invented</c><00:49:13.239><c> by</c><00:49:14.300><c> the</c><00:49:14.519><c> guy</c><00:49:14.679><c> who</c><00:49:14.880><c> wrote</c><00:49:15.059><c> the</c>

00:49:15.179 --> 00:49:15.980
Epistle<00:49:15.480><c> of</c><00:49:15.679><c> Barnabas.</c>

00:49:16.280 --> 00:49:20.559
It<00:49:16.340><c> was</c><00:49:16.559><c> an</c><00:49:16.840><c> idea</c><00:49:17.300><c> that</c><00:49:17.639><c> had</c><00:49:18.119><c> emerged</c><00:49:18.599><c> between</c><00:49:19.219><c> the</c><00:49:19.440><c> Testaments.</c>

00:49:20.659 --> 00:49:23.800
In<00:49:20.860><c> the</c><00:49:21.000><c> inter</c><00:49:21.199><c>-testamental</c><00:49:21.699><c> period,</c><00:49:22.559><c> a</c><00:49:22.559><c> number</c><00:49:22.920><c> of</c><00:49:23.179><c> rabbis</c>

00:49:23.800 --> 00:49:26.019
had<00:49:24.139><c> used</c><00:49:25.199><c> mathematical</c>

00:49:26.019 --> 00:49:30.179
and<00:49:27.219><c> spiritual</c><00:49:27.980><c> calculations</c><00:49:28.739><c> and</c><00:49:29.000><c> mystical</c><00:49:29.440><c> calculations</c>

00:49:30.179 --> 00:49:32.099
to<00:49:30.739><c> arrive</c><00:49:31.159><c> at</c><00:49:31.360><c> the</c><00:49:31.619><c> conclusion</c>

00:49:32.099 --> 00:49:35.639
following<00:49:32.800><c> various</c><00:49:33.619><c> views</c><00:49:33.900><c> on</c><00:49:34.119><c> the</c><00:49:34.300><c> Jubilee</c><00:49:34.719><c> years,</c>

00:49:35.800 --> 00:49:40.179
that<00:49:35.940><c> God's</c><00:49:36.519><c> plan</c><00:49:37.000><c> with</c><00:49:37.360><c> creation</c><00:49:37.980><c> would</c><00:49:38.619><c> span</c><00:49:39.019><c> 6</c><00:49:39.420><c>,000</c><00:49:39.739><c> years</c>

00:49:40.179 --> 00:49:40.940
and<00:49:40.460><c> no</c><00:49:40.659><c> more.</c>

00:49:41.059 --> 00:49:43.760
And<00:49:41.139><c> then</c><00:49:41.199><c> there</c><00:49:41.320><c> would</c><00:49:41.579><c> be</c><00:49:42.099><c> a</c><00:49:42.340><c> Sabbath</c><00:49:42.599><c> period.</c>

00:49:46.460 --> 00:49:52.239
And<00:49:47.179><c> Barnabas</c><00:49:47.900><c> accepts</c><00:49:49.420><c> this</c><00:49:49.780><c> idea</c><00:49:50.019><c> and</c><00:49:50.360><c> he</c><00:49:50.579><c> preaches</c><00:49:50.760><c> it</c><00:49:51.059><c> as</c><00:49:51.260><c> Gospel.</c>

00:49:54.539 --> 00:49:59.920
And<00:49:55.260><c> he</c><00:49:55.500><c> ties</c><00:49:55.800><c> it</c><00:49:56.079><c> back</c><00:49:57.699><c> to</c><00:49:58.579><c> the</c><00:49:59.000><c> creation</c><00:49:59.400><c> account.</c>

00:49:59.920 --> 00:50:03.480
So<00:50:00.320><c> do</c><00:50:00.500><c> you</c><00:50:00.559><c> know</c><00:50:00.719><c> what</c><00:50:00.840><c> it</c><00:50:00.980><c> means</c><00:50:01.440><c> by</c><00:50:02.659><c> heaven</c><00:50:03.019><c> and</c><00:50:03.119><c> earth</c><00:50:03.300><c> will</c>

00:50:03.480 --> 00:50:05.719
be<00:50:04.059><c> created</c><00:50:04.159><c> in</c><00:50:04.659><c> six</c><00:50:04.920><c> days?</c>

00:50:05.840 --> 00:50:08.960
It<00:50:06.119><c> means</c><00:50:06.400><c> it's</c><00:50:06.619><c> going</c><00:50:06.739><c> to</c><00:50:06.840><c> be</c><00:50:07.039><c> 6</c><00:50:07.280><c>,000</c><00:50:07.539><c> years.</c><00:50:08.059><c> How</c><00:50:08.260><c> do</c><00:50:08.460><c> we</c><00:50:08.460><c> know</c><00:50:08.659><c> that?</c>

00:50:09.059 --> 00:50:13.460
Because<00:50:09.340><c> he</c><00:50:09.559><c> says</c><00:50:09.980><c> we're</c><00:50:10.340><c> also</c><00:50:10.780><c> told</c><00:50:11.239><c> that</c><00:50:12.219><c> one</c><00:50:12.679><c> day</c><00:50:12.940><c> with</c><00:50:13.159><c> God</c>

00:50:13.460 --> 00:50:14.880
is<00:50:13.900><c> as</c><00:50:14.099><c> a</c><00:50:14.179><c> thousand</c><00:50:14.440><c> years.</c>

00:50:15.179 --> 00:50:19.780
So<00:50:15.400><c> he</c><00:50:15.619><c> said</c><00:50:15.940><c> God's</c><00:50:16.960><c> entire</c><00:50:17.360><c> plan</c><00:50:17.820><c> will</c><00:50:18.360><c> be</c><00:50:18.519><c> wrapped</c><00:50:18.739><c> up</c><00:50:19.239><c> in</c><00:50:19.480><c> 6</c>

00:50:19.780 --> 00:50:20.239
,000<00:50:19.960><c> years.</c>

00:50:20.400 --> 00:50:24.400
And<00:50:20.539><c> that's</c><00:50:20.739><c> the</c><00:50:20.860><c> first</c><00:50:21.159><c> time</c><00:50:21.480><c> this</c><00:50:21.800><c> idea</c><00:50:22.239><c> enters</c><00:50:23.059><c> Christianity.</c>

00:50:24.579 --> 00:50:28.280
And<00:50:25.039><c> it</c><00:50:25.340><c> comes</c><00:50:25.619><c> from</c><00:50:25.840><c> this</c><00:50:26.119><c> very</c><00:50:26.460><c> interesting</c><00:50:27.400><c> oddball</c><00:50:28.039><c> kind</c>

00:50:28.280 --> 00:50:28.800
of<00:50:28.519><c> character</c>

00:50:28.800 --> 00:50:33.019
whose<00:50:29.159><c> identity</c><00:50:29.940><c> we</c><00:50:30.139><c> don't</c><00:50:30.539><c> know,</c><00:50:31.340><c> who</c><00:50:31.460><c> has</c><00:50:31.699><c> this</c><00:50:31.920><c> very</c><00:50:32.360><c> strongly</c><00:50:32.659><c> anti</c>

00:50:33.019 --> 00:50:33.780
-Semitic<00:50:33.480><c> streak</c>

00:50:33.780 --> 00:50:38.340
and<00:50:34.480><c> has</c><00:50:34.719><c> a</c><00:50:34.920><c> very</c><00:50:35.179><c> jumbled</c><00:50:35.920><c> partial</c><00:50:36.760><c> understanding</c><00:50:37.519><c> of</c><00:50:38.059><c> what</c>

00:50:38.340 --> 00:50:40.980
Christianity<00:50:38.820><c> is</c><00:50:39.760><c> all</c><00:50:40.179><c> about.</c>