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Where<00:00:15.300><c> did</c><00:00:15.419><c> all</c><00:00:15.500><c> the</c><00:00:15.599><c> pop</c><00:00:15.740><c> come</c><00:00:15.960><c> from?</c>

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Soda?

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Where<00:00:19.800><c> did</c><00:00:19.920><c> all</c><00:00:20.019><c> the</c><00:00:20.120><c> pop</c><00:00:20.219><c> come</c><00:00:20.460><c> from?</c>

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OK,<00:00:26.960><c> let's</c><00:00:27.399><c> go</c><00:00:27.600><c> ahead</c><00:00:27.780><c> and</c><00:00:27.839><c> get</c><00:00:28.140><c> started.</c>

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And<00:00:30.019><c> again</c><00:00:30.420><c> today</c><00:00:30.660><c> what</c><00:00:30.800><c> we're</c><00:00:30.960><c> going</c><00:00:31.039><c> to</c><00:00:31.100><c> talk</c><00:00:31.359><c> about</c><00:00:31.660><c> is</c><00:00:32.000><c> creation</c><00:00:32.399><c> and</c><00:00:32.640><c> evolution.</c>

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And<00:00:33.700><c> I</c><00:00:33.820><c> want</c><00:00:33.979><c> to</c><00:00:34.140><c> deal</c><00:00:34.259><c> with</c><00:00:34.700><c> the</c><00:00:35.060><c> two</c><00:00:35.299><c> remaining</c><00:00:35.719><c> aspects</c><00:00:36.179><c> that</c><00:00:36.340><c> I</c>

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want<00:00:36.560><c> to</c><00:00:36.700><c> talk</c><00:00:36.859><c> about</c><00:00:37.000><c> with</c><00:00:37.200><c> evolution</c><00:00:37.579><c> today.</c>

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And<00:00:37.960><c> I've</c><00:00:38.100><c> got</c><00:00:38.200><c> a</c><00:00:38.320><c> lot</c><00:00:38.420><c> of</c><00:00:38.600><c> material.</c>

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There's<00:00:40.200><c> a</c><00:00:40.299><c> good</c><00:00:40.439><c> chance</c><00:00:40.679><c> we</c><00:00:40.780><c> might</c><00:00:40.960><c> not</c><00:00:41.159><c> finish</c><00:00:41.420><c> it</c><00:00:41.579><c> all</c><00:00:41.679><c> and</c>

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we<00:00:41.899><c> may</c><00:00:42.159><c> do</c><00:00:42.619><c> a</c><00:00:42.840><c> little</c><00:00:43.020><c> bit</c><00:00:43.179><c> of</c><00:00:43.399><c> overflow</c><00:00:43.659><c> into</c><00:00:43.960><c> tomorrow.</c>

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Anyway,<00:00:45.520><c> yesterday</c><00:00:45.740><c> what</c><00:00:45.939><c> we</c><00:00:46.119><c> dealt</c><00:00:46.280><c> with</c><00:00:46.520><c> was</c><00:00:46.700><c> the</c><00:00:46.920><c> origin</c>

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of<00:00:47.240><c> the</c><00:00:47.399><c> universe.</c>

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And<00:00:48.500><c> today</c><00:00:48.700><c> what</c><00:00:48.880><c> I</c><00:00:48.979><c> want</c><00:00:49.140><c> to</c><00:00:49.259><c> deal</c><00:00:49.420><c> with</c><00:00:49.579><c> is</c><00:00:49.740><c> the</c><00:00:50.020><c> origin</c><00:00:50.219><c> of</c><00:00:50.460><c> life.</c>

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How<00:00:52.200><c> did</c><00:00:52.600><c> life</c><00:00:53.140><c> begin?</c>

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I'm<00:00:54.159><c> going</c><00:00:54.259><c> to</c><00:00:54.439><c> assume</c><00:00:54.859><c> for</c><00:00:55.280><c> today's</c><00:00:56.159><c> discussion</c><00:00:56.740><c> that</c><00:00:57.619><c> the</c>

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Earth<00:00:58.500><c> really</c><00:00:58.859><c> is</c><00:00:59.060><c> five</c><00:00:59.299><c> billion</c><00:00:59.560><c> years</c><00:00:59.939><c> old.</c>

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And<00:01:00.880><c> that</c><00:01:01.000><c> the</c><00:01:01.240><c> basic</c><00:01:01.600><c> composition</c><00:01:02.219><c> of</c><00:01:02.420><c> the</c><00:01:02.619><c> Earth,</c><00:01:02.859><c> I'm</c><00:01:03.039><c> going</c><00:01:03.119><c> to</c>

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give<00:01:03.380><c> evolutionists</c><00:01:03.920><c> the</c><00:01:04.120><c> benefit</c><00:01:04.340><c> of</c><00:01:04.500><c> the</c><00:01:04.640><c> doubt</c><00:01:04.799><c> here,</c>

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was<00:01:06.140><c> composed</c><00:01:06.819><c> of</c><00:01:07.060><c> chemicals</c><00:01:07.519><c> like</c><00:01:08.159><c> nitrogen,</c><00:01:10.319><c> oxygen,</c><00:01:13.200><c> hydrocarbons,</c><00:01:14.959><c> the</c>

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different<00:01:15.379><c> kinds</c><00:01:15.859><c> of</c><00:01:16.060><c> things</c>

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that<00:01:16.540><c> evolutionists</c><00:01:17.180><c> would</c><00:01:17.540><c> need</c><00:01:18.019><c> that</c><00:01:18.760><c> they</c><00:01:19.079><c> think</c><00:01:19.219><c> that</c><00:01:19.400><c> they</c><00:01:19.500><c> would</c><00:01:19.700><c> need</c><00:01:19.920><c> in</c>

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order<00:01:20.359><c> to</c><00:01:20.640><c> create</c><00:01:20.819><c> life.</c>

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Hang<00:01:21.840><c> on.</c><00:01:23.760><c> I'm</c><00:01:23.980><c> going</c><00:01:24.079><c> to</c><00:01:24.159><c> let</c><00:01:24.299><c> them</c><00:01:24.500><c> have</c><00:01:24.659><c> the</c><00:01:24.920><c> benefit</c><00:01:25.159><c> of</c>

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the<00:01:25.480><c> doubt.</c>

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I<00:01:26.659><c> would</c><00:01:26.840><c> let</c><00:01:27.000><c> them</c><00:01:27.299><c> pick</c><00:01:27.540><c> their</c><00:01:27.900><c> choice</c><00:01:28.340><c> of</c><00:01:28.599><c> chemicals,</c><00:01:29.459><c> mix</c>

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it<00:01:29.760><c> up</c><00:01:29.900><c> however</c><00:01:30.200><c> they</c><00:01:30.560><c> want.</c>

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And<00:01:31.480><c> we</c><00:01:31.599><c> can</c><00:01:31.799><c> still</c><00:01:32.159><c> determine</c><00:01:32.640><c> if</c><00:01:33.379><c> life</c><00:01:33.780><c> is</c><00:01:34.140><c> capable</c><00:01:34.480><c> of</c><00:01:34.719><c> beginning.</c>

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Now<00:01:36.040><c> some</c><00:01:36.239><c> of</c><00:01:36.359><c> you</c><00:01:36.480><c> may</c><00:01:36.620><c> have</c><00:01:36.780><c> heard</c><00:01:36.959><c> that</c><00:01:37.159><c> in</c><00:01:37.200><c> the</c><00:01:37.459><c> lab</c><00:01:37.980><c> that</c>

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scientists<00:01:38.980><c> have</c><00:01:39.239><c> created</c><00:01:39.560><c> life.</c>

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Ever<00:01:40.939><c> heard</c><00:01:41.079><c> that?</c>

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OK,<00:01:42.900><c> what</c><00:01:43.079><c> they</c><00:01:43.299><c> do</c><00:01:43.459><c> is</c><00:01:43.599><c> they</c><00:01:43.859><c> take</c><00:01:44.140><c> a</c><00:01:44.840><c> tube</c><00:01:45.019><c> basically</c><00:01:45.620><c> or</c><00:01:45.879><c> a</c>

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pan<00:01:46.340><c> of</c><00:01:46.560><c> some</c><00:01:46.760><c> sort</c>

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and<00:01:48.200><c> they</c><00:01:48.599><c> mix</c><00:01:48.879><c> in</c><00:01:49.219><c> all</c><00:01:49.400><c> these</c><00:01:49.640><c> different</c><00:01:49.900><c> chemicals.</c>

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And<00:01:51.280><c> they</c><00:01:52.379><c> inject</c><00:01:52.840><c> into</c><00:01:53.060><c> this</c><00:01:53.280><c> thing</c><00:01:53.500><c> electrical</c><00:01:53.959><c> discharges,</c><00:01:54.739><c> like</c><00:01:55.120><c> from</c>

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spark<00:01:55.659><c> plugs.</c>

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The<00:01:56.239><c> idea</c><00:01:56.459><c> is</c><00:01:56.599><c> to</c><00:01:56.780><c> stimulate</c><00:01:57.519><c> lightning.</c>

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By<00:01:58.519><c> doing</c><00:01:58.799><c> that,</c><00:01:59.079><c> you</c><00:01:59.239><c> add</c><00:01:59.500><c> energy</c><00:02:00.200><c> into</c><00:02:01.079><c> this</c><00:02:01.540><c> chemical</c><00:02:02.000><c> soup.</c>

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And<00:02:02.959><c> what</c><00:02:03.140><c> happens</c><00:02:03.459><c> is</c><00:02:03.760><c> in</c><00:02:03.939><c> some</c><00:02:04.219><c> cases,</c><00:02:04.739><c> at</c><00:02:05.019><c> random,</c><00:02:05.700><c> the</c><00:02:05.900><c> chemicals</c><00:02:06.159><c> will</c><00:02:06.480><c> form</c><00:02:06.659><c> up.</c>

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And<00:02:08.659><c> scientists</c><00:02:09.159><c> have</c><00:02:09.539><c> been</c><00:02:09.759><c> able</c><00:02:10.000><c> to</c><00:02:10.319><c> form</c><00:02:10.860><c> simple</c><00:02:11.520><c> amino</c><00:02:11.919><c> acids.</c>

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The<00:02:15.840><c> most</c><00:02:16.439><c> famous</c><00:02:16.819><c> is</c><00:02:17.340><c> an</c><00:02:17.580><c> example.</c>

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It's<00:02:18.080><c> an</c><00:02:18.300><c> experiment</c><00:02:18.580><c> from</c><00:02:18.780><c> 1938</c><00:02:19.560><c> called</c><00:02:19.819><c> the</c><00:02:20.020><c> Miller</c><00:02:20.379><c>-Urey</c><00:02:20.840><c> experiment.</c>

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And<00:02:22.280><c> they</c><00:02:22.620><c> made</c><00:02:23.439><c> amino</c><00:02:23.939><c> acids</c><00:02:24.500><c> out</c><00:02:24.879><c> of</c><00:02:25.000><c> a</c><00:02:25.259><c> soup</c><00:02:25.520><c> of</c><00:02:25.879><c> chemicals.</c>

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Now<00:02:27.400><c> the</c><00:02:27.419><c> point</c><00:02:27.740><c> is,</c><00:02:28.159><c> though,</c><00:02:28.259><c> that</c><00:02:28.479><c> amino</c><00:02:28.780><c> acids</c><00:02:29.180><c> are</c><00:02:29.419><c> the</c><00:02:29.659><c> building</c><00:02:29.939><c> blocks</c><00:02:30.300><c> of</c><00:02:30.539><c> life.</c>

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Everybody's<00:02:32.400><c> familiar</c><00:02:32.699><c> with</c><00:02:33.319><c> DNA?</c>

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DNA<00:02:36.099><c> is</c><00:02:36.280><c> the</c><00:02:36.439><c> basic</c><00:02:36.780><c> building</c><00:02:37.139><c> block</c><00:02:37.379><c> of</c><00:02:37.599><c> life.</c>

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In<00:02:39.180><c> order</c><00:02:39.479><c> to</c><00:02:39.819><c> form</c><00:02:40.439><c> DNA,</c><00:02:41.439><c> first</c><00:02:41.659><c> of</c><00:02:41.759><c> all,</c><00:02:41.840><c> you</c><00:02:41.879><c> have</c><00:02:42.000><c> to</c><00:02:42.120><c> understand</c><00:02:42.419><c> what</c>

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DNA<00:02:43.080><c> is.</c>

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Everybody's<00:02:43.740><c> seen</c><00:02:43.960><c> the</c><00:02:44.259><c> spiral</c><00:02:44.539><c> with</c><00:02:44.780><c> the</c><00:02:45.020><c> double</c><00:02:45.319><c> helix</c><00:02:45.659><c> spiral.</c>

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The<00:02:47.939><c> simplest</c><00:02:48.419><c> forms</c><00:02:48.879><c> of</c><00:02:49.180><c> DNA</c><00:02:49.599><c> are</c><00:02:49.960><c> composed</c><00:02:50.360><c> of</c><00:02:50.599><c> about</c><00:02:50.919><c> 400</c><00:02:51.340><c> pieces.</c>

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400<00:02:53.180><c> amino</c><00:02:53.599><c> acids</c><00:02:53.979><c> that</c><00:02:54.180><c> are</c><00:02:54.319><c> linked.</c>

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You<00:02:55.280><c> have</c><00:02:55.639><c> your</c><00:02:55.960><c> amino</c><00:02:56.199><c> acid</c><00:02:56.460><c> here</c><00:02:56.800><c> and</c><00:02:56.879><c> then</c><00:02:57.020><c> your</c><00:02:57.300><c> next</c><00:02:57.580><c> one</c>

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and<00:02:57.860><c> then</c><00:02:58.039><c> your</c><00:02:58.180><c> next</c><00:02:58.419><c> one</c>

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and<00:02:58.639><c> your</c><00:02:58.759><c> next</c><00:02:58.979><c> one</c><00:02:59.159><c> and</c><00:02:59.259><c> so</c><00:02:59.539><c> forth.</c>

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And<00:03:01.539><c> they</c><00:03:01.680><c> have</c><00:03:01.879><c> to</c><00:03:02.039><c> be</c><00:03:02.219><c> linked</c><00:03:02.360><c> into</c><00:03:02.620><c> a</c><00:03:02.860><c> certain</c><00:03:03.139><c> order</c><00:03:03.759><c> in</c><00:03:04.180><c> order</c><00:03:04.340><c> to</c>

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have<00:03:04.680><c> life.</c>

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Now<00:03:05.659><c> if</c><00:03:06.000><c> you</c><00:03:06.500><c> have</c><00:03:06.879><c> amino</c><00:03:07.199><c> acids,</c><00:03:07.759><c> you</c><00:03:07.759><c> can</c><00:03:08.039><c> start</c><00:03:08.259><c> to</c><00:03:08.560><c> combine</c>

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them<00:03:09.379><c> in</c><00:03:10.020><c> a</c><00:03:10.159><c> number</c><00:03:10.360><c> of</c><00:03:10.539><c> ways</c>

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and<00:03:12.360><c> make</c><00:03:12.719><c> your</c><00:03:13.020><c> own</c><00:03:13.539><c> things</c><00:03:13.819><c> that</c><00:03:14.280><c> look</c><00:03:14.479><c> like</c><00:03:14.800><c> DNA.</c>

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Some<00:03:15.419><c> of</c><00:03:15.599><c> the</c><00:03:15.879><c> very</c><00:03:16.280><c> state</c><00:03:16.500><c>-of</c><00:03:16.560><c>-the</c><00:03:16.740><c>-art</c><00:03:16.800><c> high</c><00:03:17.099><c>-tech</c><00:03:17.219><c> stuff</c><00:03:17.460><c> in</c>

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the<00:03:17.659><c> last</c><00:03:17.819><c> couple</c><00:03:17.960><c> of</c><00:03:18.120><c> years,</c>

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they've<00:03:18.439><c> been</c><00:03:18.560><c> able</c><00:03:18.680><c> to</c><00:03:18.840><c> do</c><00:03:18.960><c> this.</c>

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But<00:03:19.960><c> the</c><00:03:20.180><c> thing</c><00:03:20.340><c> is</c><00:03:20.580><c> that</c><00:03:20.800><c> most</c><00:03:21.139><c> combinations</c><00:03:21.800><c> of</c><00:03:22.599><c> potential</c>

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amino<00:03:24.319><c> acid</c><00:03:24.659><c> combinations</c>

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are<00:03:25.840><c> worthless.</c><00:03:27.000><c> They</c><00:03:27.199><c> make</c><00:03:27.319><c> no</c><00:03:27.539><c> sense.</c>

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So<00:03:29.099><c> we</c><00:03:29.860><c> have</c><00:03:30.060><c> to</c><00:03:30.240><c> talk</c><00:03:30.439><c> about</c><00:03:30.719><c> what</c><00:03:30.939><c> does</c><00:03:31.180><c> it</c><00:03:31.360><c> take</c><00:03:31.620><c> for</c><00:03:31.879><c> these</c>

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chemicals<00:03:32.460><c> to</c><00:03:32.819><c> randomly</c><00:03:33.199><c> combine</c>

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in<00:03:33.800><c> an</c><00:03:34.159><c> order</c><00:03:34.439><c> that</c><00:03:34.680><c> would</c><00:03:34.860><c> make</c><00:03:35.080><c> sense.</c>

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And<00:03:36.539><c> in</c><00:03:36.639><c> order</c><00:03:36.800><c> to</c><00:03:36.919><c> do</c><00:03:37.039><c> that,</c><00:03:37.379><c> I</c><00:03:37.500><c> need</c><00:03:37.659><c> to</c><00:03:37.780><c> give</c><00:03:37.840><c> you</c><00:03:38.020><c> a</c><00:03:38.120><c> brief</c>

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refresher<00:03:38.699><c> on</c><00:03:38.800><c> what's</c><00:03:38.979><c> called</c>

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factorial<00:03:39.699><c> math,</c><00:03:40.479><c> if</c><00:03:40.580><c> you're</c><00:03:40.759><c> not</c><00:03:40.900><c> familiar</c><00:03:41.219><c> with</c><00:03:41.460><c> factorials.</c>

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For<00:03:43.139><c> example,</c><00:03:44.639><c> what</c><00:03:44.740><c> is</c><00:03:44.860><c> my</c><00:03:45.099><c> zip</c><00:03:45.280><c> code?</c><00:03:45.580><c> Does</c><00:03:45.599><c> anybody</c><00:03:45.759><c> remember?</c>

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46254.

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That's<00:03:52.099><c> the</c><00:03:52.300><c> only</c><00:03:52.539><c> zip</c><00:03:52.819><c> code</c><00:03:53.020><c> that</c><00:03:53.219><c> makes</c><00:03:53.360><c> sense</c><00:03:53.620><c> to</c><00:03:53.819><c> me.</c>

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And<00:03:54.300><c> if</c><00:03:54.400><c> you're</c><00:03:54.520><c> going</c><00:03:54.599><c> to</c><00:03:54.740><c> get</c><00:03:55.599><c> mail</c><00:03:56.199><c> to</c><00:03:57.199><c> me.</c>

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But<00:03:57.759><c> let's</c><00:03:57.919><c> say</c><00:03:57.979><c> you</c><00:03:58.080><c> didn't</c><00:03:58.259><c> know</c><00:03:58.400><c> my</c><00:03:58.620><c> zip</c><00:03:58.840><c> code.</c><00:03:59.080><c> You</c><00:03:59.180><c> didn't</c>

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know<00:03:59.500><c> it</c><00:03:59.599><c> at</c><00:03:59.719><c> all.</c>

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So<00:03:59.919><c> you</c><00:04:00.000><c> had</c><00:04:00.159><c> to</c><00:04:00.319><c> guess.</c>

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What<00:04:01.439><c> are</c><00:04:01.580><c> the</c><00:04:01.780><c> chances</c><00:04:02.360><c> of</c><00:04:02.740><c> you</c><00:04:02.960><c> getting</c><00:04:03.139><c> the</c><00:04:03.460><c> first</c><00:04:03.680><c> digit</c><00:04:03.979><c> right?</c>

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One<00:04:05.780><c> out</c><00:04:05.939><c> of</c><00:04:06.740><c> ten,</c><00:04:07.080><c> right?</c><00:04:07.300><c> Because</c><00:04:07.539><c> it</c><00:04:08.199><c> goes</c><00:04:08.300><c> from</c><00:04:08.460><c> zero</c><00:04:08.860><c> to</c><00:04:09.000><c> nine.</c>

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So<00:04:09.780><c> there's</c><00:04:09.979><c> ten.</c><00:04:10.479><c> So</c><00:04:10.639><c> it's</c><00:04:10.819><c> a</c><00:04:10.939><c> one</c><00:04:11.060><c> out</c><00:04:11.199><c> of</c><00:04:11.319><c> ten</c><00:04:11.539><c> chance.</c>

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There's<00:04:14.719><c> a</c><00:04:14.860><c> one</c><00:04:15.060><c> tenth</c><00:04:15.240><c> chance</c><00:04:15.539><c> you</c><00:04:15.639><c> would</c><00:04:15.800><c> get</c><00:04:15.900><c> that</c><00:04:16.180><c> right,</c>

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just<00:04:16.720><c> by</c><00:04:16.939><c> guessing.</c>

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What's<00:04:18.560><c> the</c><00:04:18.699><c> chance</c><00:04:18.839><c> you</c><00:04:18.980><c> would</c><00:04:19.060><c> get</c><00:04:19.120><c> the</c><00:04:19.279><c> next</c><00:04:19.459><c> number</c><00:04:19.660><c> right?</c>

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One<00:04:21.980><c> out</c><00:04:22.139><c> of</c><00:04:22.220><c> ten.</c>

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So<00:04:23.680><c> in</c><00:04:23.819><c> other</c><00:04:24.040><c> words,</c><00:04:24.259><c> what</c><00:04:24.360><c> are</c><00:04:24.459><c> the</c><00:04:24.600><c> chances</c><00:04:24.860><c> you</c><00:04:25.000><c> would</c><00:04:25.160><c> get</c>

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the<00:04:25.480><c> first</c><00:04:25.680><c> two</c><00:04:25.899><c> numbers</c><00:04:26.180><c> both</c><00:04:26.439><c> right?</c>

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One<00:04:28.180><c> out</c><00:04:28.339><c> of</c><00:04:28.420><c> a</c><00:04:28.519><c> hundred.</c>

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And<00:04:28.980><c> the</c><00:04:29.079><c> way</c><00:04:29.220><c> you</c><00:04:29.399><c> get</c><00:04:29.560><c> that</c><00:04:29.740><c> is</c><00:04:29.860><c> by</c><00:04:30.120><c> multiplying</c><00:04:30.620><c> here.</c>

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What's<00:04:33.319><c> the</c><00:04:33.439><c> chance</c><00:04:33.579><c> you</c><00:04:33.699><c> would</c><00:04:33.839><c> get</c><00:04:33.939><c> the</c><00:04:34.079><c> next</c><00:04:34.220><c> number</c><00:04:34.420><c> right?</c>

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So<00:04:37.560><c> one</c><00:04:37.699><c> out</c><00:04:37.800><c> of</c><00:04:37.920><c> a</c><00:04:38.040><c> thousand</c><00:04:38.319><c> chance</c><00:04:38.660><c> that</c><00:04:38.839><c> just</c><00:04:39.019><c> by</c><00:04:39.339><c> random</c>

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selection<00:04:40.079><c> you</c><00:04:40.240><c> would</c><00:04:40.360><c> get</c><00:04:40.439><c> the</c><00:04:40.639><c> first</c><00:04:40.819><c> three</c><00:04:41.079><c> digits</c>

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of<00:04:42.100><c> my</c><00:04:42.300><c> zip</c><00:04:42.480><c> code</c><00:04:42.779><c> correct.</c>

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Now<00:04:43.660><c> here's</c><00:04:43.860><c> the</c><00:04:44.040><c> point</c><00:04:44.139><c> about</c><00:04:44.360><c> factorial</c><00:04:44.839><c> math.</c>

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What<00:04:45.920><c> you're</c><00:04:46.180><c> doing</c><00:04:46.379><c> in</c><00:04:46.660><c> factorials</c><00:04:48.160><c> is</c><00:04:48.819><c> multiplying</c><00:04:50.279><c> exponentially.</c>

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One<00:04:53.339><c> out</c><00:04:53.500><c> of</c><00:04:53.579><c> ten</c><00:04:53.899><c> could</c><00:04:54.000><c> be</c><00:04:54.199><c> written...</c>

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Another<00:04:55.319><c> way</c><00:04:55.500><c> to</c><00:04:55.639><c> write</c><00:04:55.860><c> ten</c><00:04:56.220><c> is</c><00:04:56.500><c> one</c><00:04:57.540><c> times</c><00:04:58.000><c> ten</c><00:04:58.399><c> to</c><00:04:58.680><c> the</c><00:04:59.240><c> one,</c><00:05:00.620><c> exponentially.</c>

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Now<00:05:02.759><c> to</c><00:05:03.040><c> get</c><00:05:03.360><c> here</c><00:05:03.879><c> one</c><00:05:04.240><c> out</c><00:05:04.360><c> of</c><00:05:04.459><c> a</c><00:05:04.519><c> hundred,</c><00:05:04.839><c> which</c><00:05:04.959><c> means</c><00:05:05.120><c> you</c>

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get<00:05:05.339><c> the</c><00:05:05.519><c> first</c><00:05:05.720><c> two</c><00:05:05.939><c> digits,</c>

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that<00:05:07.199><c> can</c><00:05:07.339><c> be</c><00:05:07.500><c> written</c><00:05:07.579><c> as</c><00:05:07.779><c> one</c><00:05:08.040><c> times</c><00:05:08.399><c> ten</c><00:05:08.680><c> to</c><00:05:08.839><c> the</c><00:05:09.019><c> second.</c>

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One<00:05:11.339><c> out</c><00:05:11.459><c> of</c><00:05:11.540><c> a</c><00:05:11.620><c> thousand</c><00:05:11.860><c> in</c><00:05:11.879><c> order</c><00:05:12.019><c> to</c><00:05:12.100><c> get</c><00:05:12.160><c> three</c><00:05:12.579><c> digits,</c>

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one<00:05:13.920><c> times</c><00:05:14.220><c> ten</c><00:05:14.480><c> to</c><00:05:14.620><c> the</c><00:05:14.800><c> three.</c>

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So<00:05:15.959><c> here's</c><00:05:16.240><c> the</c><00:05:16.459><c> point.</c>

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What<00:05:17.240><c> are</c><00:05:17.360><c> the</c><00:05:17.540><c> basic</c><00:05:17.819><c> chances</c><00:05:18.180><c> here?</c><00:05:18.500><c> They're</c><00:05:18.620><c> one</c><00:05:18.759><c> out</c><00:05:18.899><c> of</c><00:05:19.060><c> ten.</c>

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So<00:05:20.139><c> when</c><00:05:20.240><c> you're</c><00:05:20.680><c> doing</c><00:05:20.779><c> figuring</c><00:05:21.060><c> odds,</c><00:05:21.879><c> whatever</c><00:05:22.060><c> this</c><00:05:22.480><c> number</c><00:05:22.779><c> is</c>

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becomes<00:05:23.939><c> the</c><00:05:24.180><c> number</c><00:05:24.339><c> that</c><00:05:24.519><c> you</c><00:05:24.680><c> write</c><00:05:24.899><c> here.</c>

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If<00:05:28.699><c> you</c><00:05:28.860><c> just</c><00:05:29.060><c> want</c><00:05:29.220><c> one</c><00:05:29.500><c> digit,</c><00:05:30.060><c> it's</c><00:05:30.259><c> one</c><00:05:30.459><c> times</c><00:05:30.819><c> whatever</c>

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to<00:05:31.459><c> the</c><00:05:31.639><c> one.</c>

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If<00:05:32.579><c> you're</c><00:05:32.819><c> trying</c><00:05:32.920><c> to</c><00:05:33.000><c> get</c><00:05:33.120><c> two</c><00:05:33.420><c> digits,</c><00:05:34.259><c> it's</c><00:05:34.399><c> one</c><00:05:34.620><c> times</c><00:05:34.860><c> ten</c><00:05:35.060><c> to</c>

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the<00:05:35.319><c> two.</c>

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If<00:05:36.480><c> you're</c><00:05:36.720><c> trying</c><00:05:36.759><c> to</c><00:05:36.939><c> do</c><00:05:37.040><c> three</c><00:05:37.300><c> digits,</c><00:05:37.620><c> it's</c><00:05:37.779><c> three</c><00:05:38.040><c> and</c>

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so<00:05:38.439><c> forth.</c>

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Now<00:05:40.420><c> there</c><00:05:40.540><c> are</c><00:05:40.800><c> thousands...</c><00:05:42.279><c> I</c><00:05:42.720><c> take</c><00:05:42.980><c> that</c><00:05:43.160><c> back.</c>

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There<00:05:43.759><c> are</c><00:05:44.519><c> numerous</c><00:05:44.939><c> different</c><00:05:45.439><c> kinds</c><00:05:45.740><c> of</c><00:05:45.939><c> amino</c><00:05:46.139><c> acids.</c>

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But<00:05:47.199><c> anyway,</c><00:05:49.019><c> you</c><00:05:49.160><c> see</c><00:05:49.319><c> the</c><00:05:49.500><c> point.</c>

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Even<00:05:50.680><c> with</c><00:05:50.980><c> three</c><00:05:51.220><c> numbers,</c><00:05:53.939><c> it's</c><00:05:54.339><c> very</c><00:05:54.480><c> statistically</c><00:05:55.259><c> difficult</c><00:05:56.759><c> to</c>

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get<00:05:57.740><c> the</c><00:05:58.000><c> proper</c><00:05:58.300><c> zip</c><00:05:58.579><c> code</c><00:05:58.819><c> on</c><00:05:58.959><c> the</c><00:05:59.120><c> first</c><00:05:59.339><c> try.</c>

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Even<00:06:01.120><c> if</c><00:06:01.360><c> you</c><00:06:01.459><c> could</c><00:06:01.800><c> combine</c><00:06:02.459><c> amino</c><00:06:02.959><c> acids,</c><00:06:03.600><c> even</c><00:06:03.879><c> if</c><00:06:04.100><c> amino</c>

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acids<00:06:04.720><c> could</c><00:06:04.899><c> be</c><00:06:05.399><c> created</c><00:06:05.720><c> in</c><00:06:05.899><c> the</c><00:06:06.079><c> first</c><00:06:06.300><c> place,</c>

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in<00:06:06.839><c> what</c><00:06:08.019><c> a</c><00:06:08.220><c> lot</c><00:06:08.360><c> of</c><00:06:08.540><c> scientists</c><00:06:08.740><c> call</c><00:06:08.920><c> the</c><00:06:09.180><c> primordial</c><00:06:09.620><c> soup,</c>

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even<00:06:12.879><c> if</c><00:06:13.480><c> these</c><00:06:14.220><c> kind</c><00:06:14.439><c> of</c><00:06:14.660><c> amino</c><00:06:14.899><c> acids</c><00:06:15.240><c> could</c><00:06:15.480><c> occur,</c>

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if<00:06:17.379><c> you</c><00:06:17.560><c> were</c><00:06:17.699><c> to</c><00:06:17.819><c> try</c><00:06:17.959><c> to</c><00:06:18.259><c> combine</c><00:06:18.639><c> them</c><00:06:19.360><c> so</c><00:06:19.899><c> that</c><00:06:20.100><c> there</c><00:06:20.220><c> would</c><00:06:20.339><c> be</c><00:06:20.500><c> a</c>

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link<00:06:20.740><c> of</c><00:06:21.100><c> 200</c><00:06:21.759><c> in</c><00:06:22.399><c> the</c><00:06:22.660><c> proper</c><00:06:23.000><c> order</c>

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that<00:06:23.860><c> you</c><00:06:24.019><c> would</c><00:06:24.240><c> need</c><00:06:24.680><c> for</c><00:06:25.079><c> the</c><00:06:25.319><c> simplest</c><00:06:25.639><c> form</c><00:06:25.939><c> of</c><00:06:26.180><c> life,</c>

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it<00:06:27.120><c> comes</c><00:06:27.319><c> out</c><00:06:27.600><c> to</c><00:06:27.860><c> one</c><00:06:29.079><c> times</c><00:06:29.720><c> ten</c><00:06:30.040><c> to</c><00:06:30.220><c> the</c><00:06:30.439><c> 375.</c>

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And<00:06:37.240><c> that's</c><00:06:37.800><c> for</c><00:06:37.939><c> a</c><00:06:38.180><c> 200</c><00:06:38.639><c> amino</c><00:06:39.199><c> acid</c><00:06:39.500><c> system.</c>

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Now<00:06:42.459><c> to</c><00:06:42.519><c> put</c><00:06:42.680><c> that</c><00:06:42.839><c> in</c><00:06:42.939><c> perspective,</c><00:06:43.379><c> I'm</c><00:06:43.519><c> going</c><00:06:43.600><c> to</c><00:06:43.600><c> do</c><00:06:43.720><c> two</c><00:06:43.980><c> things.</c>

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The<00:06:45.220><c> lowest</c><00:06:45.779><c> or</c><00:06:46.100><c> the</c><00:06:46.500><c> smallest</c><00:06:47.000><c> DNA</c><00:06:47.680><c> form</c><00:06:48.339><c> that</c><00:06:49.399><c> is</c><00:06:49.620><c> classified</c><00:06:50.139><c> as</c><00:06:50.339><c> a</c><00:06:50.500><c> living</c><00:06:50.779><c> thing,</c><00:06:52.620><c> according</c><00:06:52.879><c> to</c>

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NASA,<00:06:53.879><c> has</c><00:06:54.139><c> 400</c><00:06:54.540><c> parts.</c>

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We're<00:06:56.860><c> talking</c><00:06:57.139><c> about</c><00:06:57.300><c> a</c><00:06:57.480><c> 200</c><00:06:57.800><c> part</c><00:06:58.079><c> system</c><00:06:58.420><c> here.</c>

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Just<00:06:58.879><c> again,</c><00:06:59.180><c> to</c><00:06:59.300><c> give</c><00:06:59.399><c> the</c><00:06:59.699><c> evolutionists</c><00:07:00.160><c> the</c><00:07:00.339><c> benefit</c><00:07:00.560><c> of</c>

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the<00:07:00.860><c> doubt.</c>

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Do<00:07:01.160><c> you</c><00:07:02.360><c> know</c><00:07:02.420><c> how</c><00:07:02.560><c> many</c><00:07:02.839><c> electrons</c><00:07:03.600><c> there</c><00:07:04.040><c> are</c><00:07:04.779><c> in</c><00:07:05.600><c> the</c><00:07:05.759><c> universe?</c>

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A<00:07:09.740><c> little</c><00:07:09.939><c> big,</c><00:07:10.259><c> right?</c>

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Now,<00:07:12.259><c> of</c><00:07:12.459><c> course,</c><00:07:12.660><c> this</c><00:07:12.779><c> is</c><00:07:12.980><c> estimated.</c><00:07:13.480><c> Nobody</c><00:07:13.720><c> knows.</c>

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But<00:07:14.139><c> I'm</c><00:07:14.319><c> going</c><00:07:14.399><c> to</c><00:07:14.519><c> use</c><00:07:14.639><c> an</c><00:07:14.860><c> evolutionary</c><00:07:15.480><c> estimate,</c><00:07:15.920><c> and</c><00:07:16.060><c> I'm</c><00:07:16.180><c> going</c><00:07:16.259><c> to</c>

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use<00:07:16.439><c> one</c><00:07:16.579><c> that's</c><00:07:16.740><c> rather</c><00:07:17.019><c> high.</c>

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One<00:07:18.360><c> times</c><00:07:18.740><c> ten</c><00:07:19.100><c> to</c><00:07:19.500><c> the</c><00:07:20.459><c> 80th</c><00:07:22.420><c> power.</c>

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Now,<00:07:26.839><c> these</c><00:07:27.160><c> numbers</c><00:07:27.399><c> are</c><00:07:27.600><c> so</c><00:07:27.860><c> large</c><00:07:28.040><c> it's</c><00:07:28.240><c> very</c><00:07:28.519><c> hard</c><00:07:28.740><c> to</c><00:07:29.079><c> picture.</c>

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But<00:07:29.879><c> I'm</c><00:07:30.600><c> going</c><00:07:30.699><c> to</c><00:07:30.759><c> go</c><00:07:30.839><c> into</c><00:07:31.000><c> a</c><00:07:31.620><c> little</c><00:07:31.860><c> bit</c><00:07:32.019><c> more</c><00:07:32.220><c> in</c><00:07:32.339><c> depth</c><00:07:32.459><c> here</c><00:07:32.620><c> in</c><00:07:32.680><c> just</c><00:07:32.819><c> a</c><00:07:32.920><c> second.</c>

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But<00:07:33.160><c> just</c><00:07:33.360><c> for</c><00:07:33.720><c> illustrative</c><00:07:34.180><c> purposes,</c><00:07:35.160><c> picture</c><00:07:35.600><c> that</c><00:07:36.259><c> of</c>

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all<00:07:36.660><c> the</c><00:07:36.899><c> electrons</c><00:07:37.199><c> in</c><00:07:37.360><c> the</c><00:07:37.519><c> universe,</c>

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one<00:07:38.160><c> of</c><00:07:38.279><c> them</c><00:07:38.360><c> we</c><00:07:38.540><c> had</c><00:07:38.660><c> marked</c><00:07:38.920><c> with</c><00:07:39.060><c> the</c><00:07:39.240><c> color</c><00:07:39.420><c> red.</c>

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And<00:07:40.860><c> you</c><00:07:40.959><c> were</c><00:07:41.019><c> to</c><00:07:41.139><c> go</c><00:07:41.360><c> blindfolded,</c><00:07:41.899><c> go</c><00:07:42.079><c> through</c><00:07:42.220><c> the</c><00:07:42.360><c> whole</c>

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universe,<00:07:43.060><c> and</c><00:07:43.639><c> pick</c><00:07:43.819><c> one</c><00:07:43.959><c> on</c><00:07:44.100><c> the</c><00:07:44.240><c> first</c><00:07:44.420><c> try.</c>

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That's<00:07:46.579><c> equivalent</c><00:07:46.899><c> to</c><00:07:47.079><c> one</c><00:07:47.300><c> times</c><00:07:47.519><c> ten</c><00:07:47.720><c> to</c><00:07:47.860><c> the</c><00:07:48.019><c> 80th.</c>

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For<00:07:48.860><c> a</c><00:07:49.139><c> 200</c><00:07:49.579><c> part</c><00:07:49.839><c> system</c><00:07:50.199><c> here,</c><00:07:51.120><c> we're</c><00:07:51.360><c> talking</c><00:07:51.579><c> the</c><00:07:51.720><c> simplest</c><00:07:52.180><c> living</c>

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organism<00:07:52.879><c> has</c><00:07:53.060><c> a</c><00:07:53.259><c> 400</c><00:07:53.519><c> part</c><00:07:53.740><c> system.</c>

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But<00:07:54.459><c> for</c><00:07:54.680><c> a</c><00:07:54.759><c> 200</c><00:07:55.040><c> part</c><00:07:55.259><c> system,</c><00:07:55.620><c> the</c><00:07:55.740><c> odds</c><00:07:55.860><c> are</c><00:07:56.000><c> one</c><00:07:56.279><c> times</c><00:07:56.519><c> ten</c>

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to<00:07:56.800><c> the</c><00:07:56.980><c> 375.</c>

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So<00:07:59.180><c> let's</c><00:07:59.399><c> see</c><00:07:59.560><c> if</c><00:07:59.620><c> this</c><00:07:59.800><c> is</c><00:07:59.959><c> even</c><00:08:00.160><c> possible,</c><00:08:00.579><c> because</c><00:08:00.899><c> evolutionists</c><00:08:01.500><c> are</c><00:08:01.720><c> fond</c><00:08:01.879><c> of</c>

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saying<00:08:02.240><c> that,</c>

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well,<00:08:03.000><c> if</c><00:08:03.120><c> you</c><00:08:03.300><c> give</c><00:08:03.420><c> it</c><00:08:03.600><c> enough</c><00:08:03.839><c> time,</c><00:08:04.720><c> eventually</c><00:08:05.199><c> it's</c><00:08:05.399><c> going</c><00:08:05.519><c> to</c>

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combine<00:08:05.959><c> up.</c>

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There's<00:08:08.300><c> one</c><00:08:08.519><c> times</c><00:08:08.759><c> ten</c><00:08:08.920><c> to</c><00:08:09.040><c> the</c><00:08:09.199><c> 80th</c><00:08:09.560><c> electrons</c><00:08:09.959><c> in</c><00:08:10.100><c> the</c><00:08:10.339><c> universe.</c>

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The<00:08:11.259><c> odds</c><00:08:11.399><c> are</c><00:08:11.560><c> one</c><00:08:11.759><c> times</c><00:08:12.000><c> ten</c><00:08:12.199><c> to</c><00:08:12.360><c> the</c><00:08:12.540><c> 375.</c>

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But<00:08:15.360><c> here's</c><00:08:15.800><c> the</c><00:08:16.019><c> thing.</c>

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How<00:08:16.779><c> many</c><00:08:18.160><c> 200</c><00:08:18.920><c> part</c><00:08:19.259><c> systems</c><00:08:19.660><c> could</c><00:08:19.800><c> you</c><00:08:20.019><c> have</c><00:08:20.180><c> at</c><00:08:20.379><c> any</c><00:08:20.560><c> one</c>

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time<00:08:21.240><c> with</c><00:08:21.740><c> this</c><00:08:21.959><c> many</c><00:08:22.180><c> electrons</c><00:08:22.620><c> in</c><00:08:22.759><c> the</c><00:08:23.040><c> universe?</c>

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What<00:08:25.800><c> you're</c><00:08:26.040><c> having</c><00:08:26.220><c> to</c><00:08:26.399><c> do</c><00:08:26.540><c> basically</c><00:08:26.939><c> is</c><00:08:27.160><c> divide</c><00:08:27.500><c> this</c><00:08:28.600><c> by</c>

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200,<00:08:30.680><c> which</c><00:08:31.019><c> is</c><00:08:31.279><c> also</c><00:08:31.540><c> written</c><00:08:31.779><c> as</c><00:08:31.980><c> two</c><00:08:32.720><c> times</c><00:08:33.240><c> ten</c><00:08:33.500><c> to</c><00:08:33.620><c> the</c><00:08:33.799><c> two.</c>

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If<00:08:35.720><c> you</c><00:08:35.840><c> do</c><00:08:35.940><c> the</c><00:08:36.080><c> math</c><00:08:36.259><c> here,</c><00:08:36.519><c> it</c><00:08:36.580><c> comes</c><00:08:36.840><c> out</c><00:08:37.240><c> as</c><00:08:37.779><c> five</c><00:08:38.360><c> times</c>

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ten<00:08:39.259><c> to</c><00:08:39.539><c> the</c><00:08:40.279><c> 77th.</c>

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Let<00:08:41.399><c> me</c><00:08:41.500><c> just</c><00:08:41.700><c> double</c><00:08:41.899><c> check</c><00:08:42.080><c> that.</c>

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At<00:08:44.600><c> any</c><00:08:45.240><c> given</c><00:08:45.480><c> time,</c><00:08:46.080><c> if</c><00:08:46.299><c> every</c><00:08:47.019><c> electron</c><00:08:47.740><c> in</c><00:08:47.960><c> the</c><00:08:48.179><c> universe</c>

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is<00:08:49.519><c> devoted</c><00:08:49.940><c> towards</c><00:08:50.279><c> being</c><00:08:51.000><c> an</c><00:08:51.360><c> amino</c><00:08:51.659><c> acid,</c>

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and<00:08:53.240><c> that's</c><00:08:53.899><c> utterly</c><00:08:54.159><c> unthinkable</c><00:08:54.700><c> anyway,</c><00:08:54.960><c> but</c><00:08:55.080><c> I'm</c><00:08:55.259><c> giving</c>

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evolutionists<00:08:56.000><c> the</c><00:08:56.120><c> benefit</c><00:08:56.379><c> of</c><00:08:56.600><c> doubt.</c>

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At<00:08:57.179><c> any</c><00:08:57.440><c> given</c><00:08:57.679><c> time,</c><00:08:58.500><c> you</c><00:08:58.639><c> could</c><00:08:58.820><c> only</c><00:08:59.179><c> have</c><00:08:59.639><c> five</c><00:09:00.139><c> times</c><00:09:00.440><c> ten</c>

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to<00:09:00.860><c> the</c><00:09:01.019><c> 77th</c><00:09:01.879><c> possibilities</c><00:09:02.460><c> of</c><00:09:03.120><c> 200</c><00:09:03.519><c> part</c><00:09:03.779><c> systems.</c>

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Now<00:09:07.720><c> let's</c><00:09:07.980><c> assume</c><00:09:08.279><c> for</c><00:09:08.480><c> a</c><00:09:08.600><c> second,</c><00:09:08.820><c> how</c><00:09:09.019><c> old</c><00:09:09.139><c> did</c><00:09:09.240><c> we</c><00:09:09.360><c> say</c><00:09:09.500><c> the</c>

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universe<00:09:10.000><c> was</c><00:09:10.399><c> yesterday?</c>

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20<00:09:13.539><c> billion</c><00:09:13.940><c> years</c><00:09:14.340><c> old.</c>

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I'm<00:09:15.139><c> going</c><00:09:15.240><c> to</c><00:09:15.320><c> give</c><00:09:15.419><c> them</c><00:09:15.580><c> the</c><00:09:15.759><c> benefit</c><00:09:16.039><c> of</c><00:09:16.220><c> the</c><00:09:16.360><c> doubt</c><00:09:16.620><c> and</c>

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say<00:09:17.240><c> that</c><00:09:17.399><c> it's</c><00:09:17.700><c> 30</c><00:09:17.919><c> billion</c><00:09:18.240><c> years</c><00:09:18.600><c> old.</c>

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So<00:09:20.059><c> 30</c><00:09:20.480><c> billion</c><00:09:21.240><c> years</c><00:09:22.279><c> old.</c>

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Just<00:09:23.700><c> to</c><00:09:23.899><c> give</c><00:09:24.000><c> them</c><00:09:24.159><c> a</c><00:09:24.259><c> little</c><00:09:24.440><c> extra</c><00:09:24.759><c> time</c><00:09:25.159><c> so</c><00:09:25.299><c> that</c><00:09:25.399><c> we</c><00:09:25.500><c> could</c><00:09:25.700><c> form</c>

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the<00:09:26.179><c> first</c><00:09:26.379><c> strand</c><00:09:26.679><c> of</c><00:09:26.940><c> DNA.</c>

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And<00:09:29.139><c> let's</c><00:09:29.379><c> assume</c><00:09:29.700><c> further,</c><00:09:30.080><c> giving</c><00:09:30.320><c> them</c><00:09:30.500><c> the</c><00:09:30.700><c> benefit</c><00:09:30.919><c> of</c>

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the<00:09:31.259><c> doubt,</c><00:09:31.860><c> that</c><00:09:31.980><c> these</c><00:09:32.220><c> electrons</c><00:09:32.720><c> are</c><00:09:32.960><c> all</c><00:09:33.340><c> recombining.</c>

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They<00:09:34.100><c> keep</c><00:09:34.480><c> trying</c><00:09:34.860><c> something.</c>

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Well,<00:09:35.200><c> this</c><00:09:35.299><c> doesn't</c><00:09:35.440><c> work.</c>

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They<00:09:35.779><c> try</c><00:09:35.940><c> again,</c><00:09:36.179><c> they</c><00:09:36.299><c> try</c><00:09:36.480><c> again,</c><00:09:36.620><c> they</c><00:09:36.779><c> try</c><00:09:36.899><c> again,</c><00:09:37.039><c> try</c><00:09:37.220><c> again.</c>

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They<00:09:37.879><c> keep</c><00:09:38.039><c> trying</c><00:09:38.279><c> again,</c><00:09:38.500><c> trying</c><00:09:38.720><c> again,</c><00:09:38.899><c> trying</c><00:09:39.120><c> again</c><00:09:39.480><c> at</c>

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the<00:09:40.440><c> rate</c><00:09:40.559><c> of</c><00:09:40.820><c> a</c><00:09:40.940><c> billion</c><00:09:41.399><c> times</c><00:09:42.220><c> a</c><00:09:42.519><c> second.</c>

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Now<00:09:45.460><c> here's</c><00:09:45.659><c> some</c><00:09:45.879><c> good</c><00:09:46.039><c> math.</c>

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If<00:09:47.759><c> this</c><00:09:48.019><c> has</c><00:09:48.179><c> been</c><00:09:48.320><c> going</c><00:09:48.519><c> on</c><00:09:48.659><c> for</c><00:09:48.879><c> 30,</c><00:09:49.200><c> if</c><00:09:49.379><c> we've</c><00:09:49.539><c> been</c><00:09:49.700><c> around</c><00:09:49.860><c> for</c>

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30<00:09:50.299><c> billion</c><00:09:50.539><c> years,</c>

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and<00:09:51.080><c> these</c><00:09:51.279><c> things</c><00:09:51.440><c> have</c><00:09:51.580><c> been</c><00:09:51.759><c> combining</c><00:09:52.039><c> at</c><00:09:52.200><c> the</c><00:09:52.320><c> rate</c><00:09:52.440><c> of</c>

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one<00:09:53.340><c> billion</c><00:09:53.840><c> times</c><00:09:54.500><c> per</c><00:09:55.059><c> second,</c>

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how<00:09:55.840><c> many</c><00:09:56.059><c> total</c><00:09:56.899><c> combinations</c><00:09:57.440><c> have</c><00:09:57.580><c> been</c><00:09:57.759><c> created?</c>

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I<00:10:00.100><c> got</c><00:10:00.299><c> cheat.</c>

00:10:02.059 --> 00:10:04.519
Five<00:10:02.480><c> times</c><00:10:02.840><c> ten</c><00:10:03.120><c> to</c><00:10:03.220><c> the</c><00:10:03.419><c> 104.</c>

00:10:08.679 --> 00:10:10.279
Okay,<00:10:08.940><c> let</c><00:10:09.080><c> me</c><00:10:09.200><c> erase</c><00:10:09.379><c> up</c><00:10:09.539><c> to</c><00:10:09.679><c> this</c><00:10:09.919><c> point.</c>

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So<00:10:11.240><c> the</c><00:10:11.700><c> total</c><00:10:12.220><c> number</c><00:10:13.039><c> is</c><00:10:13.899><c> five</c><00:10:14.720><c> times</c><00:10:15.360><c> ten</c><00:10:15.720><c> to</c><00:10:15.879><c> the</c><00:10:16.000><c> 104.</c>

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I'm<00:10:19.279><c> giving</c><00:10:19.679><c> evolutionists</c><00:10:20.379><c> by</c><00:10:20.679><c> far</c><00:10:21.100><c> every</c><00:10:21.419><c> benefit</c><00:10:21.740><c> of</c><00:10:21.899><c> the</c><00:10:22.100><c> doubt.</c>

00:10:22.919 --> 00:10:28.879
At<00:10:22.919><c> best,</c><00:10:23.860><c> those</c><00:10:24.080><c> are</c><00:10:24.320><c> the</c><00:10:24.419><c> odds</c><00:10:24.960><c> that</c><00:10:26.620><c> at</c><00:10:26.799><c> one</c><00:10:27.120><c> point</c><00:10:27.480><c> you've</c><00:10:27.919><c> had.</c>

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I<00:10:31.600><c> mean,</c><00:10:31.759><c> that's</c><00:10:32.000><c> the</c><00:10:32.139><c> total</c><00:10:32.399><c> number</c><00:10:32.679><c> of</c><00:10:32.940><c> possible</c><00:10:33.360><c> combinations</c><00:10:33.779><c> you</c><00:10:33.960><c> could</c><00:10:34.179><c> have.</c>

00:10:35.259 --> 00:10:36.820
But<00:10:35.440><c> there's</c><00:10:35.620><c> one</c><00:10:35.820><c> thing</c><00:10:35.940><c> left</c><00:10:36.159><c> to</c><00:10:36.379><c> do.</c>

00:10:37.279 --> 00:10:40.639
The<00:10:37.720><c> odds</c><00:10:37.980><c> of</c><00:10:38.179><c> getting</c><00:10:38.279><c> it</c><00:10:38.440><c> in</c><00:10:38.519><c> the</c><00:10:38.700><c> first</c><00:10:38.940><c> place</c><00:10:39.480><c> are</c><00:10:39.940><c> one</c><00:10:40.179><c> times</c><00:10:40.440><c> ten</c>

00:10:40.639 --> 00:10:42.320
to<00:10:40.740><c> the</c><00:10:40.899><c> 375.</c>

00:10:47.580 --> 00:10:49.960
This,<00:10:47.740><c> no,</c><00:10:47.940><c> this</c><00:10:48.139><c> would</c><00:10:48.279><c> be,</c><00:10:49.080><c> it's</c><00:10:49.320><c> assuming</c><00:10:49.580><c> that</c><00:10:49.759><c> if</c><00:10:49.860><c> you</c>

00:10:49.960 --> 00:10:52.240
can<00:10:50.100><c> make</c><00:10:50.240><c> one</c><00:10:50.519><c> strand</c><00:10:50.720><c> that</c><00:10:51.039><c> that</c><00:10:51.220><c> will</c><00:10:51.440><c> duplicate</c><00:10:51.820><c> itself.</c>

00:10:52.360 --> 00:10:55.019
So<00:10:52.519><c> again,</c><00:10:52.659><c> I'm</c><00:10:52.820><c> even</c><00:10:53.059><c> giving</c><00:10:53.240><c> them</c><00:10:53.419><c> the</c><00:10:53.740><c> benefit</c><00:10:54.080><c> of</c><00:10:54.240><c> the</c><00:10:54.340><c> doubt.</c>

00:10:55.039 --> 00:10:57.340
But<00:10:55.320><c> this</c><00:10:55.720><c> is</c><00:10:55.860><c> the</c><00:10:56.059><c> total</c><00:10:56.279><c> number,</c><00:10:56.580><c> this</c><00:10:56.740><c> is</c><00:10:56.940><c> the</c><00:10:57.100><c> odds.</c>

00:10:57.460 --> 00:11:00.480
One<00:10:57.700><c> out</c><00:10:57.879><c> of</c><00:10:58.100><c> this</c><00:10:58.340><c> number</c><00:10:58.759><c> is</c><00:10:59.179><c> what</c><00:10:59.360><c> you</c><00:10:59.519><c> would</c><00:10:59.679><c> need</c><00:10:59.799><c> to</c><00:11:00.019><c> have</c><00:11:00.179><c> life.</c>

00:11:00.720 --> 00:11:03.259
This<00:11:00.980><c> is</c><00:11:01.120><c> the</c><00:11:01.340><c> total</c><00:11:01.700><c> possible</c><00:11:02.200><c> number</c><00:11:02.500><c> of</c><00:11:02.799><c> combinations.</c>

00:11:03.259 --> 00:11:10.539
So<00:11:03.840><c> what</c><00:11:03.960><c> we</c><00:11:04.120><c> can</c><00:11:04.240><c> do</c><00:11:04.440><c> is</c><00:11:04.740><c> subtract</c><00:11:05.799><c> and</c><00:11:09.840><c> I'm</c><00:11:10.220><c> going</c><00:11:10.340><c> to</c><00:11:10.419><c> cheat</c>

00:11:10.539 --> 00:11:11.879
here<00:11:10.779><c> again.</c>

00:11:12.080 --> 00:11:20.320
Two<00:11:12.299><c> times</c><00:11:12.679><c> ten</c><00:11:13.100><c> to</c><00:11:13.419><c> the</c><00:11:13.679><c> 270th</c><00:11:15.679><c> is</c><00:11:18.320><c> the</c><00:11:18.620><c> end</c><00:11:18.860><c> resulting</c><00:11:19.299><c> odds.</c>

00:11:22.440 --> 00:11:25.980
Even<00:11:22.779><c> if</c><00:11:23.019><c> every</c><00:11:23.340><c> electron</c><00:11:24.019><c> in</c><00:11:24.500><c> the</c><00:11:24.700><c> universe</c><00:11:25.120><c> was</c><00:11:25.500><c> an</c><00:11:25.700><c> amino</c>

00:11:25.980 --> 00:11:28.100
acid<00:11:26.419><c> for</c><00:11:26.779><c> the</c><00:11:26.960><c> last</c><00:11:27.159><c> 30</c><00:11:27.460><c> billion</c><00:11:27.679><c> years</c>

00:11:28.100 --> 00:11:30.539
and<00:11:28.320><c> a</c><00:11:28.539><c> billion</c><00:11:28.740><c> times</c><00:11:29.080><c> a</c><00:11:29.279><c> second</c><00:11:29.460><c> they</c><00:11:29.600><c> were</c><00:11:29.820><c> recombining,</c>

00:11:30.539 --> 00:11:35.580
even<00:11:31.259><c> then</c><00:11:31.879><c> these</c><00:11:32.519><c> are</c><00:11:32.700><c> the</c><00:11:32.919><c> odds</c><00:11:33.360><c> that</c><00:11:34.120><c> on</c><00:11:34.360><c> one</c><00:11:34.460><c> of</c><00:11:34.600><c> those</c><00:11:34.759><c> occasions</c><00:11:35.279><c> you</c>

00:11:35.580 --> 00:11:37.159
would<00:11:35.720><c> have</c><00:11:35.820><c> a</c><00:11:36.000><c> 200</c><00:11:36.279><c> part</c><00:11:36.580><c> system</c>

00:11:37.159 --> 00:11:40.220
that<00:11:38.080><c> would</c><00:11:38.220><c> be</c><00:11:38.419><c> suitable</c><00:11:38.639><c> for</c><00:11:38.940><c> life.</c>

00:11:41.460 --> 00:11:44.519
And<00:11:41.539><c> again,</c><00:11:41.779><c> remember,</c><00:11:42.600><c> this</c><00:11:42.799><c> is</c><00:11:43.000><c> the</c><00:11:43.240><c> estimated</c><00:11:43.740><c> total</c><00:11:44.019><c> number</c><00:11:44.279><c> of</c>

00:11:44.519 --> 00:11:46.259
electrons<00:11:44.940><c> in</c><00:11:45.120><c> the</c><00:11:45.240><c> universe.</c>

00:11:48.460 --> 00:11:51.740
You'd<00:11:48.759><c> still</c><00:11:48.919><c> be</c><00:11:49.120><c> better</c><00:11:49.320><c> off</c><00:11:49.559><c> trying</c><00:11:49.799><c> to</c><00:11:50.000><c> pick</c><00:11:50.279><c> one</c><00:11:51.000><c> red</c><00:11:51.240><c> electron</c><00:11:51.620><c> out</c>

00:11:51.740 --> 00:11:54.019
of<00:11:51.899><c> the</c><00:11:52.000><c> entire</c><00:11:52.299><c> universe</c><00:11:52.659><c> of</c><00:11:52.899><c> electrons</c>

00:11:54.519 --> 00:11:56.059
than<00:11:55.039><c> this</c><00:11:55.299><c> number.</c>

00:11:57.820 --> 00:12:01.039
Statistically<00:11:58.600><c> it</c><00:11:58.820><c> is</c><00:11:59.100><c> absolutely</c><00:11:59.580><c> impossible</c><00:12:00.240><c> to</c><00:12:00.600><c> think</c>

00:12:01.039 --> 00:12:02.419
that<00:12:01.559><c> life</c><00:12:01.860><c> began</c>

00:12:02.419 --> 00:12:06.100
even<00:12:03.200><c> if</c><00:12:04.139><c> amino</c><00:12:04.500><c> acids</c><00:12:04.919><c> were</c><00:12:05.139><c> there</c><00:12:05.399><c> in</c><00:12:05.639><c> abundance,</c>

00:12:06.100 --> 00:12:09.120
even<00:12:06.919><c> if</c><00:12:07.159><c> the</c><00:12:07.299><c> universe</c><00:12:07.600><c> is</c><00:12:07.860><c> 30</c><00:12:08.080><c> billion</c><00:12:08.379><c> years</c><00:12:08.720><c> old.</c>

00:12:09.500 --> 00:12:12.059
It<00:12:09.639><c> is</c><00:12:09.940><c> still</c><00:12:10.360><c> statistically</c><00:12:11.039><c> impossible.</c>

00:12:13.200 --> 00:12:14.919
And<00:12:13.360><c> remember</c><00:12:13.580><c> one</c><00:12:13.779><c> other</c><00:12:13.980><c> thing.</c>

00:12:15.100 --> 00:12:19.659
These<00:12:15.360><c> numbers</c><00:12:16.080><c> take</c><00:12:16.820><c> into</c><00:12:17.080><c> account</c><00:12:17.559><c> a</c><00:12:17.980><c> 200</c><00:12:18.399><c> part</c><00:12:18.700><c> system.</c>

00:12:21.379 --> 00:12:24.840
A<00:12:21.820><c> 400</c><00:12:22.240><c> part</c><00:12:22.519><c> system,</c><00:12:23.539><c> the</c><00:12:23.659><c> numbers</c><00:12:23.960><c> would</c><00:12:24.220><c> just</c><00:12:24.440><c> be</c>

00:12:24.840 --> 00:12:26.620
absolutely<00:12:25.440><c> outrageous.</c>

00:12:36.440 --> 00:12:39.379
There's<00:12:36.879><c> no</c><00:12:37.059><c> evolutionist</c><00:12:37.600><c> who</c><00:12:37.700><c> would</c><00:12:37.820><c> say</c><00:12:38.000><c> that</c><00:12:38.539><c> life,</c>

00:12:39.919 --> 00:12:42.299
I<00:12:39.940><c> mean</c><00:12:40.059><c> life</c><00:12:40.279><c> had</c><00:12:40.460><c> to</c><00:12:40.620><c> begin</c><00:12:40.740><c> at</c><00:12:40.919><c> some</c><00:12:41.120><c> point</c><00:12:41.279><c> after</c><00:12:41.539><c> the</c><00:12:41.679><c> Big</c><00:12:41.879><c> Bang,</c>

00:12:42.799 --> 00:12:44.720
according<00:12:43.100><c> to</c><00:12:43.299><c> the</c><00:12:43.419><c> theory</c><00:12:43.600><c> of</c><00:12:43.820><c> evolution.</c>

00:12:49.440 --> 00:12:51.840
Just,<00:12:50.039><c> that</c><00:12:50.120><c> would</c><00:12:50.320><c> be</c><00:12:50.480><c> physics</c><00:12:50.840><c> that</c><00:12:51.220><c> would</c><00:12:51.379><c> go</c><00:12:51.559><c> beyond</c><00:12:51.740><c> that.</c>

00:12:51.840 --> 00:12:54.059
I'm<00:12:52.019><c> saying</c><00:12:52.200><c> even</c><00:12:52.460><c> if</c><00:12:52.620><c> the</c><00:12:52.759><c> Big</c><00:12:52.919><c> Bang</c><00:12:53.080><c> happened.</c>

00:12:59.340 --> 00:13:01.299
Even<00:12:59.580><c> if</c><00:12:59.759><c> there,</c><00:13:00.019><c> let</c><00:13:00.200><c> me</c><00:13:00.259><c> put</c><00:13:00.360><c> it</c><00:13:00.460><c> this</c><00:13:00.620><c> way,</c><00:13:00.799><c> even</c><00:13:01.000><c> if</c><00:13:01.100><c> there</c>

00:13:01.299 --> 00:13:02.820
had<00:13:01.399><c> been</c><00:13:01.539><c> life</c><00:13:01.799><c> before</c><00:13:02.120><c> the</c><00:13:02.279><c> Big</c><00:13:02.480><c> Bang,</c>

00:13:03.320 --> 00:13:05.759
and<00:13:03.399><c> I'm</c><00:13:03.539><c> giving</c><00:13:03.720><c> evolutionists</c><00:13:04.259><c> the</c><00:13:04.299><c> benefit</c><00:13:04.559><c> of</c><00:13:04.759><c> the</c><00:13:04.759><c> doubt</c><00:13:04.879><c> here,</c>

00:13:06.000 --> 00:13:09.080
it<00:13:06.159><c> would</c><00:13:06.320><c> have</c><00:13:06.539><c> ceased</c><00:13:06.679><c> to</c><00:13:07.059><c> exist</c><00:13:07.279><c> at</c><00:13:07.519><c> the</c><00:13:07.679><c> point</c><00:13:07.820><c> of</c><00:13:07.980><c> the</c><00:13:08.080><c> Big</c><00:13:08.259><c> Bang</c>

00:13:09.120 --> 00:13:10.919
and<00:13:09.299><c> so</c><00:13:09.399><c> would</c><00:13:09.559><c> have</c><00:13:09.659><c> had</c><00:13:09.759><c> to</c><00:13:09.899><c> begin</c><00:13:10.100><c> anew.</c>

00:13:11.000 --> 00:13:16.100
So<00:13:11.159><c> any</c><00:13:11.700><c> evolutionist,</c><00:13:12.639><c> the</c><00:13:12.840><c> absolute</c><00:13:13.200><c> earliest</c><00:13:13.960><c> theoretical</c><00:13:14.799><c> anyway</c><00:13:15.860><c> you</c>

00:13:16.100 --> 00:13:16.539
could<00:13:16.200><c> have</c><00:13:16.360><c> life</c>

00:13:16.539 --> 00:13:19.000
would<00:13:16.639><c> be</c><00:13:17.179><c> 20</c><00:13:17.600><c> billion</c><00:13:17.840><c> years</c><00:13:18.100><c> ago.</c>

00:13:19.440 --> 00:13:21.240
So,<00:13:19.639><c> I'm</c><00:13:19.820><c> sorry,</c><00:13:20.259><c> you</c><00:13:20.360><c> had</c><00:13:20.480><c> a</c><00:13:20.559><c> question?</c>

00:13:31.500 --> 00:13:33.360
I<00:13:31.899><c> don't</c><00:13:32.299><c> have</c><00:13:32.539><c> a</c><00:13:32.759><c> reference</c><00:13:32.960><c> off</c><00:13:33.100><c> the</c><00:13:33.159><c> top</c><00:13:33.220><c> of</c><00:13:33.299><c> my</c><00:13:33.360><c> head.</c>

00:13:33.440 --> 00:13:35.399
If<00:13:33.480><c> you</c><00:13:33.679><c> want,</c><00:13:33.840><c> after</c><00:13:34.120><c> the</c><00:13:34.340><c> class</c><00:13:34.519><c> time</c><00:13:34.639><c> is</c><00:13:34.759><c> over</c><00:13:34.840><c> we</c><00:13:34.919><c> can</c><00:13:35.200><c> look</c>

00:13:35.399 --> 00:13:37.379
at<00:13:35.500><c> one</c><00:13:35.659><c> of</c><00:13:35.679><c> the</c><00:13:35.840><c> encyclopedias</c><00:13:36.419><c> or</c><00:13:36.620><c> something.</c>

00:13:38.220 --> 00:13:43.340
That's<00:13:38.620><c> a</c><00:13:38.740><c> figure</c><00:13:38.899><c> that</c><00:13:39.100><c> I've</c><00:13:39.279><c> had,</c><00:13:40.659><c> that</c><00:13:40.799><c> I</c><00:13:41.080><c> got</c><00:13:41.299><c> from,</c>

00:13:45.480 --> 00:13:47.419
it<00:13:45.820><c> was</c><00:13:45.980><c> a</c><00:13:46.120><c> book</c><00:13:46.279><c> written</c><00:13:46.500><c> by</c><00:13:46.740><c> an</c><00:13:46.879><c> evolutionist.</c>

00:13:47.519 --> 00:13:49.159
I'm<00:13:47.519><c> not</c><00:13:47.820><c> sure,</c><00:13:48.179><c> I</c><00:13:48.320><c> couldn't</c><00:13:48.519><c> tell</c><00:13:48.659><c> you</c><00:13:48.759><c> off</c><00:13:48.899><c> the</c><00:13:48.919><c> top</c><00:13:48.980><c> of</c><00:13:49.080><c> my</c>

00:13:49.159 --> 00:13:50.480
head<00:13:49.240><c> which</c><00:13:49.440><c> one</c><00:13:49.539><c> it</c><00:13:49.740><c> was.</c>

00:14:00.299 --> 00:14:06.000
No,<00:14:00.779><c> I</c><00:14:00.779><c> mean</c><00:14:00.960><c> even</c><00:14:01.200><c> uranium</c><00:14:01.600><c> has</c><00:14:02.279><c> like,</c><00:14:04.080><c> or</c><00:14:05.000><c> 230</c><00:14:05.580><c> or</c><00:14:05.840><c> so.</c>

00:14:06.059 --> 00:14:09.139
I<00:14:06.080><c> mean,</c><00:14:06.240><c> and</c><00:14:06.399><c> that's</c><00:14:06.580><c> even</c><00:14:06.740><c> a</c><00:14:06.879><c> very</c><00:14:07.120><c> large,</c><00:14:09.139><c> I</c><00:14:09.139><c> mean,</c>

00:14:09.500 --> 00:14:12.220
yeah,<00:14:09.679><c> but</c><00:14:09.799><c> the</c><00:14:09.960><c> same</c><00:14:10.080><c> number,</c><00:14:10.399><c> there's</c><00:14:10.700><c> the</c><00:14:10.799><c> same</c><00:14:10.919><c> number</c><00:14:11.120><c> of</c><00:14:11.320><c> electrons.</c>

00:14:12.840 --> 00:14:15.620
Remember<00:14:13.159><c> the</c><00:14:13.419><c> law</c><00:14:13.539><c> of</c><00:14:13.860><c> the</c><00:14:14.200><c> conservation</c><00:14:14.600><c> of</c><00:14:14.840><c> matter?</c>

00:14:20.360 --> 00:14:25.039
Okay,<00:14:23.000><c> I'm</c><00:14:23.139><c> gonna,</c><00:14:23.399><c> let</c><00:14:23.500><c> me</c><00:14:23.580><c> put</c><00:14:23.679><c> it</c><00:14:23.799><c> this</c><00:14:24.000><c> way.</c>

00:14:25.139 --> 00:14:28.000
Even<00:14:25.220><c> if</c><00:14:25.480><c> evolutionists,</c><00:14:26.279><c> and</c><00:14:26.460><c> again,</c><00:14:26.679><c> this</c><00:14:27.059><c> is</c><00:14:27.259><c> an</c><00:14:27.379><c> evolutionary</c><00:14:27.759><c> number,</c>

00:14:28.120 --> 00:14:31.100
even<00:14:28.279><c> if</c><00:14:28.480><c> evolutionists</c><00:14:29.080><c> missed</c><00:14:29.360><c> by</c><00:14:29.940><c> a</c><00:14:30.200><c> thousand,</c>

00:14:31.220 --> 00:14:34.139
even<00:14:31.399><c> if</c><00:14:31.539><c> the</c><00:14:31.639><c> universe</c><00:14:31.820><c> has</c><00:14:32.039><c> a</c><00:14:32.539><c> thousand</c><00:14:33.059><c> times</c><00:14:33.779><c> the</c><00:14:34.019><c> number</c>

00:14:34.139 --> 00:14:34.620
of<00:14:34.340><c> electrons,</c>

00:14:34.919 --> 00:14:38.779
that's<00:14:35.100><c> only</c><00:14:35.299><c> ten,</c><00:14:35.940><c> or</c><00:14:36.120><c> one</c><00:14:36.320><c> times</c><00:14:36.539><c> ten</c><00:14:36.740><c> to</c><00:14:36.860><c> the</c><00:14:36.960><c> 83rd.</c>

00:14:38.779 --> 00:14:41.139
Okay,<00:14:39.519><c> you</c><00:14:39.620><c> would</c><00:14:39.820><c> have,</c><00:14:40.059><c> I</c><00:14:40.080><c> mean</c><00:14:40.139><c> they</c><00:14:40.299><c> would</c><00:14:40.500><c> have</c><00:14:40.639><c> to</c><00:14:40.820><c> be</c>

00:14:41.139 --> 00:14:41.720
far,<00:14:41.379><c> far</c><00:14:41.580><c> removed.</c>

00:14:41.779 --> 00:14:43.559
I<00:14:41.860><c> do</c><00:14:42.019><c> want</c><00:14:42.120><c> to</c><00:14:42.240><c> move</c><00:14:42.399><c> on,</c><00:14:42.659><c> okay,</c><00:14:42.879><c> if</c><00:14:43.000><c> we</c><00:14:43.120><c> want</c><00:14:43.240><c> to,</c>

00:14:43.899 --> 00:14:46.220
I'll<00:14:44.100><c> leave</c><00:14:44.299><c> these</c><00:14:44.539><c> kinds</c><00:14:44.720><c> of</c><00:14:44.860><c> questions</c><00:14:45.080><c> off</c><00:14:45.299><c> of</c><00:14:45.399><c> the</c><00:14:45.539><c> class.</c>

00:14:46.259 --> 00:14:48.080
I<00:14:46.399><c> have</c><00:14:46.600><c> several</c><00:14:46.879><c> quotes</c><00:14:47.139><c> I</c><00:14:47.220><c> want</c><00:14:47.360><c> to</c><00:14:47.460><c> read</c><00:14:47.539><c> today</c><00:14:47.740><c> and</c><00:14:47.820><c> I</c><00:14:48.000><c> want</c>

00:14:48.080 --> 00:14:50.080
to<00:14:48.220><c> begin</c><00:14:48.580><c> with</c><00:14:49.019><c> this</c><00:14:49.299><c> one.</c>

00:14:50.179 --> 00:14:54.919
This<00:14:50.360><c> is</c><00:14:50.580><c> a</c><00:14:50.740><c> book</c><00:14:50.899><c> written</c><00:14:51.200><c> by</c><00:14:52.580><c> a</c><00:14:53.279><c> leading</c><00:14:53.539><c> evolutionist,</c>

00:14:55.000 --> 00:14:57.399
and<00:14:55.299><c> the</c><00:14:55.620><c> book</c><00:14:55.799><c> actually</c><00:14:56.100><c> is</c><00:14:56.259><c> entitled</c><00:14:56.559><c> Beyond</c><00:14:56.940><c> Natural</c>

00:14:57.399 --> 00:14:58.500
Selection,<00:14:58.139><c> okay.</c>

00:14:58.799 --> 00:15:01.460
This<00:14:59.019><c> guy</c><00:14:59.220><c> is</c><00:14:59.340><c> one</c><00:14:59.480><c> of</c><00:14:59.539><c> the</c><00:14:59.659><c> leading</c><00:14:59.919><c> evolutionists</c><00:15:00.500><c> of</c><00:15:00.659><c> today.</c>

00:15:02.519 --> 00:15:04.879
He<00:15:02.779><c> says,</c><00:15:03.139><c> the</c><00:15:03.179><c> requisites</c><00:15:03.700><c> have</c><00:15:03.879><c> been</c><00:15:04.059><c> considered</c><00:15:04.399><c> mostly</c>

00:15:04.879 --> 00:15:07.080
in<00:15:05.039><c> terms</c><00:15:05.320><c> of</c><00:15:05.440><c> physical</c><00:15:05.799><c> laws</c><00:15:06.100><c> of</c><00:15:06.299><c> nature.</c>

00:15:07.360 --> 00:15:09.679
Physicists<00:15:07.960><c> conclude</c><00:15:08.320><c> that</c><00:15:08.519><c> the</c><00:15:08.720><c> cosmos</c><00:15:09.120><c> had</c><00:15:09.320><c> to</c><00:15:09.460><c> be</c>

00:15:09.679 --> 00:15:10.620
perfectly<00:15:10.139><c> adjusted</c>

00:15:10.620 --> 00:15:13.000
to<00:15:10.860><c> an</c><00:15:11.059><c> incredible</c><00:15:11.519><c> degree</c><00:15:11.799><c> of</c><00:15:12.059><c> precision,</c>

00:15:13.159 --> 00:15:15.759
a<00:15:13.279><c> trillionth</c><00:15:14.240><c> of</c><00:15:14.360><c> many</c><00:15:14.720><c> trillions,</c>

00:15:15.980 --> 00:15:18.519
to<00:15:16.159><c> make</c><00:15:16.399><c> extremely</c><00:15:17.019><c> complex</c><00:15:17.539><c> structures</c><00:15:17.919><c> possible.</c>

00:15:18.940 --> 00:15:22.980
There<00:15:19.120><c> had</c><00:15:19.299><c> to</c><00:15:19.440><c> be</c><00:15:19.559><c> just</c><00:15:19.799><c> exactly</c><00:15:20.320><c> the</c><00:15:20.600><c> right</c><00:15:20.879><c> excess</c><00:15:21.279><c> of</c><00:15:21.580><c> matter</c><00:15:21.799><c> over</c><00:15:22.200><c> antimatter,</c>

00:15:23.399 --> 00:15:25.840
that<00:15:23.539><c> is</c><00:15:23.740><c> about</c><00:15:24.039><c> one</c><00:15:24.340><c> part</c><00:15:24.639><c> in</c><00:15:24.879><c> a</c><00:15:25.000><c> billion,</c>

00:15:26.059 --> 00:15:30.000
in<00:15:26.200><c> the</c><00:15:26.440><c> fireball</c><00:15:26.840><c> in</c><00:15:26.960><c> which</c><00:15:27.100><c> it</c><00:15:27.220><c> all</c><00:15:27.340><c> began</c><00:15:27.639><c> about</c><00:15:27.960><c> 15</c><00:15:28.460><c> billion</c><00:15:28.779><c> years</c><00:15:29.019><c> ago.</c>

00:15:30.500 --> 00:15:33.039
The<00:15:30.779><c> relation</c><00:15:31.100><c> of</c><00:15:31.399><c> gravitational</c><00:15:31.940><c> and</c><00:15:32.100><c> other</c><00:15:32.340><c> forces</c><00:15:32.679><c> had</c><00:15:32.899><c> to</c>

00:15:33.039 --> 00:15:34.159
be<00:15:33.299><c> precisely</c><00:15:33.679><c> right</c>

00:15:34.159 --> 00:15:36.620
in<00:15:34.679><c> order</c><00:15:34.879><c> to</c><00:15:35.080><c> make</c><00:15:35.240><c> stable</c><00:15:35.620><c> stars.</c>

00:15:36.960 --> 00:15:39.620
And<00:15:37.080><c> nuclear</c><00:15:37.419><c> forces</c><00:15:37.860><c> had</c><00:15:38.080><c> to</c><00:15:38.220><c> be</c><00:15:38.500><c> exactly</c><00:15:39.080><c> adjusted</c>

00:15:39.620 --> 00:15:41.899
to<00:15:39.940><c> cause</c><00:15:40.179><c> the</c><00:15:40.340><c> fusion</c><00:15:40.679><c> of</c><00:15:40.919><c> hydrogen</c><00:15:41.200><c> into</c><00:15:41.480><c> helium</c>

00:15:41.899 --> 00:15:45.860
in<00:15:42.519><c> the</c><00:15:42.759><c> interior</c><00:15:43.120><c> of</c><00:15:43.379><c> stars</c><00:15:43.639><c> providing</c><00:15:44.039><c> a</c><00:15:44.279><c> steady</c><00:15:44.519><c> source</c><00:15:44.799><c> of</c><00:15:45.039><c> energy.</c>

00:15:46.299 --> 00:15:49.820
An<00:15:46.460><c> indispensable</c><00:15:47.100><c> detail</c><00:15:47.740><c> is</c><00:15:48.019><c> that</c><00:15:48.240><c> carbon</c><00:15:48.580><c> had</c><00:15:48.820><c> to</c><00:15:49.000><c> have</c><00:15:49.159><c> a</c><00:15:49.360><c> resonance</c>

00:15:49.820 --> 00:15:53.100
at<00:15:50.519><c> exactly</c><00:15:51.039><c> 7</c><00:15:51.399><c>.6</c><00:15:51.919><c> million</c><00:15:52.220><c> electron</c><00:15:52.779><c> volts</c>

00:15:53.100 --> 00:15:56.740
in<00:15:53.899><c> order</c><00:15:54.139><c> to</c><00:15:54.360><c> permit</c><00:15:55.059><c> the</c><00:15:55.279><c> formation</c><00:15:55.700><c> inside</c><00:15:56.080><c> stars</c><00:15:56.460><c> of</c>

00:15:56.740 --> 00:15:57.659
heavier<00:15:57.059><c> nuclei</c>

00:15:57.659 --> 00:15:59.960
from<00:15:58.460><c> helium</c><00:15:58.879><c> by</c><00:15:59.120><c> way</c><00:15:59.299><c> of</c><00:15:59.460><c> beryllium.</c>

00:15:59.960 --> 00:16:02.580
Otherwise,<00:16:01.120><c> there</c><00:16:01.179><c> would</c><00:16:01.340><c> be</c><00:16:01.519><c> a</c><00:16:01.700><c> gaseous</c><00:16:02.100><c> universe</c>

00:16:02.580 --> 00:16:04.940
with<00:16:02.799><c> no</c><00:16:03.039><c> way</c><00:16:03.200><c> to</c><00:16:03.360><c> make</c><00:16:03.539><c> complex</c><00:16:03.960><c> structures.</c>

00:16:05.580 --> 00:16:08.659
It<00:16:05.600><c> was</c><00:16:05.840><c> also</c><00:16:06.200><c> necessary</c><00:16:06.799><c> that</c><00:16:07.500><c> oxygen</c><00:16:07.899><c> not</c><00:16:08.220><c> have</c><00:16:08.419><c> a</c>

00:16:08.659 --> 00:16:09.480
comparable<00:16:08.960><c> resonance.</c>

00:16:09.860 --> 00:16:13.080
If<00:16:10.039><c> it</c><00:16:10.240><c> did,</c><00:16:10.919><c> it</c><00:16:11.080><c> would</c><00:16:11.299><c> destroy</c><00:16:11.740><c> carbon</c><00:16:12.240><c> too</c><00:16:12.519><c> rapidly</c>

00:16:13.080 --> 00:16:16.179
and<00:16:13.659><c> prevent</c><00:16:13.919><c> the</c><00:16:14.200><c> accumulation</c><00:16:14.740><c> of</c><00:16:15.000><c> heavier</c><00:16:15.220><c> elements.</c>

00:16:17.139 --> 00:16:19.440
Once<00:16:17.419><c> potentially</c><00:16:17.960><c> useful</c><00:16:18.299><c> elements</c><00:16:18.659><c> were</c><00:16:18.899><c> cooked</c><00:16:19.039><c> up</c><00:16:19.259><c> in</c>

00:16:19.440 --> 00:16:20.299
stellar<00:16:19.700><c> interiors,</c>

00:16:20.799 --> 00:16:23.440
they<00:16:20.960><c> could</c><00:16:21.179><c> provide</c><00:16:21.519><c> the</c><00:16:21.759><c> basis</c><00:16:22.000><c> for</c><00:16:22.220><c> the</c><00:16:22.399><c> generation</c><00:16:22.820><c> of</c><00:16:23.059><c> life</c><00:16:23.259><c> on</c>

00:16:23.440 --> 00:16:24.399
a<00:16:23.639><c> solid</c><00:16:23.879><c> planet</c>

00:16:24.399 --> 00:16:28.320
only<00:16:25.179><c> if</c><00:16:25.960><c> shot</c><00:16:26.200><c> out</c><00:16:26.460><c> into</c><00:16:26.659><c> the</c><00:16:26.860><c> cool</c><00:16:27.059><c> of</c><00:16:27.259><c> space.</c>

00:16:28.720 --> 00:16:31.779
But,<00:16:29.740><c> ejection</c><00:16:30.179><c> of</c><00:16:30.320><c> material</c><00:16:30.779><c> out</c><00:16:31.039><c> of</c><00:16:31.159><c> the</c><00:16:31.340><c> innards</c><00:16:31.519><c> of</c><00:16:31.720><c> a</c>

00:16:31.779 --> 00:16:32.480
huge<00:16:32.080><c> star</c>

00:16:32.480 --> 00:16:35.720
with<00:16:32.799><c> intense</c><00:16:33.120><c> gravity</c><00:16:33.720><c> can</c><00:16:34.279><c> be</c><00:16:34.519><c> accomplished</c><00:16:34.960><c> only</c><00:16:35.259><c> by</c><00:16:35.580><c> an</c>

00:16:35.720 --> 00:16:36.799
incredible<00:16:36.100><c> explosion,</c>

00:16:37.259 --> 00:16:38.580
i<00:16:37.360><c>.e.</c><00:16:37.539><c> a</c><00:16:37.700><c> supernova.</c>

00:16:38.940 --> 00:16:42.720
For<00:16:39.139><c> a</c><00:16:39.379><c> star</c><00:16:39.600><c> spontaneously</c><00:16:40.440><c> to</c><00:16:40.980><c> explode</c><00:16:41.379><c> and</c><00:16:41.940><c> blow</c><00:16:42.220><c> away</c><00:16:42.519><c> a</c>

00:16:42.720 --> 00:16:44.559
large<00:16:42.940><c> proportion</c><00:16:43.399><c> of</c><00:16:43.600><c> itself,</c>

00:16:44.620 --> 00:16:46.460
many<00:16:44.899><c> conditions</c><00:16:45.399><c> have</c><00:16:45.759><c> to</c><00:16:46.000><c> exist,</c>

00:16:46.779 --> 00:16:49.620
one<00:16:47.039><c> being</c><00:16:47.320><c> that</c><00:16:47.500><c> the</c><00:16:47.740><c> interaction</c><00:16:48.159><c> of</c><00:16:48.440><c> neutrinos</c><00:16:48.919><c> with</c><00:16:49.120><c> matter</c>

00:16:49.620 --> 00:16:51.840
has<00:16:50.019><c> to</c><00:16:50.159><c> be</c><00:16:50.480><c> precisely</c><00:16:50.879><c> correct.</c>

00:16:52.500 --> 00:16:54.759
For<00:16:52.740><c> most</c><00:16:53.059><c> of</c><00:16:53.299><c> these</c><00:16:53.620><c> and</c><00:16:53.799><c> many</c><00:16:54.100><c> other</c><00:16:54.379><c> adjustments</c>

00:16:54.759 --> 00:16:58.200
making<00:16:55.059><c> possible</c><00:16:55.600><c> the</c><00:16:55.860><c> development</c><00:16:56.200><c> of</c><00:16:56.519><c> a</c><00:16:56.620><c> habitable</c><00:16:57.120><c> universe,</c>

00:16:58.220 --> 00:17:01.039
there<00:16:58.379><c> is</c><00:16:58.639><c> no</c><00:16:58.940><c> way</c><00:16:59.200><c> to</c><00:16:59.500><c> state</c><00:16:59.639><c> exactly</c><00:17:00.179><c> the</c><00:17:00.440><c> probability</c><00:17:00.899><c> of</c>

00:17:01.039 --> 00:17:02.220
their<00:17:01.200><c> occurring</c><00:17:01.539><c> by</c><00:17:01.799><c> chance</c>

00:17:02.220 --> 00:17:04.640
if<00:17:02.860><c> parameters</c><00:17:03.320><c> could</c><00:17:03.559><c> vary</c><00:17:03.799><c> freely.</c>

00:17:04.759 --> 00:17:07.880
For<00:17:04.940><c> one</c><00:17:05.140><c> condition,</c><00:17:05.759><c> however,</c><00:17:06.039><c> it</c><00:17:06.319><c> can</c><00:17:06.579><c> be</c><00:17:06.819><c> calculated.</c>

00:17:08.200 --> 00:17:11.460
The<00:17:08.480><c> probability</c><00:17:09.220><c> that</c><00:17:09.640><c> stable</c><00:17:10.000><c> galaxies</c><00:17:10.559><c> and</c><00:17:10.900><c> stars</c><00:17:11.279><c> could</c>

00:17:11.460 --> 00:17:12.160
be<00:17:11.700><c> performed</c>

00:17:12.160 --> 00:17:15.299
in<00:17:12.720><c> the</c><00:17:12.960><c> universe</c><00:17:13.299><c> coming</c><00:17:13.640><c> out</c><00:17:13.880><c> of</c><00:17:13.980><c> the</c><00:17:14.099><c> Big</c><00:17:14.299><c> Bang.</c>

00:17:15.779 --> 00:17:18.500
If<00:17:15.940><c> the</c><00:17:16.299><c> expansion</c><00:17:16.660><c> were</c><00:17:16.900><c> a</c><00:17:16.940><c> little</c><00:17:17.140><c> too</c><00:17:17.500><c> rapid,</c>

00:17:18.599 --> 00:17:20.799
this<00:17:18.839><c> is</c><00:17:19.079><c> a</c><00:17:19.119><c> little</c><00:17:19.220><c> bit</c><00:17:19.319><c> of</c><00:17:19.319><c> what</c><00:17:19.420><c> we</c><00:17:19.579><c> were</c><00:17:19.579><c> talking</c><00:17:19.740><c> about</c><00:17:19.839><c> yesterday,</c>

00:17:20.880 --> 00:17:22.920
if<00:17:20.960><c> the</c><00:17:21.259><c> expansion</c><00:17:21.579><c> were</c><00:17:21.859><c> a</c><00:17:21.940><c> little</c><00:17:22.119><c> too</c><00:17:22.420><c> rapid,</c>

00:17:22.920 --> 00:17:27.599
gas<00:17:24.000><c> clouds</c><00:17:24.420><c> could</c><00:17:24.720><c> not</c><00:17:24.960><c> condense</c><00:17:25.660><c> but</c><00:17:25.940><c> would</c><00:17:26.200><c> become</c><00:17:26.460><c> ever</c><00:17:26.779><c> thinner.</c>

00:17:28.039 --> 00:17:30.299
If<00:17:28.119><c> it</c><00:17:28.259><c> were</c><00:17:28.420><c> just</c><00:17:28.720><c> a</c><00:17:28.859><c> little</c><00:17:29.119><c> too</c><00:17:29.500><c> slow,</c>

00:17:30.680 --> 00:17:32.880
condensing<00:17:30.940><c> galaxies</c><00:17:31.460><c> would</c><00:17:31.720><c> draw</c><00:17:31.920><c> each</c><00:17:32.160><c> other</c><00:17:32.380><c> together</c>

00:17:32.880 --> 00:17:35.180
and<00:17:33.339><c> cause</c><00:17:33.559><c> the</c><00:17:33.740><c> universe</c><00:17:34.019><c> to</c><00:17:34.299><c> collapse.</c>

00:17:35.460 --> 00:17:37.799
The<00:17:35.680><c> universe</c><00:17:35.960><c> had</c><00:17:36.160><c> to</c><00:17:36.380><c> balance,</c><00:17:36.740><c> so</c><00:17:37.000><c> to</c><00:17:37.220><c> speak,</c><00:17:37.420><c> on</c><00:17:37.579><c> the</c><00:17:37.680><c> edge</c>

00:17:37.799 --> 00:17:38.420
of<00:17:38.019><c> a</c><00:17:38.079><c> knife,</c>

00:17:38.680 --> 00:17:40.799
and<00:17:38.859><c> a</c><00:17:38.980><c> very</c><00:17:39.299><c> sharp</c><00:17:39.579><c> edge</c><00:17:39.819><c> indeed.</c>

00:17:41.119 --> 00:17:43.740
During<00:17:41.279><c> the</c><00:17:41.539><c> 15</c><00:17:42.059><c> billion</c><00:17:42.519><c> years</c><00:17:42.880><c> of</c><00:17:43.039><c> its</c><00:17:43.339><c> existence,</c>

00:17:44.140 --> 00:17:48.160
just<00:17:44.400><c> the</c><00:17:44.720><c> tiniest</c><00:17:45.180><c> imbalance</c><00:17:45.799><c> would</c><00:17:46.259><c> rapidly</c><00:17:46.779><c> compound</c><00:17:47.160><c> itself.</c>

00:17:48.500 --> 00:17:50.839
It<00:17:48.660><c> turns</c><00:17:48.880><c> out</c><00:17:49.220><c> that,</c><00:17:49.420><c> going</c><00:17:49.700><c> back</c><00:17:50.000><c> to</c><00:17:50.140><c> the</c><00:17:50.279><c> earliest</c><00:17:50.579><c> time</c>

00:17:50.839 --> 00:17:51.940
that<00:17:50.940><c> has</c><00:17:51.140><c> physical</c><00:17:51.500><c> meaning,</c>

00:17:51.940 --> 00:17:54.700
which<00:17:52.500><c> would</c><00:17:52.680><c> go</c><00:17:52.900><c> back</c><00:17:53.119><c> to</c><00:17:53.539><c> within</c><00:17:53.700><c> seconds</c><00:17:54.000><c> to</c><00:17:54.180><c> the</c><00:17:54.259><c> Big</c><00:17:54.400><c> Bang,</c>

00:17:55.160 --> 00:17:58.000
the<00:17:55.319><c> balancing</c><00:17:55.720><c> had</c><00:17:55.960><c> to</c><00:17:56.079><c> be</c><00:17:56.319><c> correct</c><00:17:56.500><c> to</c><00:17:56.720><c> one</c><00:17:56.980><c> part</c><00:17:57.259><c> in</c><00:17:57.559><c> 10</c><00:17:57.799><c> to</c>

00:17:58.000 --> 00:17:59.299
the<00:17:58.259><c> 60th,</c>

00:17:59.440 --> 00:18:01.900
which<00:17:59.579><c> is</c><00:17:59.799><c> a</c><00:17:59.900><c> million</c><00:18:00.119><c> repeated</c><00:18:00.519><c> 10</c><00:18:00.779><c> times.</c>

00:18:02.579 --> 00:18:04.539
It<00:18:02.740><c> seems</c><00:18:03.039><c> that</c><00:18:03.240><c> one</c><00:18:03.400><c> must</c><00:18:03.640><c> either</c><00:18:03.960><c> accept,</c>

00:18:04.960 --> 00:18:07.579
and<00:18:05.299><c> remember,</c><00:18:05.619><c> this</c><00:18:05.779><c> is</c><00:18:05.940><c> one</c><00:18:06.039><c> of</c><00:18:06.160><c> the</c><00:18:06.299><c> leading</c><00:18:06.579><c> evolutionists</c><00:18:07.200><c> of</c><00:18:07.319><c> the</c><00:18:07.440><c> day</c>

00:18:07.579 --> 00:18:08.880
saying<00:18:07.759><c> all</c><00:18:07.960><c> those</c><00:18:08.119><c> things,</c>

00:18:09.019 --> 00:18:11.299
it<00:18:09.200><c> seems</c><00:18:09.460><c> that</c><00:18:09.640><c> one</c><00:18:09.799><c> must</c><00:18:10.039><c> either</c><00:18:10.339><c> accept</c><00:18:10.700><c> the</c><00:18:11.039><c> strong</c>

00:18:11.299 --> 00:18:12.519
anthropic<00:18:11.980><c> principle,</c>

00:18:12.819 --> 00:18:15.279
that<00:18:13.019><c> is</c><00:18:13.180><c> that</c><00:18:13.799><c> man</c><00:18:14.039><c> was</c><00:18:14.279><c> destined</c><00:18:14.559><c> to</c><00:18:14.720><c> be</c><00:18:14.880><c> here,</c>

00:18:15.700 --> 00:18:19.319
of<00:18:15.859><c> a</c><00:18:16.160><c> purposefully</c><00:18:16.640><c> designed</c><00:18:17.019><c> universe</c><00:18:17.640><c> or</c><00:18:18.500><c> postulate</c><00:18:19.099><c> an</c>

00:18:19.319 --> 00:18:20.299
infinity<00:18:19.700><c> of</c><00:18:20.019><c> universes</c>

00:18:20.299 --> 00:18:23.400
to<00:18:20.539><c> produce</c><00:18:20.859><c> one</c><00:18:21.140><c> suitable</c><00:18:21.480><c> for</c><00:18:21.779><c> complex</c><00:18:22.220><c> beings</c><00:18:22.500><c> like</c><00:18:22.740><c> ourselves</c><00:18:23.140><c> able</c>

00:18:23.400 --> 00:18:24.539
to<00:18:23.640><c> study.</c>

00:18:25.339 --> 00:18:27.859
Various<00:18:25.619><c> more</c><00:18:25.920><c> specific</c><00:18:26.339><c> conditions</c><00:18:26.799><c> were</c><00:18:27.099><c> also</c><00:18:27.380><c> necessary</c>

00:18:27.859 --> 00:18:30.240
for<00:18:28.099><c> the</c><00:18:28.279><c> production</c><00:18:28.579><c> of</c><00:18:28.960><c> intelligent</c><00:18:29.180><c> organisms.</c>

00:18:30.660 --> 00:18:33.119
The<00:18:30.859><c> sun</c><00:18:31.079><c> had</c><00:18:31.299><c> to</c><00:18:31.480><c> be</c><00:18:31.680><c> far</c><00:18:31.960><c> enough</c><00:18:32.200><c> from</c><00:18:32.380><c> the</c><00:18:32.579><c> crowded</c><00:18:32.819><c> parts</c>

00:18:33.119 --> 00:18:33.960
of<00:18:33.299><c> the</c><00:18:33.440><c> galaxy</c>

00:18:33.960 --> 00:18:38.799
that<00:18:34.579><c> its</c><00:18:34.839><c> planets</c><00:18:35.039><c> were</c><00:18:35.259><c> not</c><00:18:35.400><c> pulled</c><00:18:35.579><c> out</c><00:18:35.759><c> of</c><00:18:35.920><c> orbit</c><00:18:36.079><c> by</c><00:18:36.299><c> other</c><00:18:36.559><c> stars</c><00:18:36.920><c> during</c><00:18:37.220><c> these</c><00:18:37.420><c> billions</c><00:18:37.720><c> of</c><00:18:37.980><c> years.</c>

00:18:39.299 --> 00:18:42.759
The<00:18:39.559><c> radiant</c><00:18:39.960><c> output</c><00:18:40.339><c> of</c><00:18:40.539><c> the</c><00:18:40.779><c> sun</c><00:18:41.000><c> had</c><00:18:41.180><c> to</c><00:18:41.339><c> be</c><00:18:41.640><c> reliably</c><00:18:42.019><c> steady</c><00:18:42.440><c> for</c>

00:18:42.759 --> 00:18:44.380
4<00:18:43.039><c> billion</c><00:18:43.319><c> years.</c>

00:18:44.680 --> 00:18:48.460
Most<00:18:44.980><c> remarkable,</c><00:18:46.259><c> while</c><00:18:46.559><c> solar</c><00:18:46.859><c> radiation</c><00:18:47.400><c> has</c><00:18:47.740><c> increased</c>

00:18:48.460 --> 00:18:53.019
about<00:18:49.140><c> 25%,</c><00:18:50.619><c> the</c><00:18:50.900><c> surface</c><00:18:51.319><c> temperature</c><00:18:51.740><c> of</c><00:18:51.920><c> the</c><00:18:52.099><c> earth</c><00:18:52.400><c> has</c>

00:18:53.019 --> 00:18:54.210
remained<00:18:53.420><c> livable.</c>

00:18:54.920 --> 00:19:00.680
By<00:18:55.119><c> means</c><00:18:55.380><c> not</c><00:18:55.740><c> well</c><00:18:56.000><c> understood</c><00:18:56.539><c> in</c><00:18:57.019><c> which</c><00:18:57.200><c> the</c><00:18:57.440><c> reduction</c><00:18:57.819><c> of</c><00:18:58.000><c> the</c><00:18:58.079><c> amount</c><00:18:58.299><c> of</c><00:18:58.519><c> carbon</c><00:18:58.740><c> dioxide</c><00:18:59.240><c> has</c><00:18:59.500><c> played</c><00:18:59.680><c> a</c><00:18:59.900><c> part,</c>

00:19:00.700 --> 00:19:03.099
the<00:19:00.799><c> atmosphere</c><00:19:01.220><c> has</c><00:19:01.519><c> closely</c><00:19:01.920><c> compensated</c><00:19:02.500><c> for</c><00:19:02.660><c> the</c><00:19:02.819><c> rising</c>

00:19:03.099 --> 00:19:04.400
input<00:19:03.359><c> of</c><00:19:03.599><c> energy.</c>

00:19:04.640 --> 00:19:07.200
It<00:19:04.759><c> is</c><00:19:05.019><c> also</c><00:19:05.279><c> phenomenal</c><00:19:05.819><c> that</c><00:19:06.099><c> for</c><00:19:06.339><c> hundreds</c><00:19:06.660><c> of</c><00:19:06.920><c> millions</c>

00:19:07.200 --> 00:19:08.400
of<00:19:07.480><c> years,</c>

00:19:08.480 --> 00:19:12.970
the<00:19:08.599><c> proportion</c><00:19:08.920><c> of</c><00:19:09.160><c> oxygen,</c><00:19:09.839><c> a</c><00:19:09.920><c> very</c><00:19:10.240><c> active</c><00:19:10.559><c> gas,</c><00:19:11.359><c> has</c><00:19:11.519><c> remained</c><00:19:11.819><c> around</c><00:19:12.180><c> 21%.</c>

00:19:14.240 --> 00:19:16.900
Many<00:19:14.720><c> more</c><00:19:15.019><c> general</c><00:19:15.319><c> realities</c><00:19:15.779><c> have</c><00:19:16.000><c> also</c><00:19:16.200><c> been</c><00:19:16.400><c> indispensable</c>

00:19:16.900 --> 00:19:19.519
for<00:19:17.160><c> the</c><00:19:17.299><c> evolution</c><00:19:17.680><c> of</c><00:19:18.000><c> observers</c><00:19:18.279><c> of</c><00:19:18.480><c> the</c><00:19:18.599><c> universe.</c>

00:19:19.660 --> 00:19:21.779
For<00:19:19.799><c> example,</c><00:19:20.299><c> there</c><00:19:20.319><c> had</c><00:19:20.500><c> to</c><00:19:20.660><c> be</c><00:19:20.819><c> chaos.</c>

00:19:22.059 --> 00:19:25.359
This<00:19:22.200><c> is</c><00:19:22.420><c> a</c><00:19:22.519><c> fact</c><00:19:22.680><c> of</c><00:19:22.859><c> nature</c><00:19:23.059><c> for</c><00:19:23.279><c> which</c><00:19:23.400><c> there</c><00:19:23.539><c> is</c><00:19:23.720><c> no</c><00:19:23.960><c> necessity</c><00:19:24.519><c> in</c><00:19:25.240><c> the</c>

00:19:25.359 --> 00:19:27.220
more<00:19:25.559><c> specific</c><00:19:25.960><c> laws</c><00:19:26.220><c> of</c><00:19:26.460><c> physics.</c>

00:19:27.460 --> 00:19:29.500
It<00:19:27.500><c> is</c><00:19:27.680><c> part</c><00:19:27.859><c> of</c><00:19:28.019><c> the</c><00:19:28.220><c> potential</c><00:19:28.440><c> for</c><00:19:28.720><c> complication</c><00:19:29.299><c> that</c>

00:19:29.500 --> 00:19:30.279
appears<00:19:29.779><c> everywhere,</c>

00:19:30.680 --> 00:19:33.200
from<00:19:30.880><c> mathematics</c><00:19:31.299><c> to</c><00:19:31.559><c> the</c><00:19:31.759><c> diversity</c><00:19:32.059><c> of</c><00:19:32.380><c> galaxies.</c>

00:19:33.319 --> 00:19:37.440
Chaos<00:19:33.579><c> must</c><00:19:33.900><c> have</c><00:19:34.059><c> played</c><00:19:34.200><c> a</c><00:19:34.420><c> large</c><00:19:34.660><c> role</c><00:19:35.099><c> in</c><00:19:35.599><c> the</c><00:19:35.819><c> diversification</c><00:19:36.440><c> of</c><00:19:36.660><c> life.</c>

00:19:38.059 --> 00:19:41.140
It<00:19:38.200><c> was</c><00:19:38.500><c> equally</c><00:19:38.960><c> necessary</c><00:19:39.660><c> that</c><00:19:39.920><c> there</c><00:19:40.180><c> exist</c><00:19:40.500><c> an</c><00:19:40.779><c> opposite</c>

00:19:41.140 --> 00:19:44.640
tendency<00:19:41.619><c> to</c><00:19:41.980><c> simplification</c><00:19:42.779><c> or</c><00:19:43.599><c> degradation</c><00:19:44.180><c> of</c><00:19:44.440><c> order.</c>

00:19:44.640 --> 00:19:47.960
The<00:19:45.339><c> second</c><00:19:45.680><c> law</c><00:19:46.000><c> of</c><00:19:46.200><c> thermodynamics</c><00:19:46.900><c> decrees</c><00:19:47.460><c> the</c><00:19:47.660><c> increase</c>

00:19:47.960 --> 00:19:51.500
of<00:19:48.200><c> entropy</c><00:19:48.619><c> or</c><00:19:49.380><c> disorder</c><00:19:49.839><c> in</c><00:19:50.039><c> any</c><00:19:50.180><c> closed</c><00:19:50.380><c> system.</c>

00:19:51.599 --> 00:19:54.619
Life<00:19:51.740><c> can</c><00:19:52.000><c> defy</c><00:19:52.359><c> the</c><00:19:52.599><c> second</c><00:19:52.799><c> law</c><00:19:53.079><c> locally</c><00:19:53.619><c> because</c><00:19:54.319><c> it</c><00:19:54.460><c> gets</c>

00:19:54.619 --> 00:19:56.700
energy<00:19:54.940><c> from</c><00:19:55.220><c> without,</c><00:19:55.700><c> that</c><00:19:55.880><c> is</c><00:19:56.039><c> from</c><00:19:56.220><c> the</c><00:19:56.420><c> sun,</c>

00:19:57.160 --> 00:19:59.759
the<00:19:57.319><c> radiation</c><00:19:57.740><c> of</c><00:19:57.960><c> which</c><00:19:58.079><c> is</c><00:19:58.279><c> made</c><00:19:58.480><c> possible</c><00:19:58.940><c> ultimately</c><00:19:59.480><c> by</c>

00:19:59.759 --> 00:20:01.559
the<00:20:00.000><c> expansion</c><00:20:00.259><c> of</c><00:20:00.460><c> the</c><00:20:00.619><c> universe.</c>

00:20:01.900 --> 00:20:04.660
Energized<00:20:02.380><c> matter</c><00:20:02.720><c> tends</c><00:20:03.059><c> toward</c><00:20:03.299><c> complexity</c><00:20:03.880><c> and</c><00:20:04.180><c> structure</c><00:20:04.440><c> through</c>

00:20:04.660 --> 00:20:05.799
self<00:20:04.940><c>-organization.</c>

00:20:06.200 --> 00:20:09.259
Life<00:20:06.420><c> is</c><00:20:06.619><c> a</c><00:20:06.700><c> process</c><00:20:07.099><c> of</c><00:20:07.299><c> taking</c><00:20:07.579><c> in</c><00:20:07.819><c> energy</c><00:20:08.099><c> to</c><00:20:08.359><c> dissipate</c><00:20:08.759><c> entropy.</c>

00:20:09.259 --> 00:20:14.039
It<00:20:09.920><c> is</c><00:20:10.119><c> a</c><00:20:10.299><c> detour</c><00:20:10.839><c> that</c><00:20:11.059><c> a</c><00:20:11.259><c> tiny</c><00:20:11.480><c> fraction</c><00:20:11.859><c> of</c><00:20:12.019><c> the</c><00:20:12.180><c> sun's</c><00:20:12.440><c> radiation</c><00:20:12.900><c> follows</c><00:20:13.460><c> on</c>

00:20:14.039 --> 00:20:16.059
its<00:20:14.200><c> way</c><00:20:14.339><c> to</c><00:20:14.539><c> entropic</c><00:20:15.000><c> degradation.</c>

00:20:16.799 --> 00:20:18.799
Now<00:20:16.880><c> the</c><00:20:17.019><c> point</c><00:20:17.299><c> in</c><00:20:17.660><c> making</c><00:20:18.059><c> this</c><00:20:18.339><c> quote,</c><00:20:18.440><c> and</c><00:20:18.500><c> I'm</c><00:20:18.660><c> going</c><00:20:18.759><c> to</c>

00:20:18.799 --> 00:20:20.140
leave<00:20:18.980><c> these</c><00:20:19.220><c> things</c><00:20:19.339><c> up</c><00:20:19.519><c> here</c><00:20:19.579><c> if</c><00:20:19.640><c> you</c><00:20:19.799><c> want</c><00:20:19.859><c> to</c><00:20:19.940><c> look</c><00:20:20.059><c> at</c>

00:20:20.140 --> 00:20:21.180
them<00:20:20.339><c> later,</c>

00:20:21.380 --> 00:20:24.359
this<00:20:21.619><c> is</c><00:20:21.920><c> one</c><00:20:22.099><c> of</c><00:20:22.200><c> the</c><00:20:22.299><c> leading</c><00:20:22.519><c> evolutionists</c><00:20:23.119><c> of</c><00:20:23.779><c> our</c><00:20:24.039><c> day.</c>

00:20:24.839 --> 00:20:27.000
He<00:20:25.019><c> says</c><00:20:25.279><c> that</c><00:20:25.519><c> it's</c><00:20:25.720><c> on</c><00:20:25.859><c> the</c><00:20:25.980><c> order</c><00:20:26.119><c> of</c><00:20:26.319><c> a</c><00:20:26.420><c> trillionth</c><00:20:26.859><c> of</c><00:20:26.859><c> a</c>

00:20:27.000 --> 00:20:29.980
trillionth<00:20:27.420><c> chance</c><00:20:27.660><c> that</c><00:20:28.319><c> the</c><00:20:28.579><c> conditions</c><00:20:28.819><c> would</c><00:20:29.000><c> even</c><00:20:29.119><c> be</c><00:20:29.359><c> necessary,</c>

00:20:30.140 --> 00:20:32.000
I'm<00:20:30.579><c> going</c><00:20:30.680><c> to</c><00:20:30.799><c> go</c><00:20:30.920><c> on</c><00:20:31.059><c> for</c><00:20:31.180><c> a</c><00:20:31.200><c> little</c><00:20:31.319><c> while</c><00:20:31.460><c> without</c><00:20:31.660><c> questions,</c>

00:20:32.339 --> 00:20:34.839
that<00:20:32.460><c> it</c><00:20:32.480><c> would</c><00:20:32.619><c> go</c><00:20:32.880><c> on,</c><00:20:33.339><c> that</c><00:20:33.720><c> life</c><00:20:33.920><c> could</c><00:20:34.079><c> go</c><00:20:34.319><c> on</c><00:20:34.480><c> after</c><00:20:34.680><c> the</c>

00:20:34.839 --> 00:20:37.339
Big<00:20:35.059><c> Bang</c><00:20:35.259><c> to</c><00:20:35.420><c> where</c><00:20:35.619><c> galaxies</c><00:20:36.079><c> would</c><00:20:36.240><c> be</c><00:20:36.440><c> formed</c><00:20:36.680><c> and</c><00:20:36.900><c> stars,</c>

00:20:37.339 --> 00:20:40.180
that<00:20:38.039><c> the</c><00:20:38.259><c> stars</c><00:20:38.579><c> would</c><00:20:38.799><c> have</c><00:20:38.980><c> to</c><00:20:39.240><c> explode</c><00:20:39.420><c> in</c><00:20:39.599><c> just</c><00:20:39.759><c> the</c><00:20:39.920><c> right</c><00:20:40.039><c> way</c>

00:20:40.180 --> 00:20:41.000
that<00:20:40.279><c> there</c><00:20:40.400><c> could</c><00:20:40.539><c> be</c><00:20:40.720><c> planets,</c>

00:20:41.019 --> 00:20:44.000
and<00:20:41.119><c> yet</c><00:20:41.220><c> we</c><00:20:41.299><c> couldn't</c><00:20:41.500><c> have</c><00:20:41.680><c> other</c><00:20:41.900><c> stars</c><00:20:42.220><c> closer</c><00:20:42.660><c> to</c><00:20:42.900><c> us</c><00:20:43.319><c> because</c><00:20:43.660><c> then</c><00:20:43.839><c> the</c>

00:20:44.000 --> 00:20:45.380
planets<00:20:44.119><c> will</c><00:20:44.319><c> get</c><00:20:44.500><c> dragged</c><00:20:44.680><c> out</c><00:20:44.859><c> of</c><00:20:44.940><c> their</c><00:20:45.079><c> orbit.</c>

00:20:45.700 --> 00:20:47.259
On<00:20:45.940><c> and</c><00:20:46.099><c> on</c><00:20:46.240><c> and</c><00:20:46.380><c> on.</c>

00:20:48.220 --> 00:20:51.279
I'd<00:20:48.380><c> like</c><00:20:48.440><c> to</c><00:20:48.720><c> read</c><00:20:49.160><c> to</c><00:20:49.279><c> you</c><00:20:49.380><c> another</c><00:20:49.599><c> quote</c><00:20:49.819><c> from</c><00:20:50.000><c> the</c><00:20:50.160><c> same</c><00:20:50.339><c> author.</c>

00:20:52.160 --> 00:20:55.519
He<00:20:52.599><c> says</c><00:20:52.859><c> that</c><00:20:53.119><c> a</c><00:20:53.299><c> minute</c><00:20:53.619><c> part</c><00:20:54.039><c> of</c><00:20:54.220><c> the</c><00:20:54.440><c> organism,</c><00:20:55.400><c> its</c>

00:20:55.519 --> 00:20:56.359
genetic<00:20:55.920><c> equipment,</c>

00:20:56.480 --> 00:20:58.980
had<00:20:56.660><c> to</c><00:20:56.799><c> be</c><00:20:56.960><c> capable</c><00:20:57.279><c> of</c><00:20:57.559><c> directing</c><00:20:57.839><c> the</c><00:20:58.099><c> construction</c><00:20:58.539><c> of</c><00:20:58.779><c> an</c>

00:20:58.980 --> 00:21:02.059
entire<00:20:59.359><c> new</c><00:20:59.619><c> organism</c><00:21:00.160><c> much</c><00:21:00.819><c> more</c><00:21:01.180><c> complicated</c><00:21:01.660><c> than</c><00:21:01.839><c> the</c>

00:21:02.059 --> 00:21:03.160
reproductive<00:21:02.539><c> apparatus.</c>

00:21:03.160 --> 00:21:08.099
There<00:21:04.000><c> is</c><00:21:04.180><c> no</c><00:21:04.380><c> way</c><00:21:04.539><c> of</c><00:21:04.640><c> judging</c><00:21:04.880><c> the</c><00:21:05.180><c> likelihood</c><00:21:05.440><c> of</c><00:21:05.720><c> this,</c><00:21:06.579><c> but</c><00:21:06.799><c> one</c><00:21:07.079><c> might</c><00:21:07.420><c> imagine</c><00:21:07.880><c> it</c>

00:21:08.099 --> 00:21:10.539
to<00:21:08.319><c> be</c><00:21:09.059><c> impossible.</c>

00:21:12.420 --> 00:21:15.319
When<00:21:12.519><c> life</c><00:21:12.819><c> had</c><00:21:13.059><c> achieved</c><00:21:13.380><c> this</c><00:21:13.640><c> self</c><00:21:13.920><c>-replicative</c><00:21:14.420><c> capability,</c><00:21:15.019><c> it</c><00:21:15.160><c> was</c>

00:21:15.319 --> 00:21:16.240
on<00:21:15.519><c> its</c><00:21:15.740><c> way,</c>

00:21:16.539 --> 00:21:19.660
but<00:21:16.740><c> many</c><00:21:17.000><c> conditions</c><00:21:17.420><c> were</c><00:21:17.680><c> indispensable</c><00:21:18.180><c> for</c><00:21:18.440><c> its</c><00:21:18.660><c> progress.</c>

00:21:20.180 --> 00:21:22.839
There<00:21:20.319><c> had</c><00:21:20.500><c> to</c><00:21:20.619><c> be</c><00:21:20.819><c> ample</c><00:21:21.099><c> water,</c><00:21:21.900><c> which</c><00:21:22.099><c> happens</c><00:21:22.420><c> not</c><00:21:22.619><c> only</c>

00:21:22.839 --> 00:21:25.180
to<00:21:22.980><c> be</c><00:21:23.099><c> the</c><00:21:23.240><c> most</c><00:21:23.460><c> abundant</c><00:21:23.880><c> fluid</c><00:21:24.160><c> at</c><00:21:24.319><c> moderate</c><00:21:24.680><c> temperatures,</c>

00:21:25.240 --> 00:21:26.920
but<00:21:25.400><c> the</c><00:21:25.559><c> best</c><00:21:25.779><c> of</c><00:21:26.039><c> solvents.</c>

00:21:27.160 --> 00:21:32.240
Water<00:21:27.500><c> had</c><00:21:27.700><c> to</c><00:21:27.900><c> have</c><00:21:28.039><c> the</c><00:21:28.279><c> rare</c><00:21:28.559><c> characteristic</c><00:21:29.279><c> of</c><00:21:29.819><c> expanding</c><00:21:30.480><c> upon</c><00:21:31.039><c> solidification,</c>

00:21:32.240 --> 00:21:35.079
so<00:21:32.500><c> that</c><00:21:32.640><c> ice</c><00:21:33.000><c> floats.</c>

00:21:35.200 --> 00:21:39.180
If<00:21:35.359><c> ice</c><00:21:35.700><c> sank,</c><00:21:37.559><c> the</c><00:21:37.640><c> oceans</c><00:21:37.960><c> would</c><00:21:38.160><c> have</c><00:21:38.299><c> been</c><00:21:38.480><c> liquid</c><00:21:38.799><c> only</c>

00:21:39.180 --> 00:21:42.640
in<00:21:39.359><c> an</c><00:21:39.559><c> upper</c><00:21:39.759><c> layer</c><00:21:40.180><c> and</c><00:21:40.680><c> inhospitable</c><00:21:41.420><c> for</c><00:21:41.680><c> life.</c>

00:21:43.359 --> 00:21:45.859
Supplies<00:21:43.720><c> of</c><00:21:43.960><c> carbon</c><00:21:44.259><c>-rich</c><00:21:44.460><c> compounds</c><00:21:44.980><c> were</c><00:21:45.119><c> necessary</c><00:21:45.619><c> for</c>

00:21:45.859 --> 00:21:47.619
only<00:21:46.140><c> carbon</c><00:21:46.779><c> has</c><00:21:47.160><c> the,</c>

00:21:47.619 --> 00:21:50.380
I<00:21:48.099><c> can't</c><00:21:48.319><c> even</c><00:21:48.420><c> pronounce</c><00:21:48.599><c> this</c><00:21:48.700><c> word,</c><00:21:49.119><c> combinatorial</c><00:21:49.799><c> powers</c><00:21:50.200><c> to</c>

00:21:50.380 --> 00:21:51.700
make<00:21:50.500><c> life</c><00:21:50.740><c> possible.</c>

00:21:52.039 --> 00:21:55.200
Now<00:21:52.359><c> this</c><00:21:52.519><c> last</c><00:21:52.859><c> sentence</c><00:21:53.079><c> here</c><00:21:53.279><c> I</c><00:21:53.359><c> want</c><00:21:53.519><c> you</c><00:21:53.799><c> to</c><00:21:54.720><c> listen</c><00:21:55.079><c> to</c>

00:21:55.200 --> 00:21:56.380
very<00:21:55.480><c> carefully,</c>

00:21:56.400 --> 00:21:58.660
because<00:21:56.619><c> it's</c><00:21:56.779><c> going</c><00:21:56.900><c> to</c><00:21:57.079><c> form</c><00:21:57.279><c> the</c><00:21:57.519><c> basis</c><00:21:57.759><c> for</c><00:21:57.960><c> the</c><00:21:58.099><c> next</c><00:21:58.319><c> portion</c><00:21:58.519><c> of</c>

00:21:58.660 --> 00:21:59.359
my<00:21:58.839><c> talk</c><00:21:59.000><c> here.</c>

00:21:59.359 --> 00:22:04.759
He<00:21:59.779><c> says,</c><00:22:00.960><c> for</c><00:22:00.960><c> our</c><00:22:01.420><c> kind</c><00:22:01.720><c> of</c><00:22:01.960><c> life,</c><00:22:02.900><c> it</c><00:22:02.900><c> was</c><00:22:03.220><c> essential</c><00:22:03.980><c> that</c>

00:22:04.759 --> 00:22:07.240
photosynthesis<00:22:05.680><c> soon</c><00:22:06.000><c> began,</c>

00:22:07.279 --> 00:22:12.920
producing<00:22:07.680><c> a</c><00:22:08.019><c> surplus</c><00:22:08.380><c> of</c><00:22:08.660><c> oxygen,</c><00:22:09.599><c> making</c><00:22:09.940><c> ozone</c><00:22:10.460><c> and</c><00:22:10.680><c> a</c><00:22:10.920><c> blanket</c><00:22:11.220><c> absorbing</c><00:22:11.700><c> ultraviolet</c><00:22:12.460><c> light</c><00:22:12.740><c> of</c>

00:22:12.920 --> 00:22:13.519
the<00:22:13.099><c> wavelengths</c>

00:22:13.519 --> 00:22:17.160
most<00:22:14.599><c> damaging</c><00:22:15.359><c> to</c><00:22:16.160><c> DNA.</c>

00:22:17.759 --> 00:22:20.079
Notice<00:22:17.980><c> two</c><00:22:18.140><c> things</c><00:22:18.359><c> that</c><00:22:18.539><c> he</c><00:22:18.720><c> says</c><00:22:18.920><c> about</c><00:22:19.259><c> the</c><00:22:19.460><c> ozone</c><00:22:19.799><c> layer.</c>

00:22:20.440 --> 00:22:22.420
Everybody's<00:22:20.759><c> heard</c><00:22:20.839><c> about</c><00:22:20.980><c> the</c><00:22:21.140><c> ozone</c><00:22:21.380><c> layer</c><00:22:21.539><c> in</c><00:22:21.680><c> the</c><00:22:21.759><c> news,</c><00:22:21.980><c> right?</c>

00:22:22.480 --> 00:22:25.400
What<00:22:23.119><c> does</c><00:22:23.759><c> it</c><00:22:23.900><c> stop?</c><00:22:24.180><c> What</c><00:22:24.319><c> does</c><00:22:24.460><c> the</c><00:22:24.599><c> ozone</c><00:22:24.859><c> layer</c><00:22:25.079><c> protect</c>

00:22:25.400 --> 00:22:26.440
us<00:22:25.579><c> from?</c>

00:22:27.619 --> 00:22:28.680
Ultraviolet<00:22:28.259><c> radiation.</c>

00:22:28.680 --> 00:22:32.779
Now,<00:22:29.160><c> if</c><00:22:29.279><c> you</c><00:22:29.460><c> get</c><00:22:29.619><c> overexposed</c><00:22:30.119><c> to</c><00:22:30.299><c> ultraviolet</c><00:22:32.279><c> radiation,</c>

00:22:33.339 --> 00:22:35.000
what<00:22:33.519><c> happens</c><00:22:33.900><c> to</c><00:22:34.140><c> you?</c>

00:22:35.500 --> 00:22:37.579
Well,<00:22:36.079><c> yeah,</c><00:22:36.220><c> you</c><00:22:36.339><c> die,</c><00:22:36.619><c> but</c><00:22:36.759><c> we're</c><00:22:37.119><c> going</c><00:22:37.200><c> to</c><00:22:37.279><c> die</c><00:22:37.380><c> anyway.</c>

00:22:37.619 --> 00:22:39.779
I<00:22:37.640><c> mean,</c><00:22:37.839><c> what</c><00:22:37.980><c> specifically?</c><00:22:38.900><c> Skin</c><00:22:39.140><c> dancer,</c><00:22:39.519><c> right?</c>

00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:41.000
It's<00:22:40.480><c> radiation.</c>

00:22:41.380 --> 00:22:45.859
You<00:22:41.480><c> know</c><00:22:41.539><c> what</c><00:22:41.539><c> happens</c><00:22:41.819><c> if</c><00:22:41.980><c> you</c><00:22:42.259><c> expose</c><00:22:42.839><c> DNA</c><00:22:43.519><c> to</c><00:22:44.299><c> ultraviolet</c><00:22:44.839><c> radiation?</c>

00:22:47.740 --> 00:22:49.000
They<00:22:48.220><c> die.</c>

00:22:50.819 --> 00:22:53.140
You<00:22:51.299><c> had</c><00:22:51.420><c> a</c><00:22:51.519><c> 50</c><00:22:51.700><c>-50</c><00:22:51.880><c> chance,</c><00:22:52.180><c> at</c><00:22:52.359><c> least.</c>

00:22:54.920 --> 00:23:00.140
Even<00:22:55.680><c> if</c><00:22:56.420><c> you</c><00:22:57.700><c> can</c><00:22:57.920><c> make</c><00:22:58.099><c> amino</c><00:22:58.380><c> acids</c><00:22:58.700><c> in</c><00:22:58.900><c> the</c><00:22:59.059><c> lab,</c><00:22:59.920><c> those</c>

00:23:00.140 --> 00:23:02.500
lab<00:23:00.420><c> conditions</c><00:23:00.779><c> are</c><00:23:01.000><c> very</c><00:23:01.279><c> carefully</c><00:23:01.619><c> controlled.</c>

00:23:02.900 --> 00:23:07.420
No<00:23:03.160><c> scientist</c><00:23:03.740><c> in</c><00:23:03.940><c> his</c><00:23:04.119><c> right</c><00:23:04.339><c> mind</c><00:23:05.200><c> would</c><00:23:05.720><c> allow</c><00:23:06.079><c> ultraviolet</c><00:23:06.799><c> radiation</c>

00:23:07.420 --> 00:23:09.960
to<00:23:07.880><c> start</c><00:23:08.099><c> beaming</c><00:23:08.380><c> down</c><00:23:08.619><c> on</c><00:23:08.759><c> these</c><00:23:08.940><c> things,</c>

00:23:10.059 --> 00:23:12.460
because<00:23:10.579><c> they</c><00:23:11.099><c> would</c><00:23:11.240><c> be</c><00:23:11.460><c> gone.</c>

00:23:13.619 --> 00:23:20.960
Ultraviolet<00:23:14.380><c> radiation,</c><00:23:15.519><c> if</c><00:23:15.700><c> you</c><00:23:16.380><c> expose</c><00:23:16.799><c> DNA</c><00:23:17.299><c> to</c><00:23:17.680><c> ultraviolet</c><00:23:18.259><c> radiation,</c><00:23:19.319><c> it</c><00:23:19.539><c> is</c><00:23:19.920><c> gone.</c>

00:23:21.400 --> 00:23:25.240
The<00:23:21.880><c> radiation</c><00:23:22.359><c> breaks</c><00:23:22.660><c> it</c><00:23:22.920><c> down</c><00:23:23.220><c> that</c><00:23:23.619><c> quickly.</c>

00:23:26.859 --> 00:23:30.980
Now,<00:23:26.940><c> you</c><00:23:27.180><c> notice</c><00:23:27.599><c> why</c><00:23:28.559><c> the</c><00:23:28.839><c> ozone</c><00:23:29.200><c> layer</c><00:23:29.539><c> and</c><00:23:29.700><c> the</c><00:23:29.880><c> ozone</c><00:23:30.180><c> hole</c><00:23:30.440><c> is</c>

00:23:30.980 --> 00:23:32.980
in<00:23:31.180><c> the</c><00:23:31.539><c> news</c><00:23:31.720><c> so</c><00:23:32.019><c> much?</c>

00:23:33.839 --> 00:23:36.059
It's<00:23:34.220><c> because</c><00:23:34.420><c> we're</c><00:23:34.660><c> afraid</c><00:23:34.940><c> that</c><00:23:35.240><c> the</c><00:23:35.420><c> ozone</c><00:23:35.680><c> is</c><00:23:35.819><c> being</c>

00:23:36.059 --> 00:23:36.960
depleted,<00:23:36.460><c> right?</c>

00:23:37.119 --> 00:23:38.740
In<00:23:37.339><c> certain</c><00:23:37.539><c> areas,</c><00:23:37.900><c> like</c><00:23:38.039><c> over</c><00:23:38.259><c> the</c><00:23:38.480><c> poles.</c>

00:23:39.119 --> 00:23:42.359
It's<00:23:39.400><c> letting</c><00:23:39.579><c> in</c><00:23:39.839><c> more</c><00:23:40.240><c> radiation,</c><00:23:40.900><c> and</c><00:23:41.299><c> it's</c><00:23:41.460><c> going</c><00:23:41.559><c> to</c><00:23:41.740><c> kill</c><00:23:41.880><c> us.</c>

00:23:42.799 --> 00:23:44.420
There's<00:23:43.000><c> going</c><00:23:43.119><c> to</c><00:23:43.220><c> be</c><00:23:43.319><c> an</c><00:23:43.500><c> increase</c><00:23:43.660><c> in</c><00:23:43.819><c> the</c><00:23:43.859><c> rate</c><00:23:43.940><c> of</c><00:23:44.140><c> cancer.</c>

00:23:44.599 --> 00:23:46.359
Some<00:23:44.720><c> statistics</c><00:23:45.099><c> say</c><00:23:45.279><c> there's</c><00:23:45.519><c> already</c><00:23:45.779><c> been</c><00:23:45.960><c> an</c><00:23:46.200><c> increase,</c>

00:23:46.380 --> 00:23:46.839
but<00:23:46.519><c> whatever.</c>

00:23:46.839 --> 00:23:49.799
The<00:23:46.960><c> point</c><00:23:47.180><c> is,</c><00:23:47.940><c> if</c><00:23:48.160><c> there's</c><00:23:48.339><c> more</c><00:23:48.559><c> radiation,</c><00:23:49.420><c> it's</c><00:23:49.680><c> going</c>

00:23:49.799 --> 00:23:51.259
to<00:23:49.920><c> kill</c><00:23:50.019><c> us</c><00:23:50.240><c> faster.</c>

00:23:51.980 --> 00:23:55.940
It<00:23:52.339><c> utterly</c><00:23:52.720><c> kills</c><00:23:53.059><c> DNA,</c><00:23:53.799><c> if</c><00:23:53.920><c> it's</c><00:23:54.240><c> directly</c><00:23:54.539><c> exposed</c><00:23:54.900><c> to</c><00:23:55.119><c> DNA.</c>

00:23:56.599 --> 00:24:00.039
According<00:23:57.160><c> to</c><00:23:57.480><c> evolutionists,</c><00:23:58.279><c> DNA</c><00:23:58.559><c> was</c><00:23:58.880><c> present</c><00:23:59.380><c> in</c><00:23:59.799><c> the</c>

00:24:00.039 --> 00:24:01.259
early<00:24:00.619><c> Earth.</c>

00:24:01.720 --> 00:24:04.119
What<00:24:01.920><c> does</c><00:24:02.059><c> that</c><00:24:02.319><c> mean</c><00:24:02.500><c> about</c><00:24:02.779><c> the</c><00:24:03.160><c> condition</c><00:24:03.500><c> of</c><00:24:03.680><c> the</c><00:24:03.859><c> ozone</c>

00:24:04.119 --> 00:24:05.740
layer<00:24:04.400><c> in</c><00:24:04.539><c> the</c><00:24:04.740><c> early</c><00:24:04.940><c> Earth?</c>

00:24:11.599 --> 00:24:16.099
Well,<00:24:13.759><c> I</c><00:24:13.779><c> mean,</c><00:24:13.980><c> the</c><00:24:14.099><c> planet</c><00:24:14.400><c> is</c><00:24:14.799><c> rotating.</c>

00:24:21.059 --> 00:24:22.680
It's<00:24:21.759><c> impossible.</c>

00:24:23.559 --> 00:24:26.519
You<00:24:24.259><c> can</c><00:24:24.480><c> ask</c><00:24:24.640><c> any</c><00:24:24.920><c> evolutionary</c><00:24:25.380><c> scientist.</c>

00:24:26.859 --> 00:24:30.299
One<00:24:27.019><c> of</c><00:24:27.140><c> the</c><00:24:27.460><c> absolute</c><00:24:28.099><c> necessary</c><00:24:28.920><c> prerequisites</c><00:24:29.799><c> for</c><00:24:30.019><c> life</c>

00:24:30.299 --> 00:24:34.279
on<00:24:30.599><c> Earth</c><00:24:31.019><c> has</c><00:24:31.559><c> to</c><00:24:31.839><c> be</c><00:24:32.319><c> an</c><00:24:32.599><c> ozone</c><00:24:32.880><c> layer</c><00:24:33.099><c> that</c><00:24:33.400><c> exists.</c>

00:24:35.579 --> 00:24:38.480
Now,<00:24:36.619><c> another</c><00:24:36.640><c> reason</c><00:24:36.980><c> that</c><00:24:37.140><c> the</c><00:24:37.339><c> ozone</c><00:24:37.539><c> layer</c><00:24:37.799><c> is</c><00:24:37.920><c> in</c><00:24:38.039><c> the</c><00:24:38.119><c> news</c><00:24:38.240><c> so</c>

00:24:38.480 --> 00:24:40.680
much<00:24:38.619><c> is</c><00:24:38.779><c> because</c><00:24:39.180><c> it's</c><00:24:39.640><c> breaking</c><00:24:39.940><c> down.</c>

00:24:41.039 --> 00:24:43.240
So<00:24:41.299><c> it's</c><00:24:41.500><c> possible</c><00:24:41.819><c> to</c><00:24:42.039><c> break</c><00:24:42.240><c> down</c><00:24:42.440><c> the</c><00:24:42.619><c> ozone</c><00:24:42.900><c> layer.</c>

00:24:43.740 --> 00:24:46.720
But<00:24:43.880><c> we</c><00:24:44.039><c> also</c><00:24:44.220><c> talk</c><00:24:44.460><c> about</c><00:24:44.680><c> how,</c><00:24:44.940><c> if</c><00:24:44.940><c> we</c><00:24:45.400><c> stop</c><00:24:45.680><c> producing</c><00:24:46.599><c> all</c>

00:24:46.720 --> 00:24:48.720
these<00:24:46.880><c> pollutants,</c><00:24:47.200><c> that</c><00:24:47.220><c> it</c><00:24:47.339><c> will</c><00:24:47.839><c> raise</c><00:24:48.039><c> back</c><00:24:48.319><c> up</c><00:24:48.480><c> again</c><00:24:48.640><c> a</c>

00:24:48.720 --> 00:24:49.220
little<00:24:48.920><c> bit.</c>

00:24:49.640 --> 00:24:52.640
Because<00:24:49.980><c> what</c><00:24:50.259><c> forms</c><00:24:50.859><c> an</c><00:24:51.240><c> ozone</c><00:24:51.500><c> layer,</c><00:24:51.759><c> do</c><00:24:51.880><c> you</c><00:24:51.920><c> know?</c>

00:24:53.400 --> 00:24:54.880
First<00:24:53.660><c> of</c><00:24:53.740><c> all,</c><00:24:53.779><c> does</c><00:24:53.900><c> anybody</c><00:24:54.059><c> know</c><00:24:54.220><c> the</c><00:24:54.400><c> chemical</c><00:24:54.619><c> symbol</c>

00:24:54.880 --> 00:24:55.400
for<00:24:55.119><c> ozone?</c>

00:24:55.579 --> 00:24:56.940
I<00:24:55.960><c> doubt</c><00:24:56.180><c> it.</c>

00:24:58.259 --> 00:24:59.559
I<00:24:58.339><c> eat</c><00:24:58.440><c> my</c><00:24:58.640><c> words.</c>

00:25:00.539 --> 00:25:01.539
Do<00:25:00.700><c> you</c><00:25:00.779><c> know</c><00:25:00.819><c> how</c><00:25:00.940><c> it's</c><00:25:01.160><c> produced?</c>

00:25:01.539 --> 00:25:05.599
Do<00:25:02.039><c> you</c><00:25:02.599><c> know</c><00:25:02.660><c> how</c><00:25:02.799><c> O3</c><00:25:03.039><c> is</c><00:25:03.200><c> produced</c><00:25:03.640><c> in</c><00:25:04.180><c> the</c><00:25:04.339><c> natural</c><00:25:04.660><c> atmosphere?</c>

00:25:12.500 --> 00:25:16.640
Let<00:25:13.000><c> me</c><00:25:13.500><c> read</c><00:25:13.680><c> to</c><00:25:13.819><c> you</c><00:25:14.059><c> the</c><00:25:14.980><c> next</c><00:25:15.240><c> quote</c><00:25:15.440><c> here.</c>

00:25:17.480 --> 00:25:18.599
This<00:25:17.640><c> is</c><00:25:17.819><c> from</c><00:25:17.960><c> another</c><00:25:18.200><c> book.</c>

00:25:19.039 --> 00:25:23.299
It<00:25:19.039><c> says,</c><00:25:19.559><c> life</c><00:25:19.599><c> on</c><00:25:19.779><c> the</c><00:25:19.920><c> Earth</c><00:25:20.039><c> is</c><00:25:20.259><c> possible</c><00:25:20.660><c> only</c><00:25:20.960><c> because</c><00:25:21.259><c> it</c><00:25:21.380><c> is</c><00:25:21.559><c> protected</c><00:25:21.859><c> by</c><00:25:22.059><c> the</c><00:25:22.279><c> ozone</c><00:25:22.539><c> layer,</c><00:25:23.119><c> a</c>

00:25:23.299 --> 00:25:25.460
shield<00:25:23.519><c> about</c><00:25:23.940><c> 12</c><00:25:24.279><c> to</c><00:25:24.420><c> 21</c><00:25:24.720><c> miles</c><00:25:25.000><c> above</c><00:25:25.140><c> the</c><00:25:25.299><c> Earth.</c>

00:25:25.460 --> 00:25:30.099
Ozone<00:25:26.240><c> is</c><00:25:26.480><c> triometric</c><00:25:27.079><c> oxygen,</c><00:25:27.920><c> O3,</c><00:25:28.759><c> and</c><00:25:28.819><c> is</c><00:25:29.099><c> produced</c><00:25:29.599><c> from</c>

00:25:30.099 --> 00:25:39.200
molecular<00:25:30.720><c> oxygen,</c><00:25:33.299><c> O2,</c><00:25:34.859><c> by</c><00:25:37.220><c> radiant</c><00:25:37.680><c> energy</c><00:25:38.039><c> from</c><00:25:38.240><c> the</c><00:25:38.420><c> sun.</c>

00:25:39.220 --> 00:25:43.019
So<00:25:39.500><c> the</c><00:25:39.619><c> only</c><00:25:39.759><c> way</c><00:25:39.900><c> you</c><00:25:40.000><c> can</c><00:25:40.180><c> have</c><00:25:40.380><c> ozone</c><00:25:40.740><c> is</c><00:25:40.920><c> if</c><00:25:41.079><c> you</c><00:25:41.259><c> first</c><00:25:41.460><c> have</c><00:25:41.640><c> molecular</c><00:25:42.220><c> oxygen</c><00:25:42.759><c> in</c>

00:25:43.019 --> 00:25:43.680
the<00:25:43.279><c> atmosphere.</c>

00:25:43.980 --> 00:25:47.579
The<00:25:44.240><c> sun</c><00:25:44.500><c> is</c><00:25:44.700><c> beaming</c><00:25:44.960><c> down</c><00:25:45.259><c> its</c><00:25:45.539><c> energy</c><00:25:45.920><c> upon</c><00:25:46.240><c> the</c><00:25:46.539><c> O2,</c><00:25:47.380><c> and</c>

00:25:47.579 --> 00:25:50.900
some<00:25:47.779><c> of</c><00:25:47.920><c> that</c><00:25:48.140><c> O2,</c><00:25:49.099><c> because</c><00:25:49.500><c> of</c><00:25:49.660><c> that</c><00:25:49.839><c> energy,</c><00:25:50.400><c> combines</c><00:25:50.660><c> up</c>

00:25:50.900 --> 00:25:53.980
to<00:25:51.119><c> form</c><00:25:51.539><c> O3,</c><00:25:52.839><c> or</c><00:25:53.099><c> ozone.</c>

00:25:55.799 --> 00:25:57.980
That<00:25:56.240><c> seems</c><00:25:56.539><c> to</c><00:25:56.740><c> make</c><00:25:56.859><c> sense,</c><00:25:57.200><c> right?</c>

00:25:57.980 --> 00:26:00.420
Because<00:25:58.299><c> you</c><00:25:58.480><c> would</c><00:25:58.640><c> also</c><00:25:58.920><c> think</c><00:25:59.119><c> that</c><00:25:59.299><c> you</c><00:25:59.380><c> would</c><00:25:59.519><c> need</c><00:25:59.660><c> oxygen</c><00:26:00.200><c> in</c>

00:26:00.420 --> 00:26:03.819
the<00:26:00.599><c> early</c><00:26:00.799><c> atmosphere</c><00:26:01.559><c> in</c><00:26:02.220><c> order</c><00:26:02.359><c> to</c><00:26:02.500><c> have</c><00:26:02.619><c> life,</c><00:26:02.900><c> right?</c>

00:26:03.980 --> 00:26:06.279
Not<00:26:04.119><c> necessarily,</c><00:26:04.740><c> because</c><00:26:05.259><c> that's</c><00:26:05.500><c> why</c><00:26:05.619><c> he</c><00:26:05.759><c> was</c><00:26:05.920><c> talking</c><00:26:06.180><c> in</c>

00:26:06.279 --> 00:26:08.259
that<00:26:06.420><c> last</c><00:26:06.599><c> quote</c><00:26:06.700><c> about</c><00:26:06.920><c> photosynthesis.</c>

00:26:10.480 --> 00:26:13.880
But<00:26:10.720><c> the</c><00:26:11.000><c> point</c><00:26:11.220><c> is,</c><00:26:11.640><c> though,</c><00:26:12.279><c> if</c><00:26:12.500><c> the</c><00:26:12.759><c> ozone</c><00:26:13.019><c> layer</c><00:26:13.339><c> exists</c>

00:26:13.880 --> 00:26:16.980
in<00:26:14.160><c> the</c><00:26:14.359><c> early</c><00:26:14.700><c> Earth</c><00:26:15.200><c> in</c><00:26:15.380><c> order</c><00:26:15.539><c> to</c><00:26:15.700><c> have</c><00:26:15.880><c> life,</c><00:26:16.599><c> you</c><00:26:16.700><c> must</c>

00:26:16.980 --> 00:26:19.279
also<00:26:17.380><c> have</c><00:26:17.660><c> oxygen,</c><00:26:18.099><c> because</c><00:26:18.220><c> that's</c><00:26:18.480><c> where</c><00:26:18.599><c> ozone</c><00:26:18.819><c> comes</c><00:26:19.079><c> from.</c>

00:26:19.279 --> 00:26:20.420
Do<00:26:19.400><c> you</c><00:26:19.519><c> agree?</c>

00:26:20.940 --> 00:26:24.220
So<00:26:21.420><c> one</c><00:26:21.900><c> of</c><00:26:22.019><c> the</c><00:26:22.220><c> necessary</c><00:26:22.640><c> prerequisites</c><00:26:23.319><c> for</c><00:26:23.539><c> life</c><00:26:23.880><c> in</c><00:26:24.079><c> the</c>

00:26:24.220 --> 00:26:30.220
early<00:26:24.460><c> Earth</c><00:26:24.779><c> is</c><00:26:25.400><c> that</c><00:26:25.680><c> oxygen</c><00:26:27.119><c> exists</c><00:26:27.920><c> in</c><00:26:29.059><c> abundance.</c>

00:26:37.460 --> 00:26:40.079
Now,<00:26:38.779><c> let</c><00:26:39.000><c> me</c><00:26:39.039><c> read</c><00:26:39.220><c> to</c><00:26:39.299><c> you</c><00:26:39.380><c> a</c><00:26:39.440><c> little</c><00:26:39.559><c> bit</c><00:26:39.720><c> further,</c><00:26:39.980><c> because</c>

00:26:40.079 --> 00:26:41.839
I<00:26:40.180><c> want</c><00:26:40.380><c> to</c><00:26:40.660><c> illustrate</c><00:26:40.960><c> something</c><00:26:41.200><c> about</c><00:26:41.420><c> oxygen.</c>

00:26:42.279 --> 00:26:45.779
First<00:26:42.519><c> of</c><00:26:42.740><c> all,</c><00:26:43.400><c> what's</c><00:26:43.940><c> a</c><00:26:44.019><c> technical</c><00:26:44.380><c> term</c><00:26:44.700><c> for</c><00:26:44.920><c> rust?</c>

00:26:53.599 --> 00:26:54.740
Oxidation.

00:27:00.099 --> 00:27:03.299
Fancy,<00:27:00.480><c> I</c><00:27:00.519><c> mean,</c><00:27:00.700><c> the</c><00:27:01.160><c> technical</c><00:27:01.519><c> term</c><00:27:01.799><c> for</c><00:27:01.960><c> it</c><00:27:02.039><c> is</c><00:27:02.220><c> oxidation.</c>

00:27:04.839 --> 00:27:07.319
It's<00:27:05.160><c> because</c><00:27:05.440><c> oxygen</c><00:27:05.900><c> is</c><00:27:06.079><c> actually</c><00:27:06.400><c> a</c><00:27:06.519><c> fairly</c><00:27:06.759><c> corrosive</c>

00:27:07.319 --> 00:27:09.799
gas,<00:27:08.299><c> molecular</c><00:27:08.599><c> oxygen</c><00:27:09.079><c> is.</c>

00:27:09.839 --> 00:27:11.119
Let<00:27:09.940><c> me</c><00:27:10.019><c> read</c><00:27:10.180><c> on.</c>

00:27:15.400 --> 00:27:17.859
Evolutionists,<00:27:15.940><c> let</c><00:27:16.099><c> me</c><00:27:16.480><c> kind</c><00:27:16.700><c> of</c><00:27:16.880><c> just</c><00:27:17.220><c> get</c><00:27:17.359><c> to</c><00:27:17.500><c> about</c><00:27:17.640><c> this</c>

00:27:17.859 --> 00:27:18.900
point<00:27:18.019><c> here.</c>

00:27:18.920 --> 00:27:21.559
Evolutionists<00:27:19.400><c> must,</c><00:27:19.740><c> of</c><00:27:19.960><c> absolute</c><00:27:20.220><c> necessity,</c><00:27:21.079><c> postulate</c>

00:27:21.559 --> 00:27:24.400
that<00:27:21.700><c> there</c><00:27:21.859><c> was</c><00:27:22.019><c> no</c><00:27:22.259><c> oxygen</c><00:27:22.759><c> in</c><00:27:23.240><c> the</c><00:27:23.480><c> atmosphere</c><00:27:23.799><c> before</c><00:27:24.220><c> and</c>

00:27:24.400 --> 00:27:26.099
during<00:27:24.599><c> the</c><00:27:24.839><c> origin</c><00:27:25.019><c> of</c><00:27:25.259><c> life.</c>

00:27:26.359 --> 00:27:28.380
Did<00:27:26.480><c> you</c><00:27:27.240><c> hear</c><00:27:27.299><c> what</c><00:27:27.420><c> I</c><00:27:27.519><c> just</c><00:27:27.740><c> said?</c>

00:27:28.559 --> 00:27:31.880
Evolutionists<00:27:29.039><c> say</c><00:27:29.319><c> that</c><00:27:29.519><c> oxygen</c><00:27:30.079><c> could</c><00:27:30.480><c> not</c><00:27:30.680><c> have</c><00:27:30.859><c> existed.</c>

00:27:32.700 --> 00:27:33.960
Here's<00:27:33.000><c> why.</c>

00:27:34.460 --> 00:27:41.359
This<00:27:35.200><c> is</c><00:27:35.400><c> so</c><00:27:35.799><c> because</c><00:27:36.920><c> oxygen</c><00:27:37.660><c> would</c><00:27:38.019><c> destroy</c><00:27:39.200><c> all</c><00:27:40.759><c> organic</c>

00:27:41.359 --> 00:27:50.880
molecules,<00:27:42.900><c> such</c><00:27:43.079><c> as</c><00:27:43.240><c> ammonia,</c><00:27:44.519><c> methane,</c><00:27:45.720><c> amino</c><00:27:46.059><c> acids,</c><00:27:48.039><c> nucleotides,</c><00:27:49.619><c> sugars,</c><00:27:50.660><c> et</c>

00:27:50.880 --> 00:27:55.420
cetera,<00:27:52.019><c> by</c><00:27:52.279><c> the</c><00:27:52.519><c> process</c><00:27:53.059><c> of</c><00:27:54.240><c> oxidation.</c>

00:27:56.819 --> 00:27:59.099
If<00:27:57.000><c> there</c><00:27:57.220><c> were</c><00:27:57.359><c> no</c><00:27:57.640><c> oxygen,</c><00:27:58.200><c> then</c><00:27:58.359><c> of</c><00:27:58.500><c> course</c><00:27:58.759><c> there</c><00:27:58.900><c> could</c>

00:27:59.099 --> 00:28:00.740
be<00:27:59.480><c> no</c><00:27:59.779><c> ozone.</c>

00:28:00.839 --> 00:28:10.039
And<00:28:01.359><c> then</c><00:28:01.819><c> all</c><00:28:02.339><c> of</c><00:28:02.480><c> the</c><00:28:02.640><c> energy</c><00:28:02.859><c> from</c><00:28:03.059><c> the</c><00:28:03.240><c> sun,</c><00:28:03.740><c> including</c><00:28:04.160><c> the</c><00:28:04.460><c> highly</c><00:28:04.759><c> energetic,</c><00:28:05.519><c> short</c><00:28:05.839><c> wave,</c><00:28:06.460><c> deadly</c><00:28:06.759><c> destructive</c><00:28:07.259><c> ultraviolet</c><00:28:08.000><c> light,</c><00:28:08.740><c> would</c><00:28:08.920><c> flow</c><00:28:09.220><c> unimpeded</c><00:28:09.859><c> to</c>

00:28:10.039 --> 00:28:11.579
the<00:28:10.220><c> surface</c><00:28:10.460><c> of</c><00:28:10.680><c> the</c><00:28:10.819><c> Earth.</c>

00:28:12.019 --> 00:28:15.099
Far<00:28:12.299><c> from</c><00:28:12.559><c> being</c><00:28:12.819><c> a</c><00:28:12.940><c> means</c><00:28:13.140><c> of</c><00:28:13.359><c> producing</c><00:28:13.740><c> low</c><00:28:14.000><c> entropy</c><00:28:14.339><c> substances</c><00:28:14.839><c> on</c>

00:28:15.099 --> 00:28:18.960
the<00:28:15.240><c> Earth,</c><00:28:15.920><c> this</c><00:28:16.119><c> radiation</c><00:28:16.680><c> would</c><00:28:16.960><c> destroy</c><00:28:17.700><c> any</c><00:28:18.420><c> organized</c>

00:28:18.960 --> 00:28:20.779
systems<00:28:19.359><c> that</c><00:28:19.559><c> might</c><00:28:19.759><c> exist.</c>

00:28:21.000 --> 00:28:23.240
Of<00:28:21.259><c> course,</c><00:28:21.559><c> there</c><00:28:21.660><c> would</c><00:28:21.880><c> be</c><00:28:22.019><c> no</c><00:28:22.259><c> organized</c><00:28:22.619><c> systems</c><00:28:22.960><c> on</c><00:28:23.140><c> the</c>

00:28:23.240 --> 00:28:26.700
Earth<00:28:23.359><c> because</c><00:28:23.619><c> they</c><00:28:23.799><c> could</c><00:28:24.000><c> not</c><00:28:24.200><c> exist,</c><00:28:24.940><c> let</c><00:28:25.079><c> alone</c><00:28:25.299><c> originate</c><00:28:26.279><c> in</c><00:28:26.480><c> the</c>

00:28:26.700 --> 00:28:28.759
presence<00:28:26.940><c> of</c><00:28:27.180><c> this</c><00:28:27.420><c> destructive</c><00:28:27.799><c> energy.</c>

00:28:29.140 --> 00:28:31.759
All<00:28:29.700><c> of</c><00:28:29.799><c> us</c><00:28:29.980><c> are</c><00:28:30.200><c> familiar</c><00:28:30.559><c> with</c><00:28:30.759><c> the</c><00:28:31.039><c> destructive</c><00:28:31.380><c> effects</c>

00:28:31.759 --> 00:28:33.500
of<00:28:32.039><c> ultraviolet</c><00:28:32.599><c> light.</c>

00:28:34.119 --> 00:28:37.880
A<00:28:34.119><c> very</c><00:28:34.500><c> effective,</c><00:28:34.980><c> here</c><00:28:35.119><c> we</c><00:28:35.220><c> get</c><00:28:35.319><c> into</c><00:28:35.480><c> some</c><00:28:35.599><c> medical</c><00:28:35.940><c> treatment,</c><00:28:36.579><c> a</c><00:28:36.660><c> very</c><00:28:37.039><c> effective</c><00:28:37.519><c> and</c>

00:28:37.880 --> 00:28:42.460
rapid<00:28:38.160><c> means</c><00:28:38.420><c> of</c><00:28:38.660><c> killing</c><00:28:38.940><c> bacteria</c><00:28:39.700><c> or</c><00:28:40.980><c> inactivating</c><00:28:41.700><c> viruses,</c><00:28:42.279><c> that</c>

00:28:42.460 --> 00:28:45.319
is,<00:28:42.640><c> they</c><00:28:42.759><c> can't</c><00:28:43.039><c> replicate</c><00:28:43.519><c> because</c><00:28:44.000><c> it</c><00:28:44.220><c> affects</c><00:28:44.380><c> the</c><00:28:44.559><c> DNA,</c>

00:28:45.339 --> 00:28:49.819
is<00:28:45.519><c> to</c><00:28:45.819><c> irradiate</c><00:28:46.400><c> them</c><00:28:46.980><c> with</c><00:28:47.579><c> UV</c><00:28:47.819><c> light,</c><00:28:48.420><c> ultraviolet</c><00:28:48.940><c> light.</c>

00:28:50.079 --> 00:28:53.259
Scientists<00:28:50.460><c> have</c><00:28:50.680><c> a</c><00:28:50.859><c> dreadful</c><00:28:51.240><c> fear</c><00:28:51.539><c> of</c><00:28:51.740><c> the</c><00:28:51.980><c> slightest</c><00:28:52.440><c> decrease</c><00:28:53.079><c> in</c>

00:28:53.259 --> 00:28:55.000
the<00:28:53.440><c> ozone</c><00:28:53.740><c> layer</c><00:28:54.019><c> surrounding</c><00:28:54.420><c> the</c><00:28:54.720><c> Earth.</c>

00:28:55.000 --> 00:28:59.440
They<00:28:55.839><c> know</c><00:28:56.220><c> that</c><00:28:56.420><c> a</c><00:28:56.599><c> decrease</c><00:28:57.039><c> in</c><00:28:57.200><c> the</c><00:28:57.380><c> ozone</c><00:28:57.740><c> layer</c><00:28:58.259><c> would</c><00:28:58.880><c> result</c><00:28:59.279><c> in</c>

00:28:59.440 --> 00:29:03.480
an<00:28:59.660><c> increase</c><00:29:00.079><c> in</c><00:29:00.259><c> the</c><00:29:00.339><c> amount</c><00:29:00.539><c> of</c><00:29:00.839><c> ultraviolet</c><00:29:01.380><c> light</c><00:29:01.640><c> reaching</c><00:29:01.940><c> the</c><00:29:02.220><c> Earth,</c><00:29:02.920><c> resulting</c><00:29:03.279><c> in</c>

00:29:03.480 --> 00:29:05.559
an<00:29:03.759><c> increase</c><00:29:04.019><c> in</c><00:29:04.160><c> the</c><00:29:04.299><c> mutation</c><00:29:04.720><c> rate.</c>

00:29:05.700 --> 00:29:10.079
If<00:29:05.819><c> a</c><00:29:05.940><c> substantial</c><00:29:06.500><c> amount</c><00:29:06.779><c> of</c><00:29:06.900><c> the</c><00:29:07.079><c> ozone</c><00:29:07.380><c> were</c><00:29:07.599><c> removed,</c><00:29:08.920><c> life</c><00:29:09.019><c> from</c><00:29:09.380><c> microbes</c><00:29:09.839><c> to</c>

00:29:10.079 --> 00:29:11.460
man<00:29:10.279><c> would</c><00:29:10.460><c> be</c><00:29:10.599><c> no</c><00:29:10.740><c> longer</c><00:29:10.960><c> possible.</c>

00:29:11.960 --> 00:29:15.599
Even<00:29:12.240><c> the</c><00:29:12.500><c> relatively</c><00:29:12.900><c> simple</c><00:29:13.420><c> molecular</c><00:29:14.000><c> substance</c><00:29:14.440><c> of</c><00:29:14.640><c> ammonia,</c><00:29:15.240><c> which</c><00:29:15.339><c> is</c>

00:29:15.599 --> 00:29:19.940
NH3,<00:29:16.859><c> would</c><00:29:17.019><c> be</c><00:29:17.240><c> rapidly</c><00:29:17.720><c> decomposed</c><00:29:18.359><c> into</c><00:29:18.599><c> nitrogen</c><00:29:19.059><c> and</c><00:29:19.319><c> hydrogen</c><00:29:19.680><c> by</c>

00:29:19.940 --> 00:29:20.839
ultraviolet<00:29:20.480><c> light.</c>

00:29:20.839 --> 00:29:24.000
If<00:29:21.460><c> even</c><00:29:22.059><c> a</c><00:29:22.299><c> simple</c><00:29:22.539><c> substance</c><00:29:22.940><c> such</c><00:29:23.200><c> as</c><00:29:23.339><c> ammonia</c><00:29:23.660><c> would</c><00:29:23.839><c> be</c>

00:29:24.000 --> 00:29:26.299
rapidly<00:29:24.380><c> destroyed</c><00:29:24.799><c> by</c><00:29:24.980><c> the</c><00:29:25.180><c> radiant</c><00:29:25.380><c> energy</c><00:29:25.740><c> from</c><00:29:25.920><c> the</c><00:29:26.099><c> Sun</c>

00:29:26.299 --> 00:29:29.119
bathing<00:29:26.599><c> the</c><00:29:26.880><c> primordial</c><00:29:27.299><c> Earth,</c><00:29:27.980><c> how</c><00:29:28.119><c> could</c><00:29:28.279><c> more</c><00:29:28.559><c> complex</c>

00:29:29.119 --> 00:29:31.779
substances<00:29:29.660><c> that</c><00:29:30.279><c> are</c><00:29:30.420><c> more</c><00:29:30.680><c> unstable,</c><00:29:31.220><c> he's</c><00:29:31.460><c> talking</c><00:29:31.619><c> about</c>

00:29:31.779 --> 00:29:35.480
amino<00:29:32.019><c> acids</c><00:29:32.359><c> here,</c><00:29:33.019><c> and</c><00:29:33.200><c> thus</c><00:29:33.380><c> more</c><00:29:33.579><c> easily</c><00:29:33.839><c> destroyed,</c><00:29:34.819><c> survive,</c><00:29:35.319><c> let</c>

00:29:35.480 --> 00:29:36.819
alone<00:29:35.700><c> be</c><00:29:35.900><c> produced?</c>

00:29:36.940 --> 00:29:40.720
How<00:29:37.119><c> could</c><00:29:37.339><c> living</c><00:29:37.599><c> organisms,</c><00:29:38.240><c> the</c><00:29:38.339><c> most</c><00:29:38.640><c> complex,</c><00:29:39.259><c> most</c><00:29:39.579><c> unstable</c><00:29:40.079><c> arrangements</c><00:29:40.480><c> of</c>

00:29:40.720 --> 00:29:43.519
matter<00:29:40.900><c> on</c><00:29:41.059><c> the</c><00:29:41.200><c> Earth,</c><00:29:41.339><c> survive,</c><00:29:42.380><c> let</c><00:29:42.559><c> alone</c><00:29:42.779><c> evolve</c><00:29:43.180><c> in</c><00:29:43.319><c> the</c>

00:29:43.519 --> 00:29:45.359
presence<00:29:43.700><c> of</c><00:29:43.880><c> this</c><00:29:44.059><c> deadly</c><00:29:44.299><c> radiation?</c>

00:29:45.579 --> 00:29:49.720
Proteins,<00:29:46.380><c> DNA,</c><00:29:47.180><c> and</c><00:29:47.400><c> RNA</c><00:29:47.720><c> can</c><00:29:48.240><c> be</c><00:29:48.480><c> synthesized</c><00:29:49.019><c> by</c><00:29:49.259><c> organic</c>

00:29:49.720 --> 00:29:53.140
chemists<00:29:50.380><c> using</c><00:29:50.880><c> very</c><00:29:51.400><c> carefully</c><00:29:51.940><c> controlled</c><00:29:52.400><c> conditions</c>

00:29:53.140 --> 00:29:57.180
and<00:29:53.819><c> employing</c><00:29:54.960><c> specially</c><00:29:55.299><c> devised</c><00:29:55.880><c> chemical</c><00:29:56.380><c> reagents</c><00:29:56.880><c> as</c>

00:29:57.180 --> 00:29:58.299
energy<00:29:57.460><c> donors.</c>

00:29:58.660 --> 00:30:02.140
No<00:29:59.039><c> organic</c><00:29:59.680><c> chemist</c><00:30:00.140><c> would</c><00:30:00.319><c> be</c><00:30:00.619><c> foolish</c><00:30:00.940><c> enough,</c><00:30:02.140><c> however,</c>

00:30:02.519 --> 00:30:05.200
to<00:30:02.680><c> try</c><00:30:02.920><c> such</c><00:30:03.200><c> synthesis</c><00:30:03.599><c> using</c><00:30:03.920><c> ultraviolet</c><00:30:04.640><c> light</c><00:30:04.839><c> as</c><00:30:04.980><c> his</c>

00:30:05.200 --> 00:30:05.740
energy<00:30:05.480><c> donor.</c>

00:30:06.180 --> 00:30:09.220
He<00:30:06.339><c> would</c><00:30:06.539><c> know</c><00:30:06.680><c> the</c><00:30:06.900><c> only</c><00:30:07.180><c> result</c><00:30:07.700><c> would</c><00:30:08.180><c> be</c><00:30:08.359><c> the</c><00:30:08.599><c> destruction</c><00:30:08.859><c> of</c><00:30:09.039><c> his</c>

00:30:09.220 --> 00:30:10.460
starting<00:30:09.420><c> materials.</c>

00:30:11.339 --> 00:30:15.859
A<00:30:11.859><c> lot</c><00:30:12.079><c> of</c><00:30:12.279><c> times</c><00:30:12.400><c> I</c><00:30:12.519><c> hear</c><00:30:12.740><c> creationists</c><00:30:13.640><c> say,</c><00:30:14.420><c> well,</c><00:30:15.099><c> you</c><00:30:15.299><c> shouldn't</c><00:30:15.500><c> believe</c><00:30:15.700><c> in</c>

00:30:15.859 --> 00:30:18.619
life<00:30:15.980><c> just</c><00:30:16.180><c> because</c><00:30:16.279><c> it's</c><00:30:16.599><c> statistically</c><00:30:16.980><c> pretty</c><00:30:17.339><c> hard</c><00:30:17.519><c> to</c><00:30:17.779><c> believe.</c>

00:30:18.640 --> 00:30:22.660
More<00:30:18.940><c> than</c><00:30:19.220><c> that,</c><00:30:19.640><c> it's</c><00:30:19.940><c> impossible.</c><00:30:20.859><c> You</c><00:30:21.019><c> have</c><00:30:21.299><c> to</c><00:30:21.480><c> have</c><00:30:21.740><c> ozone</c><00:30:22.160><c> or</c>

00:30:22.660 --> 00:30:24.559
the<00:30:22.960><c> basic</c><00:30:23.299><c> building</c><00:30:23.640><c> blocks</c><00:30:23.900><c> are</c><00:30:24.160><c> destroyed.</c>

00:30:24.960 --> 00:30:29.559
To<00:30:25.180><c> have</c><00:30:25.380><c> ozone,</c><00:30:25.759><c> you</c><00:30:25.980><c> have</c><00:30:26.180><c> to</c><00:30:26.299><c> have</c><00:30:26.460><c> oxygen.</c><00:30:27.319><c> But</c><00:30:27.440><c> if</c><00:30:27.559><c> you</c><00:30:27.720><c> have</c><00:30:27.920><c> oxygen,</c><00:30:29.319><c> it</c>

00:30:29.559 --> 00:30:31.359
destroys<00:30:29.920><c> those</c><00:30:30.180><c> building</c><00:30:30.460><c> blocks.</c>

00:30:31.599 --> 00:30:36.119
Not<00:30:32.079><c> only</c><00:30:32.299><c> is</c><00:30:32.480><c> life</c><00:30:32.740><c> on</c><00:30:33.039><c> Earth</c><00:30:33.339><c> at</c><00:30:34.079><c> best</c><00:30:34.559><c> a</c><00:30:35.079><c> chance</c><00:30:35.279><c> of</c><00:30:35.519><c> 5</c><00:30:35.859><c> times</c>

00:30:36.119 --> 00:30:41.579
10<00:30:36.339><c> to</c><00:30:36.500><c> the</c><00:30:36.859><c> 274th</c><00:30:37.799><c> or</c><00:30:37.799><c> whatever</c><00:30:38.059><c> it</c><00:30:38.259><c> is,</c><00:30:40.019><c> even</c><00:30:40.119><c> giving</c><00:30:40.759><c> evolutionists</c><00:30:41.440><c> every</c>

00:30:41.579 --> 00:30:45.160
benefit<00:30:41.880><c> of</c><00:30:42.019><c> the</c><00:30:42.180><c> doubt,</c><00:30:44.240><c> it's</c><00:30:44.579><c> impossible.</c>

00:30:45.400 --> 00:30:49.279
I<00:30:45.519><c> heard</c><00:30:45.680><c> a</c><00:30:45.819><c> voice</c><00:30:45.960><c> over</c><00:30:46.160><c> here.</c><00:30:46.539><c> Scott,</c><00:30:46.819><c> was</c><00:30:46.900><c> it</c><00:30:47.019><c> you?</c><00:30:47.319><c> A</c><00:30:47.460><c> vicious</c><00:30:47.660><c> circle?</c><00:30:49.039><c> Okay,</c>

00:30:49.400 --> 00:30:52.160
sorry.<00:30:50.140><c> But</c><00:30:50.279><c> the</c><00:30:50.420><c> thing</c><00:30:50.579><c> is,</c><00:30:51.200><c> that's</c><00:30:51.480><c> exactly</c><00:30:51.839><c> it.</c>

00:30:52.160 --> 00:30:57.480
Life<00:30:52.740><c> is</c><00:30:52.980><c> not</c><00:30:53.119><c> just</c><00:30:53.519><c> hard</c><00:30:54.000><c> to</c><00:30:54.259><c> picture</c><00:30:54.559><c> statistically.</c><00:30:56.500><c> It</c><00:30:57.099><c> is</c>

00:30:57.480 --> 00:31:00.900
absolutely,<00:30:58.480><c> utterly</c><00:30:59.240><c> impossible.</c>

00:31:05.440 --> 00:31:10.140
I'm<00:31:06.039><c> going</c><00:31:06.099><c> to</c><00:31:06.200><c> go</c><00:31:06.319><c> one</c><00:31:06.579><c> step</c><00:31:06.759><c> further.</c><00:31:08.940><c> Let's</c><00:31:09.200><c> say</c><00:31:09.519><c> even</c><00:31:09.900><c> if</c>

00:31:10.140 --> 00:31:18.880
you<00:31:10.319><c> could</c><00:31:10.500><c> make</c><00:31:10.799><c> DNA</c><00:31:11.720><c> in</c><00:31:16.119><c> the</c><00:31:16.539><c> early</c><00:31:16.799><c> Earth,</c><00:31:17.319><c> would</c><00:31:17.440><c> that</c><00:31:17.640><c> give</c><00:31:17.759><c> you</c><00:31:17.960><c> life?</c>

00:31:20.420 --> 00:31:26.200
What<00:31:20.940><c> if</c><00:31:21.059><c> there</c><00:31:21.180><c> was</c><00:31:21.299><c> a</c><00:31:21.420><c> big</c><00:31:21.539><c> lightning</c><00:31:21.839><c> bolt,</c><00:31:22.839><c> hit</c><00:31:22.940><c> a</c><00:31:23.420><c> steel</c><00:31:23.700><c> factory,</c><00:31:24.759><c> and</c><00:31:24.940><c> big</c><00:31:25.119><c> explosion,</c><00:31:25.720><c> and</c><00:31:25.839><c> all</c><00:31:26.039><c> of</c><00:31:26.200><c> a</c>

00:31:26.200 --> 00:31:28.960
sudden<00:31:26.440><c> a</c><00:31:26.779><c> whole</c><00:31:26.980><c> bunch</c><00:31:27.140><c> of</c><00:31:27.380><c> pieces</c><00:31:27.640><c> shaped</c><00:31:27.920><c> exactly</c><00:31:28.359><c> like</c><00:31:28.519><c> what</c><00:31:28.660><c> you</c><00:31:28.759><c> need</c><00:31:28.859><c> to</c>

00:31:28.960 --> 00:31:30.660
make<00:31:29.039><c> a</c><00:31:29.299><c> car</c><00:31:29.720><c> land?</c>

00:31:32.440 --> 00:31:35.700
You've<00:31:32.960><c> got</c><00:31:33.059><c> fenders</c><00:31:33.400><c> and</c><00:31:33.559><c> a</c><00:31:33.759><c> steering</c><00:31:34.019><c> wheel,</c><00:31:35.420><c> federally</c>

00:31:35.700 --> 00:31:39.759
mandated<00:31:36.099><c> airbag,</c><00:31:37.500><c> self</c><00:31:37.700><c>-adjusting</c><00:31:38.099><c> rearview</c><00:31:38.480><c> mirror,</c><00:31:39.579><c> mag</c>

00:31:39.759 --> 00:31:43.960
tires,<00:31:40.539><c> mag</c><00:31:40.680><c> wheels,</c><00:31:41.880><c> everything</c><00:31:42.140><c> else,</c><00:31:42.440><c> pistons,</c><00:31:42.960><c> spark</c><00:31:43.099><c> plugs.</c>

00:31:44.519 --> 00:31:50.000
So<00:31:45.000><c> what?</c><00:31:46.279><c> They</c><00:31:46.460><c> would</c><00:31:46.619><c> all</c><00:31:46.759><c> have</c><00:31:46.920><c> to</c><00:31:47.079><c> combine</c><00:31:47.420><c> together.</c><00:31:49.859><c> By</c>

00:31:50.000 --> 00:31:54.680
the<00:31:50.200><c> way,</c><00:31:52.980><c> has</c><00:31:53.059><c> everybody</c><00:31:53.279><c> here</c><00:31:53.460><c> been</c><00:31:53.619><c> to</c><00:31:53.700><c> a</c><00:31:53.839><c> funeral?</c>

00:31:58.079 --> 00:31:59.640
We're<00:31:58.279><c> talking</c><00:31:58.420><c> about</c><00:31:58.619><c> dead</c><00:31:58.779><c> bodies,</c><00:31:59.119><c> whether</c><00:31:59.220><c> you're</c><00:31:59.339><c> talking</c><00:31:59.460><c> about</c>

00:31:59.640 --> 00:32:03.579
people<00:31:59.900><c> or</c><00:32:00.200><c> animals</c><00:32:00.500><c> or</c><00:32:00.660><c> whatever.</c><00:32:01.539><c> Do</c><00:32:01.640><c> you</c><00:32:01.640><c> realize</c><00:32:01.900><c> they</c><00:32:02.039><c> have</c><00:32:02.220><c> DNA</c><00:32:02.579><c> in</c><00:32:02.779><c> them?</c>

00:32:05.240 --> 00:32:08.279
When<00:32:05.480><c> a</c><00:32:05.640><c> person</c><00:32:05.960><c> dies,</c><00:32:06.799><c> there</c><00:32:06.880><c> are</c><00:32:07.140><c> billions</c><00:32:07.539><c> of</c><00:32:07.839><c> copies</c><00:32:08.079><c> of</c>

00:32:08.279 --> 00:32:12.180
their<00:32:08.579><c> DNA</c><00:32:09.119><c> that</c><00:32:10.480><c> are</c><00:32:10.640><c> buried</c><00:32:10.799><c> along</c><00:32:11.039><c> with</c><00:32:11.279><c> them.</c>

00:32:12.759 --> 00:32:20.619
We've<00:32:13.240><c> got</c><00:32:13.460><c> DNA</c><00:32:14.059><c> billions</c><00:32:14.660><c> of</c><00:32:14.900><c> times</c><00:32:15.180><c> over</c><00:32:15.619><c> on</c><00:32:15.880><c> this</c><00:32:16.099><c> Earth</c><00:32:16.480><c> all</c><00:32:17.900><c> the</c><00:32:18.079><c> time,</c><00:32:18.559><c> from</c><00:32:19.779><c> dead</c><00:32:19.980><c> insects</c><00:32:20.460><c> to</c>

00:32:20.619 --> 00:32:23.519
dead<00:32:20.859><c> people</c><00:32:21.299><c> to</c><00:32:22.200><c> anything</c><00:32:22.599><c> living.</c>

00:32:24.619 --> 00:32:27.380
You<00:32:24.839><c> never</c><00:32:25.039><c> see</c><00:32:25.200><c> life</c><00:32:25.380><c> come</c><00:32:25.579><c> out</c><00:32:25.700><c> of</c><00:32:25.819><c> those,</c><00:32:26.700><c> and</c><00:32:26.799><c> yet</c><00:32:26.920><c> the</c><00:32:27.200><c> DNA</c>

00:32:27.380 --> 00:32:31.539
is<00:32:27.500><c> there.</c><00:32:28.819><c> First</c><00:32:29.079><c> of</c><00:32:29.220><c> all,</c><00:32:29.359><c> the</c><00:32:29.440><c> formation</c><00:32:29.839><c> of</c><00:32:30.079><c> DNA</c><00:32:30.299><c> is</c><00:32:30.440><c> impossible,</c><00:32:31.339><c> even</c>

00:32:31.539 --> 00:32:33.220
if<00:32:31.700><c> you</c><00:32:31.779><c> get</c><00:32:31.920><c> it,</c><00:32:32.220><c> so</c><00:32:32.359><c> what?</c>

00:32:33.380 --> 00:32:38.519
It<00:32:33.579><c> does</c><00:32:33.859><c> not</c><00:32:34.059><c> give</c><00:32:34.259><c> you</c><00:32:34.460><c> life.</c><00:32:35.759><c> Evolutionists</c><00:32:36.240><c> are</c><00:32:36.420><c> notorious</c><00:32:36.900><c> for</c><00:32:37.579><c> oversimplifying</c><00:32:38.319><c> what</c>

00:32:38.519 --> 00:32:39.599
can<00:32:38.740><c> happen.</c>

00:32:42.180 --> 00:32:45.980
Let<00:32:42.660><c> me</c><00:32:43.140><c> move</c><00:32:43.539><c> on.</c><00:32:44.180><c> We're</c><00:32:44.660><c> going</c><00:32:44.880><c> through</c><00:32:45.099><c> this</c><00:32:45.460><c> quite</c><00:32:45.759><c> a</c><00:32:45.859><c> bit</c>

00:32:45.980 --> 00:32:47.299
slower<00:32:46.180><c> than</c><00:32:46.319><c> I</c><00:32:46.500><c> thought.</c>

00:32:47.960 --> 00:32:52.039
I'm<00:32:48.380><c> going</c><00:32:48.500><c> to</c><00:32:48.599><c> go</c><00:32:48.759><c> ahead</c><00:32:48.960><c> and</c><00:32:49.079><c> start</c><00:32:49.279><c> talking</c><00:32:49.539><c> about</c><00:32:49.720><c> evolution.</c><00:32:51.599><c> Even</c><00:32:51.839><c> if</c>

00:32:52.039 --> 00:32:55.500
life<00:32:52.259><c> began,</c><00:32:52.759><c> even</c><00:32:53.839><c> if</c><00:32:54.059><c> the</c><00:32:54.180><c> universe</c><00:32:54.480><c> is</c><00:32:54.660><c> 20</c><00:32:54.900><c> billion</c><00:32:55.140><c> years</c>

00:32:55.500 --> 00:32:57.079
old<00:32:55.619><c> and</c><00:32:55.759><c> the</c><00:32:55.819><c> Earth</c><00:32:55.920><c> is</c><00:32:56.039><c> 5</c><00:32:56.319><c> billion</c><00:32:56.500><c> years</c><00:32:56.779><c> old,</c>

00:32:57.220 --> 00:33:01.900
even<00:32:57.500><c> if</c><00:32:57.740><c> life</c><00:32:58.000><c> began</c><00:32:58.420><c> with</c><00:32:58.579><c> this</c><00:32:58.819><c> first</c><00:32:59.079><c> simple</c><00:32:59.680><c> single</c><00:33:00.180><c>-celled</c><00:33:00.579><c> organism,</c><00:33:01.740><c> is</c>

00:33:01.900 --> 00:33:04.039
it<00:33:02.019><c> possible</c><00:33:02.359><c> to</c><00:33:02.579><c> evolve</c><00:33:02.940><c> from</c><00:33:03.160><c> that?</c>

00:33:04.180 --> 00:33:08.660
There's<00:33:04.740><c> a</c><00:33:04.799><c> lot</c><00:33:05.019><c> of</c><00:33:05.180><c> things</c><00:33:05.359><c> to</c><00:33:06.480><c> consider.</c><00:33:07.759><c> First</c><00:33:08.079><c> of</c><00:33:08.220><c> all,</c><00:33:08.299><c> you</c><00:33:08.359><c> have</c><00:33:08.480><c> to</c>

00:33:08.660 --> 00:33:10.960
realize<00:33:08.960><c> the</c><00:33:09.180><c> fact</c><00:33:09.339><c> that</c><00:33:09.500><c> there</c><00:33:09.680><c> are</c><00:33:09.859><c> numerous</c><00:33:10.259><c> structures</c>

00:33:10.960 --> 00:33:15.319
that<00:33:11.579><c> have</c><00:33:12.599><c> evolved</c><00:33:13.339><c> numerous</c><00:33:14.240><c> times.</c>

00:33:15.579 --> 00:33:19.259
The<00:33:15.759><c> eye</c><00:33:16.279><c> has</c><00:33:17.240><c> evolved</c><00:33:17.640><c> in</c><00:33:17.859><c> different</c><00:33:18.059><c> forms</c><00:33:18.339><c> of</c><00:33:18.599><c> animals</c><00:33:18.880><c> on</c>

00:33:19.259 --> 00:33:23.180
at<00:33:19.299><c> least</c><00:33:20.099><c> five</c><00:33:22.180><c> separate</c><00:33:22.319><c> occasions.</c>

00:33:24.059 --> 00:33:26.480
Our<00:33:24.460><c> eye,</c><00:33:24.740><c> for</c><00:33:24.960><c> example,</c><00:33:25.279><c> is</c><00:33:25.460><c> very</c><00:33:25.759><c> different</c><00:33:25.980><c> from</c><00:33:26.160><c> the</c><00:33:26.339><c> eye</c>

00:33:26.480 --> 00:33:32.579
on<00:33:27.480><c> a</c><00:33:27.680><c> fly</c><00:33:27.900><c> or</c><00:33:28.000><c> something.</c><00:33:30.859><c> Structurally</c><00:33:31.420><c> completely</c><00:33:32.059><c> different.</c>

00:33:32.579 --> 00:33:37.920
The<00:33:33.279><c> eye</c><00:33:33.559><c> has</c><00:33:33.779><c> developed</c><00:33:34.099><c> on</c><00:33:34.900><c> at</c><00:33:35.059><c> least</c><00:33:35.200><c> five</c><00:33:35.460><c> occasions.</c><00:33:37.799><c> I'm</c>

00:33:37.920 --> 00:33:38.799
just<00:33:38.039><c> going</c><00:33:38.099><c> to</c><00:33:38.140><c> go</c><00:33:38.160><c> through</c><00:33:38.180><c> this</c><00:33:38.339><c> very</c><00:33:38.539><c> briefly.</c>

00:33:38.859 --> 00:33:41.319
There's<00:33:39.099><c> an</c><00:33:39.339><c> interesting</c><00:33:39.640><c> example</c><00:33:40.039><c> of</c><00:33:40.359><c> an</c><00:33:40.660><c> animal</c><00:33:40.839><c> called</c><00:33:41.119><c> a</c>

00:33:41.319 --> 00:33:43.480
bombardier<00:33:41.759><c> beetle.</c><00:33:43.000><c> I</c><00:33:43.119><c> don't</c><00:33:43.119><c> know</c><00:33:43.119><c> if</c><00:33:43.119><c> you've</c><00:33:43.319><c> ever</c><00:33:43.400><c> heard</c>

00:33:43.480 --> 00:33:44.980
about<00:33:43.599><c> the</c><00:33:43.839><c> bombardier</c><00:33:44.180><c> beetle.</c>

00:33:46.400 --> 00:33:49.220
It's<00:33:46.880><c> a</c><00:33:47.019><c> little</c><00:33:47.140><c> difficult</c><00:33:47.500><c> to</c><00:33:47.759><c> attack</c><00:33:48.000><c> because</c><00:33:48.400><c> when</c><00:33:48.680><c> you</c><00:33:48.859><c> try</c><00:33:49.000><c> to</c>

00:33:49.220 --> 00:33:51.619
attack<00:33:49.460><c> the</c><00:33:49.660><c> bombardier</c><00:33:50.039><c> beetle,</c><00:33:50.720><c> it</c><00:33:50.940><c> spits</c><00:33:51.200><c> out</c><00:33:51.420><c> a</c><00:33:51.480><c> little</c>

00:33:51.619 --> 00:33:55.279
chemical<00:33:52.019><c> explosion</c><00:33:52.480><c> out</c><00:33:52.619><c> its</c><00:33:52.759><c> rear</c><00:33:52.960><c> end</c><00:33:54.220><c> at</c><00:33:54.539><c> you.</c>

00:33:55.779 --> 00:33:59.460
Now,<00:33:56.339><c> how</c><00:33:56.579><c> is</c><00:33:56.799><c> it</c><00:33:56.900><c> that</c><00:33:57.440><c> the</c><00:33:57.759><c> beetle</c><00:33:58.039><c> spits</c><00:33:58.440><c> out</c><00:33:58.640><c> these</c><00:33:58.880><c> chemicals</c><00:33:59.220><c> that</c>

00:33:59.460 --> 00:34:02.359
cause<00:33:59.660><c> an</c><00:33:59.900><c> explosion</c><00:34:00.180><c> but</c><00:34:00.319><c> it</c><00:34:00.500><c> doesn't</c><00:34:00.640><c> blow</c><00:34:00.819><c> itself</c><00:34:01.200><c> to</c><00:34:01.400><c> smithereens</c><00:34:01.980><c> in</c>

00:34:02.359 --> 00:34:03.579
the<00:34:02.519><c> first</c><00:34:02.700><c> place?</c>

00:34:04.339 --> 00:34:06.079
Scientists<00:34:04.759><c> have</c><00:34:05.039><c> studied</c><00:34:05.220><c> this</c><00:34:05.440><c> and</c><00:34:05.519><c> they've</c><00:34:05.779><c> determined</c>

00:34:06.079 --> 00:34:09.719
that<00:34:06.240><c> there's</c><00:34:06.440><c> two</c><00:34:06.740><c> chemicals.</c><00:34:08.820><c> I've</c><00:34:09.300><c> forgotten</c><00:34:09.500><c> to</c><00:34:09.599><c> write</c>

00:34:09.719 --> 00:34:11.719
down<00:34:09.840><c> the</c><00:34:10.019><c> scientific</c><00:34:10.280><c> names,</c><00:34:10.739><c> but</c><00:34:10.880><c> basically</c><00:34:11.239><c> there's</c><00:34:11.460><c> two</c>

00:34:11.719 --> 00:34:12.719
chemicals<00:34:12.119><c> that</c><00:34:12.340><c> it</c><00:34:12.539><c> combines.</c>

00:34:12.820 --> 00:34:17.280
One<00:34:13.000><c> of</c><00:34:13.119><c> them</c><00:34:13.239><c> is</c><00:34:13.480><c> hydrogen</c><00:34:13.760><c> peroxide.</c><00:34:14.719><c> I'll</c><00:34:14.980><c> call</c><00:34:15.139><c> it</c><00:34:15.360><c> chemical</c><00:34:16.420><c> A</c><00:34:16.880><c> and</c>

00:34:17.280 --> 00:34:20.679
chemical<00:34:17.659><c> B.</c><00:34:18.800><c> When</c><00:34:18.940><c> you</c><00:34:19.139><c> combine</c><00:34:19.500><c> these</c><00:34:19.780><c> two,</c><00:34:20.179><c> when</c><00:34:20.340><c> you</c><00:34:20.539><c> add</c>

00:34:20.679 --> 00:34:23.320
these<00:34:20.880><c> two</c><00:34:21.059><c> chemicals</c><00:34:21.340><c> together,</c><00:34:21.960><c> you</c><00:34:22.119><c> have</c><00:34:22.219><c> an</c><00:34:22.480><c> explosion.</c>

00:34:23.760 --> 00:34:29.179
How<00:34:24.239><c> is</c><00:34:24.659><c> it</c><00:34:25.099><c> that</c><00:34:25.579><c> the</c><00:34:25.820><c> bombardier</c><00:34:26.239><c> beetle</c><00:34:26.880><c> evolved</c><00:34:28.739><c> organs</c>

00:34:29.179 --> 00:34:31.800
that<00:34:29.380><c> would</c><00:34:29.679><c> make</c><00:34:29.900><c> these</c><00:34:30.239><c> two</c><00:34:30.820><c> chemicals?</c>

00:34:32.199 --> 00:34:35.519
That<00:34:32.380><c> doesn't</c><00:34:32.539><c> do</c><00:34:32.679><c> a</c><00:34:32.699><c> whole</c><00:34:32.860><c> lot</c><00:34:32.980><c> of</c><00:34:33.119><c> good.</c><00:34:33.739><c> Beetles</c><00:34:33.980><c> would</c><00:34:34.119><c> have</c><00:34:34.239><c> been</c><00:34:34.739><c> blowing</c><00:34:34.940><c> themselves</c><00:34:35.360><c> to</c>

00:34:35.519 --> 00:34:37.739
smithereens<00:34:35.920><c> for</c><00:34:36.139><c> thousands</c><00:34:36.460><c> of</c><00:34:36.739><c> generations.</c>

00:34:38.880 --> 00:34:41.719
The<00:34:39.019><c> only</c><00:34:39.199><c> way</c><00:34:39.360><c> you</c><00:34:39.480><c> can</c><00:34:39.639><c> have</c><00:34:39.800><c> these</c><00:34:40.039><c> two</c><00:34:40.239><c> chemicals</c><00:34:40.599><c> together</c><00:34:41.239><c> without</c>

00:34:41.719 --> 00:34:44.639
the<00:34:41.920><c> thing</c><00:34:42.239><c> blowing</c><00:34:42.820><c> itself</c><00:34:43.199><c> to</c><00:34:43.440><c> bits</c><00:34:43.639><c> is</c><00:34:44.000><c> to</c><00:34:44.159><c> have</c><00:34:44.280><c> a</c><00:34:44.460><c> third</c>

00:34:44.639 --> 00:34:46.659
chemical.<00:34:45.059><c> I'm</c><00:34:45.219><c> going</c><00:34:45.360><c> to</c><00:34:45.559><c> call</c><00:34:45.699><c> it</c><00:34:45.880><c> C.</c>

00:34:46.659 --> 00:34:56.579
That<00:34:47.480><c> is</c><00:34:48.000><c> what's</c><00:34:48.280><c> called</c><00:34:48.539><c> an</c><00:34:49.059><c> inhibitor.</c><00:34:52.360><c> It</c><00:34:52.900><c> inhibits</c><00:34:53.960><c> those</c>

00:34:56.579 --> 00:35:00.239
two<00:34:56.920><c> chemicals</c><00:34:57.239><c> from</c><00:34:57.500><c> reacting</c><00:34:58.139><c> explosively</c><00:34:58.860><c> the</c><00:34:58.960><c> way</c><00:34:59.079><c> they</c><00:34:59.280><c> do.</c>

00:35:00.340 --> 00:35:05.039
But<00:35:00.480><c> now</c><00:35:00.679><c> what</c><00:35:00.840><c> good</c><00:35:00.980><c> is</c><00:35:01.159><c> it?</c><00:35:02.719><c> It</c><00:35:03.260><c> now</c><00:35:03.519><c> spits</c><00:35:03.679><c> out</c><00:35:03.980><c> to</c><00:35:04.239><c> you</c><00:35:04.440><c> chemicals</c><00:35:04.639><c> A,</c>

00:35:05.099 --> 00:35:09.280
B,<00:35:05.300><c> and</c><00:35:05.380><c> C.</c><00:35:06.460><c> No</c><00:35:06.579><c> explosion.</c><00:35:08.139><c> Why</c><00:35:08.340><c> would</c><00:35:08.440><c> they</c><00:35:08.579><c> have</c><00:35:08.719><c> it?</c>

00:35:16.679 --> 00:35:23.980
Because<00:35:17.199><c> they</c><00:35:17.460><c> don't.</c><00:35:18.519><c> It's</c><00:35:18.780><c> all</c><00:35:19.079><c> connected</c><00:35:19.519><c> inside.</c><00:35:20.559><c> Basically</c><00:35:21.079><c> what</c><00:35:21.300><c> they</c><00:35:21.539><c> do</c><00:35:21.699><c> is</c><00:35:21.840><c> they</c><00:35:22.099><c> add,</c><00:35:22.380><c> at</c><00:35:22.559><c> the</c><00:35:22.739><c> last</c><00:35:23.019><c> second,</c><00:35:23.800><c> a</c>

00:35:23.980 --> 00:35:27.320
chemical<00:35:24.300><c> called</c><00:35:24.639><c> D,</c><00:35:25.300><c> which</c><00:35:25.460><c> is</c><00:35:25.659><c> an</c><00:35:25.940><c> anti</c><00:35:26.199><c>-inhibitor.</c>

00:35:33.059 --> 00:35:37.400
But<00:35:33.579><c> the</c><00:35:34.099><c> point</c><00:35:34.300><c> is,</c><00:35:34.599><c> at</c><00:35:34.780><c> the</c><00:35:34.940><c> last</c><00:35:35.260><c> second,</c><00:35:35.780><c> it</c><00:35:35.940><c> mixes</c><00:35:36.179><c> in</c><00:35:36.360><c> this</c><00:35:36.539><c> chemical</c><00:35:36.860><c> D</c>

00:35:37.400 --> 00:35:40.239
with<00:35:37.719><c> the</c><00:35:37.920><c> other</c><00:35:38.139><c> three</c><00:35:38.480><c> and</c><00:35:38.820><c> you</c><00:35:38.960><c> do</c><00:35:39.099><c> have</c><00:35:39.199><c> an</c><00:35:39.440><c> explosion.</c>

00:35:40.579 --> 00:35:42.480
Which<00:35:41.019><c> one</c><00:35:41.199><c> came</c><00:35:41.420><c> first?</c>

00:35:51.139 --> 00:35:53.579
I<00:35:51.579><c> use</c><00:35:52.019><c> this</c><00:35:52.239><c> as</c><00:35:52.380><c> an</c><00:35:52.559><c> example</c><00:35:52.739><c> because</c><00:35:52.960><c> it's</c><00:35:53.179><c> kind</c><00:35:53.440><c> of</c><00:35:53.440><c> funny</c>

00:35:53.579 --> 00:35:56.739
to<00:35:53.780><c> talk</c><00:35:53.920><c> about</c><00:35:54.139><c> beetles</c><00:35:54.420><c> blowing</c><00:35:54.659><c> themselves</c><00:35:55.039><c> to</c><00:35:55.260><c> bits.</c>

00:36:00.099 --> 00:36:02.619
This<00:36:00.539><c> is</c><00:36:00.980><c> the</c><00:36:01.039><c> kind</c><00:36:01.199><c> of</c><00:36:01.219><c> thing</c><00:36:01.320><c> that</c><00:36:01.539><c> over</c><00:36:01.760><c> and</c><00:36:01.800><c> over</c><00:36:02.059><c> again</c><00:36:02.199><c> you</c><00:36:02.300><c> have</c><00:36:02.480><c> to</c>

00:36:02.619 --> 00:36:04.960
ask<00:36:02.699><c> yourself,</c><00:36:02.860><c> which</c><00:36:03.039><c> came</c><00:36:03.300><c> first</c><00:36:03.880><c> when</c><00:36:04.639><c> you're</c><00:36:04.820><c> talking</c>

00:36:04.960 --> 00:36:06.079
about<00:36:05.119><c> evolution?</c>

00:36:06.699 --> 00:36:09.980
We<00:36:07.099><c> could</c><00:36:07.500><c> go</c><00:36:07.619><c> on</c><00:36:07.820><c> for</c><00:36:07.960><c> multiplying</c><00:36:08.800><c> examples</c><00:36:09.239><c> of</c><00:36:09.440><c> this.</c><00:36:09.619><c> How</c>

00:36:09.980 --> 00:36:11.900
did<00:36:10.079><c> the</c><00:36:10.219><c> eye</c><00:36:10.360><c> develop?</c><00:36:10.719><c> You</c><00:36:10.800><c> have</c><00:36:10.980><c> to</c><00:36:11.059><c> have</c><00:36:11.139><c> the</c><00:36:11.380><c> eye</c><00:36:11.599><c> and</c><00:36:11.699><c> then</c><00:36:11.880><c> you</c>

00:36:11.900 --> 00:36:14.239
have<00:36:12.079><c> to</c><00:36:12.079><c> have</c><00:36:12.179><c> all</c><00:36:12.400><c> the</c><00:36:12.880><c> focusing</c><00:36:13.300><c> mechanism</c><00:36:13.840><c> and</c><00:36:13.960><c> you</c><00:36:14.059><c> have</c>

00:36:14.239 --> 00:36:15.380
to<00:36:14.400><c> have</c><00:36:14.599><c> the</c><00:36:14.800><c> optic</c><00:36:15.059><c> nerve.</c>

00:36:15.639 --> 00:36:17.119
You<00:36:15.719><c> have</c><00:36:15.880><c> to</c><00:36:15.940><c> have</c><00:36:16.079><c> part</c><00:36:16.219><c> of</c><00:36:16.340><c> your</c><00:36:16.500><c> brain</c><00:36:16.659><c> that's</c><00:36:16.840><c> going</c><00:36:16.940><c> to</c>

00:36:17.119 --> 00:36:18.780
recognize<00:36:17.539><c> what's</c><00:36:18.280><c> being</c><00:36:18.519><c> input.</c>

00:36:19.179 --> 00:36:20.900
But<00:36:19.320><c> I</c><00:36:19.420><c> want</c><00:36:19.519><c> to</c><00:36:19.599><c> move</c><00:36:19.719><c> on</c><00:36:19.880><c> from</c><00:36:20.039><c> stuff</c><00:36:20.239><c> like</c><00:36:20.500><c> that</c><00:36:20.639><c> a</c><00:36:20.739><c> little</c>

00:36:20.900 --> 00:36:26.239
bit<00:36:21.420><c> and</c><00:36:22.800><c> talk</c><00:36:23.059><c> about</c><00:36:23.219><c> the</c><00:36:23.460><c> fossil</c><00:36:23.699><c> record</c><00:36:24.199><c> because</c><00:36:25.820><c> this</c><00:36:26.039><c> is</c>

00:36:26.239 --> 00:36:30.639
the<00:36:26.400><c> biggest</c><00:36:26.659><c> thing</c><00:36:27.699><c> realistically</c><00:36:28.400><c> that</c><00:36:29.940><c> convinces</c><00:36:30.380><c> most</c>

00:36:30.639 --> 00:36:32.079
people<00:36:30.900><c> about</c><00:36:31.119><c> evolution.</c>

00:36:32.179 --> 00:36:36.480
Let's<00:36:32.500><c> say</c><00:36:32.699><c> we</c><00:36:32.820><c> were</c><00:36:32.980><c> to</c><00:36:33.179><c> take</c><00:36:33.420><c> all</c><00:36:33.960><c> of</c><00:36:34.119><c> the</c><00:36:34.320><c> fossils</c><00:36:34.800><c> that</c><00:36:35.519><c> were</c><00:36:35.800><c> around</c><00:36:36.239><c> in</c>

00:36:36.480 --> 00:36:39.300
the<00:36:36.639><c> time</c><00:36:36.820><c> of</c><00:36:36.980><c> Charles</c><00:36:37.599><c> Darwin,</c><00:36:38.500><c> who</c><00:36:38.619><c> wrote</c><00:36:38.760><c> The</c><00:36:38.940><c> Origin</c><00:36:39.119><c> of</c>

00:36:39.300 --> 00:36:41.280
Species,<00:36:39.599><c> who</c><00:36:39.739><c> really</c><00:36:39.960><c> got</c><00:36:40.119><c> evolution</c><00:36:40.480><c> started.</c>

00:36:41.300 --> 00:36:43.679
And<00:36:41.480><c> let's</c><00:36:41.619><c> say</c><00:36:41.739><c> we</c><00:36:41.920><c> line</c><00:36:42.099><c> them</c><00:36:42.219><c> up</c><00:36:42.380><c> against</c><00:36:42.639><c> a</c><00:36:42.860><c> wall</c><00:36:43.139><c> and</c><00:36:43.559><c> we</c>

00:36:43.679 --> 00:36:45.960
put<00:36:43.780><c> the</c><00:36:44.019><c> oldest</c><00:36:44.280><c> ones,</c><00:36:45.059><c> the</c><00:36:45.239><c> ones</c><00:36:45.340><c> that</c><00:36:45.480><c> we</c><00:36:45.599><c> think</c><00:36:45.699><c> were</c><00:36:45.840><c> the</c>

00:36:45.960 --> 00:36:48.239
oldest,<00:36:46.300><c> down</c><00:36:46.420><c> here,</c><00:36:47.119><c> and</c><00:36:47.260><c> the</c><00:36:47.400><c> next</c><00:36:47.639><c> oldest,</c><00:36:47.860><c> and</c><00:36:47.960><c> the</c><00:36:48.099><c> next</c>

00:36:48.239 --> 00:36:49.460
oldest,<00:36:48.420><c> and</c><00:36:48.559><c> the</c><00:36:48.659><c> next</c><00:36:48.780><c> oldest,</c><00:36:48.940><c> and</c><00:36:49.059><c> the</c><00:36:49.159><c> next</c><00:36:49.280><c> oldest,</c><00:36:49.400><c> and</c>

00:36:49.460 --> 00:36:50.320
the<00:36:49.460><c> next</c><00:36:49.460><c> oldest,</c><00:36:49.460><c> and</c><00:36:49.599><c> the</c><00:36:49.639><c> next</c><00:36:49.719><c> oldest.</c>

00:36:50.980 --> 00:36:54.760
We<00:36:51.460><c> do</c><00:36:51.900><c> that.</c><00:36:52.860><c> Now</c><00:36:53.019><c> Darwin,</c><00:36:53.579><c> actually</c><00:36:53.900><c> somebody</c><00:36:54.340><c> brought</c><00:36:54.619><c> me</c>

00:36:54.760 --> 00:36:56.519
his<00:36:54.900><c> book,</c><00:36:55.320><c> brought</c><00:36:55.579><c> it</c><00:36:55.639><c> from</c><00:36:55.840><c> the</c><00:36:55.940><c> library</c><00:36:56.099><c> here</c><00:36:56.280><c> somewhere,</c>

00:36:56.760 --> 00:37:00.480
he<00:36:56.920><c> has</c><00:36:57.079><c> an</c><00:36:57.280><c> entire</c><00:36:57.619><c> chapter</c><00:36:58.219><c> called</c><00:36:58.820><c> On</c><00:36:59.179><c> the</c><00:36:59.380><c> Imperfection</c>

00:37:00.480 --> 00:37:02.679
of<00:37:00.980><c> the</c><00:37:01.159><c> Geological</c><00:37:01.840><c> Record.</c>

00:37:02.940 --> 00:37:05.679
He<00:37:03.099><c> spends,</c><00:37:03.420><c> I</c><00:37:03.500><c> think</c><00:37:03.579><c> it's</c><00:37:03.739><c> 26</c><00:37:04.139><c> pages</c><00:37:04.500><c> on</c><00:37:04.679><c> it,</c><00:37:05.119><c> but</c><00:37:05.280><c> the</c><00:37:05.500><c> point</c>

00:37:05.679 --> 00:37:08.440
is<00:37:06.119><c> he</c><00:37:06.579><c> spends</c><00:37:06.820><c> a</c><00:37:06.960><c> whole</c><00:37:07.179><c> chapter</c><00:37:07.500><c> in</c><00:37:07.639><c> his</c><00:37:07.820><c> book</c><00:37:07.960><c> saying,</c><00:37:08.420><c> you</c>

00:37:08.440 --> 00:37:13.199
know<00:37:08.619><c> what,</c><00:37:09.340><c> the</c><00:37:09.579><c> fossil</c><00:37:09.960><c> record</c><00:37:10.280><c> as</c><00:37:10.460><c> we</c><00:37:10.619><c> know</c><00:37:10.780><c> it</c><00:37:11.019><c> is</c><00:37:11.219><c> not</c><00:37:11.539><c> compatible</c><00:37:12.000><c> with</c><00:37:12.199><c> my</c><00:37:12.440><c> theory.</c>

00:37:13.639 --> 00:37:16.880
He<00:37:14.039><c> said</c><00:37:14.199><c> that's</c><00:37:14.460><c> okay.</c><00:37:15.000><c> It</c><00:37:15.059><c> was</c><00:37:15.179><c> the</c><00:37:15.360><c> mid</c><00:37:15.500><c>-1800s,</c><00:37:16.019><c> he</c><00:37:16.059><c> thought,</c><00:37:16.739><c> well,</c>

00:37:17.059 --> 00:37:20.400
you<00:37:17.099><c> know,</c><00:37:17.380><c> as</c><00:37:17.519><c> time</c><00:37:17.679><c> goes</c><00:37:17.860><c> on</c><00:37:18.019><c> we're</c><00:37:18.159><c> going</c><00:37:18.239><c> to</c><00:37:18.400><c> find</c><00:37:18.539><c> more</c><00:37:18.860><c> and</c><00:37:18.860><c> more</c><00:37:19.059><c> fossils</c><00:37:19.539><c> and</c><00:37:20.000><c> we're</c><00:37:20.159><c> going</c><00:37:20.260><c> to</c>

00:37:20.400 --> 00:37:21.260
find<00:37:20.659><c> the</c><00:37:20.900><c> gaps.</c>

00:37:21.480 --> 00:37:25.719
Because<00:37:21.760><c> there</c><00:37:21.980><c> are</c><00:37:22.179><c> gaps.</c><00:37:22.980><c> You</c><00:37:23.159><c> have</c><00:37:23.360><c> single</c><00:37:23.739><c>-celled</c><00:37:25.219><c> organisms.</c>

00:37:30.960 --> 00:37:33.320
Then<00:37:31.360><c> you</c><00:37:31.460><c> have</c><00:37:31.699><c> multi</c><00:37:32.119><c>-celled</c><00:37:32.579><c> organisms.</c>

00:37:35.199 --> 00:37:40.400
Both<00:37:35.679><c> of</c><00:37:35.880><c> these</c><00:37:36.119><c> things</c><00:37:36.340><c> are</c><00:37:36.599><c> invertebrates.</c><00:37:37.420><c> They</c><00:37:37.659><c> don't</c><00:37:37.920><c> have</c><00:37:38.219><c> any</c><00:37:38.500><c> kind</c><00:37:38.699><c> of</c>

00:37:40.400 --> 00:37:41.539
a<00:37:40.800><c> vertebrae.</c>

00:37:41.619 --> 00:37:49.619
But<00:37:41.739><c> then</c><00:37:41.900><c> you</c><00:37:42.099><c> have</c><00:37:43.119><c> vertebrates,</c><00:37:46.219><c> which</c><00:37:48.960><c> can</c><00:37:49.139><c> be</c><00:37:49.280><c> broken</c><00:37:49.460><c> down</c><00:37:49.619><c> a</c>

00:37:49.619 --> 00:37:52.639
number<00:37:49.820><c> of</c><00:37:50.000><c> ways,</c><00:37:50.599><c> but</c><00:37:50.760><c> you</c><00:37:50.940><c> have</c><00:37:51.119><c> the</c><00:37:51.340><c> different</c><00:37:51.500><c> basic</c><00:37:51.840><c> animals</c><00:37:52.300><c> or</c>

00:37:52.639 --> 00:37:53.420
classes<00:37:52.960><c> of</c><00:37:53.219><c> animals.</c>

00:37:53.420 --> 00:38:06.159
You<00:37:53.559><c> have</c><00:37:54.699><c> fish,</c><00:37:57.460><c> you</c><00:37:57.460><c> have</c><00:37:57.960><c> amphibians,</c><00:38:02.300><c> you</c><00:38:02.300><c> have</c><00:38:02.480><c> reptiles,</c><00:38:05.960><c> you</c><00:38:06.059><c> have</c>

00:38:06.159 --> 00:38:10.519
birds,<00:38:08.960><c> and</c><00:38:09.099><c> you</c><00:38:09.119><c> have</c><00:38:09.320><c> mammals.</c>

00:38:18.059 --> 00:38:25.519
Darwin<00:38:18.500><c> said</c><00:38:18.679><c> there's</c><00:38:18.920><c> a</c><00:38:19.079><c> problem</c><00:38:19.400><c> here</c><00:38:19.619><c> because</c><00:38:19.860><c> you</c><00:38:21.260><c> shouldn't</c><00:38:21.519><c> have</c><00:38:21.780><c> gaps</c><00:38:21.960><c> in</c><00:38:22.099><c> them.</c><00:38:22.420><c> There</c><00:38:22.639><c> should</c><00:38:22.840><c> be</c><00:38:23.559><c> some</c><00:38:24.039><c> that</c><00:38:24.500><c> are</c><00:38:24.639><c> like,</c><00:38:24.960><c> you</c><00:38:25.039><c> should</c><00:38:25.179><c> have</c><00:38:25.340><c> a</c>

00:38:25.519 --> 00:38:26.519
fish<00:38:25.739><c> fib.</c>

00:38:30.099 --> 00:38:32.480
You<00:38:30.539><c> should</c><00:38:30.699><c> have</c><00:38:30.820><c> an</c><00:38:31.039><c> amphitile.</c>

00:38:32.699 --> 00:38:34.480
You<00:38:33.260><c> should</c><00:38:33.260><c> have</c><00:38:33.260><c> a</c><00:38:33.260><c> reptile.</c>

00:38:36.719 --> 00:38:37.860
A<00:38:37.000><c> leopard.</c>

00:38:41.420 --> 00:38:44.679
And<00:38:41.460><c> you</c><00:38:41.539><c> should</c><00:38:41.719><c> have</c><00:38:42.260><c> a</c><00:38:43.900><c> burmell.</c>

00:38:50.920 --> 00:38:54.219
There<00:38:51.099><c> should</c><00:38:51.860><c> be</c><00:38:52.159><c> fossils</c><00:38:52.599><c> that</c><00:38:52.760><c> we</c><00:38:52.900><c> would</c><00:38:53.119><c> call,</c><00:38:53.340><c> I</c><00:38:53.360><c> mean,</c>

00:38:54.280 --> 00:38:58.619
who<00:38:54.300><c> knows</c><00:38:54.519><c> what</c><00:38:54.679><c> that</c><00:38:54.800><c> would</c><00:38:54.900><c> be,</c><00:38:55.139><c> maybe</c><00:38:55.519><c> fish</c><00:38:55.780><c> fibs</c><00:38:56.099><c> and</c><00:38:56.539><c> amphitiles,</c><00:38:57.219><c> reptiles</c><00:38:57.579><c> and</c><00:38:57.860><c> burmells.</c>

00:38:58.619 --> 00:39:02.679
And<00:38:58.980><c> Darwin</c><00:39:01.119><c> said,</c><00:39:01.400><c> well,</c><00:39:01.639><c> we</c><00:39:01.780><c> haven't</c><00:39:02.000><c> found</c><00:39:02.280><c> a</c><00:39:02.400><c> whole</c><00:39:02.539><c> lot</c>

00:39:02.679 --> 00:39:04.539
of<00:39:02.820><c> fossils</c><00:39:03.099><c> yet,</c><00:39:03.360><c> so</c><00:39:03.519><c> I'm</c><00:39:03.619><c> sure</c><00:39:03.739><c> as</c><00:39:03.880><c> we</c><00:39:03.960><c> keep</c><00:39:04.139><c> looking</c><00:39:04.360><c> we're</c>

00:39:04.539 --> 00:39:06.559
going<00:39:04.619><c> to</c><00:39:04.760><c> find</c><00:39:04.940><c> them.</c>

00:39:18.699 --> 00:39:21.980
Right,<00:39:19.659><c> but</c><00:39:19.659><c> there</c><00:39:20.380><c> is</c><00:39:20.559><c> still</c><00:39:20.880><c> a</c><00:39:21.059><c> gap</c><00:39:21.239><c> between,</c><00:39:21.619><c> I</c><00:39:21.719><c> mean,</c><00:39:21.840><c> they</c>

00:39:21.980 --> 00:39:24.000
don't<00:39:22.099><c> just</c><00:39:22.260><c> go</c><00:39:22.400><c> from</c><00:39:22.619><c> single</c><00:39:22.840><c>-celled</c><00:39:23.099><c> to</c><00:39:23.219><c> mammal.</c>

00:39:24.340 --> 00:39:26.380
They<00:39:24.619><c> do</c><00:39:24.840><c> consider</c><00:39:25.139><c> these</c><00:39:25.460><c> as</c><00:39:25.639><c> gaps,</c><00:39:25.840><c> but</c><00:39:25.920><c> there</c><00:39:26.139><c> are</c><00:39:26.179><c> still</c>

00:39:26.380 --> 00:39:27.840
gaps<00:39:26.619><c> to</c><00:39:26.780><c> be</c><00:39:26.940><c> filled</c><00:39:27.039><c> in</c><00:39:27.280><c> between</c><00:39:27.480><c> them.</c>

00:39:27.840 --> 00:39:31.639
That's<00:39:28.420><c> like</c><00:39:28.539><c> having</c><00:39:28.679><c> the</c><00:39:28.900><c> alphabet</c><00:39:29.079><c> go</c><00:39:29.360><c> A,</c><00:39:29.880><c> E,</c><00:39:30.280><c> Q,</c><00:39:30.579><c> Z.</c>

00:39:33.900 --> 00:39:36.480
Right,<00:39:34.039><c> I'm</c><00:39:34.500><c> oversimplifying</c><00:39:35.159><c> here</c><00:39:35.380><c> a</c><00:39:35.440><c> little</c><00:39:35.659><c> bit.</c>

00:39:36.639 --> 00:39:38.539
Let<00:39:36.719><c> me</c><00:39:37.059><c> go</c><00:39:37.219><c> on,</c><00:39:37.900><c> though.</c>

00:39:40.480 --> 00:39:43.380
There's<00:39:40.920><c> two</c><00:39:41.360><c> gaps</c><00:39:41.679><c> that</c><00:39:41.880><c> are</c><00:39:42.019><c> just</c><00:39:42.300><c> huge.</c>

00:39:44.139 --> 00:39:48.059
The<00:39:44.420><c> biggest</c><00:39:44.639><c> gaps</c><00:39:44.920><c> are</c><00:39:45.099><c> between</c><00:39:45.400><c> vertebrates</c><00:39:45.800><c> and</c><00:39:46.000><c> invertebrates</c><00:39:46.679><c> and</c><00:39:47.019><c> between</c><00:39:47.360><c> single</c><00:39:47.800><c>-cell</c>

00:39:48.059 --> 00:39:49.179
and<00:39:48.539><c> multi</c><00:39:49.000><c>-cell.</c>

00:39:49.440 --> 00:39:51.460
Let<00:39:49.659><c> me</c><00:39:49.760><c> read</c><00:39:49.960><c> to</c><00:39:50.079><c> you</c><00:39:50.260><c> a</c><00:39:50.480><c> couple</c><00:39:50.659><c> of</c><00:39:50.860><c> more</c><00:39:51.019><c> quotes.</c>

00:39:51.619 --> 00:39:52.940
I'm<00:39:51.739><c> going</c><00:39:51.820><c> to</c><00:39:51.840><c> have</c><00:39:51.940><c> to</c><00:39:52.059><c> finish</c><00:39:52.219><c> with</c><00:39:52.440><c> these</c><00:39:52.579><c> and</c><00:39:52.679><c> then</c><00:39:52.800><c> we'll</c>

00:39:52.940 --> 00:39:53.940
pick<00:39:53.119><c> up</c><00:39:53.360><c> again</c><00:39:53.539><c> tomorrow.</c>

00:39:53.940 --> 00:39:59.699
Again,<00:39:54.739><c> this</c><00:39:54.980><c> is</c><00:39:55.239><c> from</c><00:39:55.599><c> a</c><00:39:55.900><c> leading</c><00:39:56.139><c> evolutionist</c><00:39:56.780><c> today</c><00:39:57.340><c> talking</c><00:39:57.940><c> about</c><00:39:58.920><c> the</c>

00:39:59.699 --> 00:40:00.260
fossil<00:39:59.980><c> record.</c>

00:40:00.280 --> 00:40:03.840
He<00:40:00.480><c> calls</c><00:40:00.719><c> it</c><00:40:00.920><c> the</c><00:40:01.099><c> cryptic</c><00:40:01.579><c> record</c><00:40:02.019><c> is</c><00:40:02.940><c> the</c><00:40:03.059><c> name</c><00:40:03.179><c> of</c><00:40:03.340><c> the</c><00:40:03.500><c> chapter,</c><00:40:03.739><c> and</c>

00:40:03.840 --> 00:40:05.300
I<00:40:03.940><c> just</c><00:40:04.019><c> have</c><00:40:04.119><c> a</c><00:40:04.199><c> couple</c><00:40:04.380><c> of</c><00:40:04.539><c> quotes.</c>

00:40:24.159 --> 00:40:26.639
...about<00:40:24.900><c> the</c><00:40:25.199><c> life</c><00:40:25.400><c> of</c><00:40:25.619><c> the</c><00:40:25.780><c> past.</c>

00:40:33.760 --> 00:40:37.219
And<00:40:34.500><c> generally,</c><00:40:35.440><c> the</c><00:40:35.440><c> most</c><00:40:35.719><c> interesting</c><00:40:36.099><c> pages.</c>

00:40:54.280 --> 00:40:57.440
Consequently,<00:40:55.900><c> he</c><00:40:55.900><c> was...</c>

00:41:23.940 --> 00:41:29.320
Remains<00:41:24.320><c> of</c><00:41:24.539><c> some</c><00:41:24.880><c> 250</c><00:41:25.820><c>,000</c><00:41:26.900><c> extinct</c><00:41:27.300><c> species</c><00:41:27.739><c> have</c><00:41:27.940><c> been</c><00:41:28.159><c> recovered</c><00:41:28.500><c> and</c><00:41:28.780><c> classified,</c>

00:41:29.320 --> 00:41:31.860
and<00:41:29.960><c> they</c><00:41:30.119><c> ought</c><00:41:30.260><c> to</c><00:41:30.500><c> provide</c><00:41:30.760><c> a</c><00:41:31.059><c> reasonably</c><00:41:31.360><c> good</c><00:41:31.599><c> picture</c>

00:41:31.860 --> 00:41:33.039
of<00:41:32.000><c> the</c><00:41:32.159><c> life</c><00:41:32.280><c> of</c><00:41:32.460><c> the</c><00:41:32.619><c> past,</c>

00:41:33.480 --> 00:41:35.360
so<00:41:33.699><c> far</c><00:41:33.900><c> as</c><00:41:34.059><c> is</c><00:41:34.239><c> fossilizable.</c>

00:41:35.480 --> 00:41:38.619
They<00:41:35.719><c> probably</c><00:41:36.079><c> do</c><00:41:36.280><c> so,</c><00:41:36.500><c> at</c><00:41:36.599><c> least,</c><00:41:36.800><c> for</c><00:41:36.960><c> marine</c><00:41:37.239><c> forms,</c><00:41:37.739><c> deficiencies</c><00:41:38.139><c> owing</c><00:41:38.420><c> less</c>

00:41:38.619 --> 00:41:39.800
to<00:41:38.840><c> failure</c><00:41:39.059><c> of</c><00:41:39.300><c> fossilization</c>

00:41:39.800 --> 00:41:41.980
than<00:41:39.980><c> to</c><00:41:40.139><c> destruction</c><00:41:40.460><c> or</c><00:41:40.639><c> erosion</c><00:41:40.900><c> of</c><00:41:41.119><c> deposits.</c>

00:41:42.179 --> 00:41:43.940
Antiquity<00:41:42.519><c> does</c><00:41:42.699><c> not</c><00:41:42.900><c> seem</c><00:41:43.000><c> to</c><00:41:43.199><c> matter</c><00:41:43.360><c> very</c><00:41:43.699><c> much.</c>

00:41:44.280 --> 00:41:46.679
Early<00:41:44.480><c> Cambrian</c><00:41:44.900><c> species</c><00:41:45.300><c> are</c><00:41:45.500><c> about</c><00:41:45.659><c> as</c><00:41:45.860><c> well</c><00:41:46.039><c> known</c><00:41:46.199><c> as</c><00:41:46.320><c> those</c><00:41:46.500><c> of</c>

00:41:46.679 --> 00:41:48.000
much<00:41:46.820><c> later</c><00:41:47.079><c> periods.</c>

00:41:48.699 --> 00:41:52.579
But<00:41:49.179><c> the</c><00:41:49.659><c> fossil</c><00:41:49.980><c> record</c><00:41:50.300><c> does</c><00:41:50.619><c> not</c><00:41:50.940><c> tell</c><00:41:51.199><c> us</c><00:41:51.880><c> what</c><00:41:52.280><c> the</c>

00:41:52.579 --> 00:41:53.880
theory<00:41:52.800><c> promises.</c>

00:41:54.039 --> 00:41:58.559
We<00:41:54.559><c> expect</c><00:41:55.079><c> to</c><00:41:55.360><c> find</c><00:41:55.559><c> a</c><00:41:55.840><c> great</c><00:41:56.039><c> tree</c><00:41:56.500><c> with</c><00:41:57.000><c> many</c><00:41:57.320><c> forks</c><00:41:57.679><c> sending</c><00:41:57.900><c> branches</c><00:41:58.280><c> in</c>

00:41:58.559 --> 00:41:59.300
different<00:41:58.719><c> directions.</c>

00:41:59.780 --> 00:42:02.780
The<00:42:00.000><c> tree</c><00:42:00.199><c> of</c><00:42:00.400><c> life</c><00:42:00.559><c> is</c><00:42:00.760><c> frequently</c><00:42:01.159><c> so</c><00:42:01.500><c> drawn,</c><00:42:02.239><c> with</c><00:42:02.519><c> groups</c>

00:42:02.780 --> 00:42:04.219
diverging<00:42:03.300><c> from</c><00:42:03.599><c> common</c><00:42:03.840><c> origins,</c>

00:42:04.440 --> 00:42:06.900
dividing<00:42:04.719><c> and</c><00:42:05.000><c> re</c><00:42:05.179><c>-dividing,</c><00:42:05.579><c> giving</c><00:42:05.719><c> rise</c><00:42:05.980><c> to</c><00:42:06.139><c> the</c><00:42:06.280><c> different</c><00:42:06.539><c> phyla,</c>

00:42:07.000 --> 00:42:09.320
classes,<00:42:07.380><c> orders,</c><00:42:07.820><c> families,</c><00:42:08.179><c> genera,</c><00:42:08.400><c> and</c><00:42:08.519><c> species.</c>

00:42:10.280 --> 00:42:12.079
Here's<00:42:10.539><c> the</c><00:42:10.760><c> point.</c>

00:42:15.760 --> 00:42:18.659
Remember<00:42:15.920><c> when</c><00:42:16.039><c> we</c><00:42:16.139><c> were</c><00:42:16.239><c> talking</c><00:42:16.420><c> about</c><00:42:16.539><c> the</c><00:42:16.780><c> scientific</c><00:42:17.079><c> method</c><00:42:17.480><c> on</c><00:42:17.860><c> Monday?</c>

00:42:19.460 --> 00:42:20.519
You<00:42:19.579><c> have</c><00:42:19.739><c> a</c><00:42:20.039><c> hypothesis.</c>

00:42:20.800 --> 00:42:22.099
What's<00:42:21.039><c> your</c><00:42:21.159><c> next</c><00:42:21.360><c> step?</c>

00:42:23.260 --> 00:42:24.840
Gather<00:42:23.840><c> data,</c><00:42:24.500><c> right?</c>

00:42:24.880 --> 00:42:25.960
Research.

00:42:26.159 --> 00:42:28.320
Next<00:42:26.340><c> step,</c><00:42:27.019><c> see</c><00:42:27.219><c> if</c><00:42:27.300><c> it</c><00:42:27.500><c> fits.</c>

00:42:28.639 --> 00:42:32.139
This<00:42:28.800><c> guy</c><00:42:28.960><c> is</c><00:42:29.059><c> one</c><00:42:29.239><c> of</c><00:42:29.260><c> the</c><00:42:29.320><c> leading</c><00:42:29.519><c> evolutionists</c><00:42:30.599><c> of</c><00:42:30.980><c> today.</c>

00:42:32.539 --> 00:42:35.019
And<00:42:32.559><c> what</c><00:42:32.679><c> he</c><00:42:32.900><c> says</c><00:42:33.119><c> is,</c><00:42:33.840><c> I</c><00:42:34.139><c> should</c><00:42:34.340><c> have</c><00:42:34.480><c> actually</c><00:42:34.699><c> underlined,</c>

00:42:35.360 --> 00:42:39.440
he<00:42:35.480><c> says</c><00:42:35.679><c> the</c><00:42:36.039><c> fossil</c><00:42:36.360><c> record</c><00:42:36.659><c> does</c><00:42:37.079><c> not</c><00:42:37.420><c> tell</c><00:42:37.699><c> us</c><00:42:38.360><c> what</c><00:42:39.260><c> the</c>

00:42:39.440 --> 00:42:40.619
theory<00:42:39.619><c> promises.</c>

00:42:41.320 --> 00:42:43.139
That's<00:42:41.900><c> basic</c><00:42:42.239><c> scientific</c><00:42:42.739><c> method.</c>

00:42:43.480 --> 00:42:45.400
That's<00:42:43.679><c> how</c><00:42:43.820><c> you</c><00:42:43.980><c> test</c><00:42:44.260><c> any</c><00:42:44.639><c> scientific</c><00:42:45.079><c> theory.</c>

00:42:45.599 --> 00:42:48.760
You<00:42:45.820><c> make</c><00:42:46.019><c> a</c><00:42:46.219><c> prediction,</c><00:42:46.980><c> research,</c><00:42:48.000><c> see</c><00:42:48.179><c> if</c><00:42:48.320><c> it</c><00:42:48.500><c> fits.</c>

00:42:48.760 --> 00:42:52.079
This<00:42:49.440><c> guy</c><00:42:49.699><c> says,</c><00:42:50.280><c> here's</c><00:42:50.539><c> what</c><00:42:50.659><c> the</c><00:42:50.760><c> theory</c><00:42:51.019><c> of</c><00:42:51.159><c> evolution</c><00:42:51.519><c> predicts</c><00:42:52.000><c> in</c>

00:42:52.079 --> 00:42:53.400
the<00:42:52.260><c> fossil</c><00:42:52.500><c> record.</c>

00:42:53.659 --> 00:42:55.199
It's<00:42:53.960><c> not</c><00:42:54.159><c> there.</c>

00:42:57.199 --> 00:43:00.139
That's<00:42:57.440><c> why</c><00:42:57.599><c> he</c><00:42:57.800><c> has</c><00:42:58.019><c> an</c><00:42:58.280><c> entire</c><00:42:58.659><c> chapter</c><00:42:59.239><c> that</c><00:42:59.659><c> he</c><00:42:59.780><c> calls</c><00:42:59.920><c> the</c>

00:43:00.139 --> 00:43:01.239
cryptic<00:43:00.500><c> record.</c>

00:43:01.280 --> 00:43:02.780
Let<00:43:01.420><c> me</c><00:43:01.559><c> conclude</c><00:43:01.860><c> with</c><00:43:02.059><c> one</c><00:43:02.300><c> more</c><00:43:02.559><c> quote.</c>

00:43:02.980 --> 00:43:06.619
It's<00:43:02.980><c> from</c><00:43:03.119><c> the</c><00:43:03.320><c> same</c><00:43:03.519><c> chapter,</c><00:43:03.940><c> and</c><00:43:04.079><c> then</c><00:43:04.179><c> we'll</c><00:43:04.340><c> pick</c><00:43:04.579><c> up</c><00:43:05.599><c> a</c>

00:43:06.619 --> 00:43:07.840
little<00:43:06.780><c> bit</c><00:43:06.960><c> tomorrow.</c>

00:43:08.460 --> 00:43:11.559
He<00:43:08.619><c> says,</c><00:43:09.019><c> the</c><00:43:09.039><c> gaps</c><00:43:09.400><c> in</c><00:43:09.679><c> the</c><00:43:09.920><c> record</c><00:43:10.139><c> are</c><00:43:10.559><c> real.</c>

00:43:13.440 --> 00:43:14.559
This<00:43:13.539><c> is,</c><00:43:13.780><c> again,</c><00:43:14.019><c> this</c><00:43:14.099><c> is</c><00:43:14.280><c> evolution.</c>

00:43:14.840 --> 00:43:16.599
So,<00:43:15.039><c> yeah,</c><00:43:15.420><c> I</c><00:43:15.440><c> mean,</c><00:43:15.559><c> we</c><00:43:15.659><c> could</c><00:43:15.820><c> talk</c><00:43:16.000><c> about,</c><00:43:16.179><c> well,</c><00:43:16.460><c> there's</c>

00:43:16.599 --> 00:43:17.940
some,<00:43:16.679><c> but</c><00:43:16.780><c> I</c><00:43:16.840><c> mean,</c><00:43:17.000><c> this</c><00:43:17.139><c> is,</c><00:43:17.579><c> okay.</c>

00:43:17.940 --> 00:43:21.380
This<00:43:18.320><c> guy</c><00:43:18.500><c> says</c><00:43:18.760><c> it</c><00:43:19.019><c> is</c><00:43:19.280><c> real,</c><00:43:19.679><c> and</c><00:43:19.880><c> that's</c><00:43:20.340><c> serious.</c>

00:43:22.380 --> 00:43:27.199
The<00:43:22.539><c> absence</c><00:43:23.000><c> of</c><00:43:23.280><c> a</c><00:43:23.460><c> record</c><00:43:23.659><c> of</c><00:43:24.079><c> any</c><00:43:25.099><c> important</c><00:43:25.820><c> branching</c><00:43:26.659><c> is</c>

00:43:27.199 --> 00:43:28.460
quite<00:43:27.440><c> phenomenal.</c>

00:43:29.199 --> 00:43:32.099
There's<00:43:29.460><c> not</c><00:43:29.639><c> a</c><00:43:29.860><c> record</c><00:43:30.059><c> between</c><00:43:30.420><c> any</c><00:43:30.739><c> one</c><00:43:30.860><c> of</c><00:43:31.000><c> these</c><00:43:31.199><c> groups.</c>

00:43:32.280 --> 00:43:33.559
Not<00:43:32.460><c> one,</c><00:43:33.099><c> okay?</c>

00:43:33.840 --> 00:43:36.659
The<00:43:34.079><c> absence</c><00:43:34.380><c> of</c><00:43:34.599><c> a</c><00:43:34.719><c> record</c><00:43:34.900><c> of</c><00:43:35.219><c> any</c><00:43:35.639><c> important</c><00:43:36.079><c> branching</c><00:43:36.480><c> is</c>

00:43:36.659 --> 00:43:37.920
quite<00:43:36.880><c> phenomenal.</c>

00:43:38.139 --> 00:43:41.280
Species<00:43:38.539><c> are</c><00:43:38.780><c> usually</c><00:43:39.159><c> static,</c><00:43:39.619><c> or</c><00:43:39.780><c> nearly</c><00:43:40.039><c> so</c><00:43:40.300><c> for</c><00:43:40.539><c> long</c><00:43:40.739><c> periods.</c>

00:43:41.280 --> 00:43:48.139
Species<00:43:42.480><c> seldom</c><00:43:42.920><c> and</c><00:43:43.599><c> genera</c><00:43:44.820><c> never</c><00:43:45.460><c> show</c><00:43:47.400><c> evolution</c><00:43:47.880><c> into</c>

00:43:48.139 --> 00:43:49.389
new<00:43:48.360><c> species</c><00:43:48.800><c> or</c><00:43:49.059><c> genera,</c>

00:43:49.880 --> 00:43:52.719
but<00:43:50.059><c> replacement</c><00:43:50.559><c> of</c><00:43:50.760><c> one</c><00:43:50.920><c> by</c><00:43:51.159><c> another,</c><00:43:51.840><c> and</c><00:43:52.079><c> change</c><00:43:52.320><c> is</c><00:43:52.539><c> more</c>

00:43:52.719 --> 00:43:53.860
or<00:43:52.820><c> less</c><00:43:52.980><c> abrupt.</c>

00:43:54.059 --> 00:43:56.659
This<00:43:54.380><c> contradicts</c><00:43:55.099><c> the</c><00:43:55.260><c> Darwinian</c><00:43:55.659><c> approach.</c>

00:43:56.940 --> 00:44:00.679
Natural<00:43:57.360><c> selection</c><00:43:58.039><c> and</c><00:43:58.880><c> Lamarckian</c><00:43:59.400><c> evolution</c><00:43:59.760><c> by</c><00:44:00.000><c> use</c><00:44:00.179><c> and</c><00:44:00.400><c> disuse,</c>

00:44:00.699 --> 00:44:03.380
which<00:44:00.840><c> was</c><00:44:01.360><c> an</c><00:44:01.599><c> evolutionary</c><00:44:01.980><c> thought</c><00:44:02.239><c> before</c><00:44:02.539><c> Darwin,</c>

00:44:03.440 --> 00:44:05.900
would<00:44:03.579><c> imply</c><00:44:03.900><c> gradual</c><00:44:04.440><c> progressive</c><00:44:04.900><c> change</c><00:44:05.239><c> with</c><00:44:05.460><c> randomly</c>

00:44:05.900 --> 00:44:07.039
diverging<00:44:06.320><c> lines</c><00:44:06.559><c> of</c><00:44:06.760><c> descent.</c>

00:44:07.039 --> 00:44:11.739
This<00:44:07.659><c> would</c><00:44:07.880><c> make</c><00:44:08.059><c> a</c><00:44:08.320><c> great</c><00:44:08.519><c> irregular</c><00:44:09.119><c> bush,</c><00:44:10.559><c> not</c><00:44:10.860><c> the</c><00:44:11.079><c> branching</c><00:44:11.460><c> ideal</c>

00:44:11.739 --> 00:44:12.639
tree<00:44:12.059><c> of</c><00:44:12.300><c> life,</c>

00:44:13.039 --> 00:44:16.519
much<00:44:13.239><c> less</c><00:44:13.559><c> the</c><00:44:14.119><c> record</c><00:44:14.260><c> that</c><00:44:15.840><c> we</c><00:44:16.039><c> have,</c>

00:44:16.800 --> 00:44:21.980
with<00:44:17.059><c> big</c><00:44:17.300><c> and</c><00:44:17.500><c> little</c><00:44:17.719><c> branches</c><00:44:18.340><c> suspended</c><00:44:19.119><c> without</c><00:44:20.599><c> junctions.</c>

00:44:22.539 --> 00:44:24.400
Those<00:44:22.860><c> who</c><00:44:23.179><c> study</c><00:44:23.380><c> the</c><00:44:23.639><c> fossil</c><00:44:23.960><c> record,</c>

00:44:24.639 --> 00:44:26.860
dealing<00:44:24.880><c> not</c><00:44:25.159><c> with</c><00:44:25.420><c> equations</c><00:44:25.780><c> of</c><00:44:26.079><c> popular</c><00:44:26.440><c> genetics,</c>

00:44:27.280 --> 00:44:31.360
but<00:44:27.400><c> with</c><00:44:27.820><c> hard</c><00:44:28.380><c> facts</c><00:44:29.039><c> of</c><00:44:30.159><c> the</c><00:44:30.400><c> past,</c>

00:44:31.599 --> 00:44:34.519
have<00:44:31.679><c> been</c><00:44:31.880><c> most</c><00:44:32.179><c> inclined</c><00:44:32.579><c> to</c><00:44:32.760><c> be</c><00:44:32.940><c> skeptical</c><00:44:33.460><c> of</c><00:44:34.000><c> Darwin's</c>

00:44:34.519 --> 00:44:35.599
insistence<00:44:34.860><c> on</c><00:44:35.099><c> slow,</c>

00:44:35.599 --> 00:44:37.900
more<00:44:36.019><c> or</c><00:44:36.260><c> less</c><00:44:36.519><c> steady</c><00:44:36.780><c> change.</c>

00:44:42.320 --> 00:44:47.559
The<00:44:42.679><c> point</c><00:44:43.039><c> is,</c><00:44:44.039><c> this</c><00:44:44.099><c> guy</c><00:44:44.480><c> is</c><00:44:44.659><c> now</c><00:44:44.920><c> writing,</c><00:44:45.420><c> I</c><00:44:45.480><c> think</c><00:44:45.639><c> the</c><00:44:45.699><c> book</c><00:44:45.840><c> was</c><00:44:46.000><c> written</c><00:44:46.099><c> in</c><00:44:46.340><c> 1992.</c>

00:44:49.300 --> 00:44:51.400
Interestingly,<00:44:50.199><c> and</c><00:44:50.300><c> I'll</c><00:44:50.500><c> close</c><00:44:50.699><c> with</c><00:44:50.880><c> this</c><00:44:51.079><c> thought</c><00:44:51.199><c> for</c>

00:44:51.400 --> 00:44:52.739
the<00:44:51.559><c> class</c><00:44:51.719><c> itself,</c>

00:44:52.820 --> 00:44:55.900
a<00:44:52.900><c> lot</c><00:44:53.079><c> of</c><00:44:53.199><c> where</c><00:44:53.280><c> I've</c><00:44:53.559><c> gotten</c><00:44:53.699><c> this</c><00:44:53.940><c> information</c><00:44:54.619><c> is</c><00:44:55.780><c> from</c>

00:44:55.900 --> 00:44:57.219
books<00:44:56.099><c> on</c><00:44:56.280><c> evolution.</c>

00:44:58.119 --> 00:44:59.599
Somebody<00:44:58.380><c> brought</c><00:44:58.599><c> these</c><00:44:58.780><c> books</c><00:44:58.960><c> up</c><00:44:59.139><c> here,</c><00:44:59.300><c> they're</c><00:44:59.420><c> all</c>

00:44:59.599 --> 00:45:00.139
about<00:44:59.800><c> evolution,</c>

00:45:00.199 --> 00:45:02.099
except<00:45:00.420><c> for</c><00:45:00.579><c> one</c><00:45:00.699><c> of</c><00:45:00.820><c> them,</c><00:45:00.980><c> I</c><00:45:00.980><c> think,</c><00:45:01.400><c> before</c><00:45:01.619><c> the</c><00:45:01.820><c> class.</c>

00:45:02.340 --> 00:45:04.659
Those<00:45:02.519><c> are</c><00:45:02.619><c> the</c><00:45:02.679><c> kind</c><00:45:02.780><c> of</c><00:45:02.820><c> books</c><00:45:02.980><c> I</c><00:45:03.119><c> go</c><00:45:03.219><c> to</c><00:45:03.320><c> the</c><00:45:03.420><c> bookstore</c><00:45:03.599><c> and</c><00:45:03.860><c> buy.</c>

00:45:04.940 --> 00:45:06.440
You<00:45:05.380><c> know</c><00:45:05.519><c> why?</c>

00:45:07.500 --> 00:45:10.360
Because<00:45:07.940><c> the</c><00:45:08.280><c> evolutionary</c><00:45:08.699><c> books,</c><00:45:08.920><c> what</c><00:45:09.059><c> they</c><00:45:09.300><c> do</c><00:45:09.639><c> is</c><00:45:09.840><c> they're</c><00:45:10.059><c> all</c>

00:45:10.360 --> 00:45:12.400
talking<00:45:10.639><c> about</c><00:45:10.960><c> competing</c><00:45:11.360><c> theories.</c>

00:45:13.380 --> 00:45:15.840
The<00:45:13.539><c> theory</c><00:45:13.760><c> of</c><00:45:13.940><c> evolution</c><00:45:14.340><c> doesn't</c><00:45:14.719><c> exist.</c>

00:45:16.400 --> 00:45:17.800
It's<00:45:16.739><c> still</c><00:45:16.880><c> evolving.</c>

00:45:18.860 --> 00:45:20.760
There's<00:45:19.219><c> a</c><00:45:19.320><c> book</c><00:45:19.420><c> I</c><00:45:19.599><c> have</c><00:45:19.719><c> that</c><00:45:19.840><c> has</c><00:45:20.000><c> a</c><00:45:20.079><c> title</c><00:45:20.260><c> very</c><00:45:20.559><c> similar</c>

00:45:20.760 --> 00:45:20.960
to<00:45:20.840><c> that.</c>

00:45:20.960 --> 00:45:22.539
He<00:45:20.980><c> says,</c><00:45:21.139><c> The</c><00:45:21.239><c> Evolution</c><00:45:21.579><c> of</c><00:45:21.739><c> the</c><00:45:21.860><c> Theory</c><00:45:22.039><c> of</c><00:45:22.199><c> Evolution.</c>

00:45:22.960 --> 00:45:26.079
It's<00:45:23.159><c> because</c><00:45:23.659><c> there</c><00:45:24.059><c> is</c><00:45:24.219><c> no</c><00:45:24.360><c> such</c><00:45:24.480><c> thing</c><00:45:24.639><c> as</c><00:45:24.760><c> the</c><00:45:24.840><c> theory</c><00:45:25.000><c> of</c><00:45:25.219><c> evolution.</c>

00:45:26.119 --> 00:45:30.420
A<00:45:26.239><c> bunch</c><00:45:26.360><c> of</c><00:45:26.539><c> people</c><00:45:26.719><c> think</c><00:45:26.900><c> it</c><00:45:27.179><c> exists,</c><00:45:28.119><c> but</c><00:45:29.260><c> nobody</c><00:45:29.639><c> can</c><00:45:29.920><c> describe</c><00:45:30.280><c> how</c>

00:45:30.420 --> 00:45:31.019
it's<00:45:30.739><c> happened.</c>

00:45:31.019 --> 00:45:33.619
That's<00:45:31.699><c> why</c><00:45:31.960><c> these</c><00:45:32.219><c> books</c><00:45:32.460><c> like</c><00:45:32.699><c> this,</c><00:45:32.900><c> they</c><00:45:33.039><c> have</c><00:45:33.219><c> all</c><00:45:33.400><c> kinds</c>

00:45:33.619 --> 00:45:33.980
of<00:45:33.780><c> chapters,</c>

00:45:34.099 --> 00:45:37.280
like<00:45:34.199><c> The</c><00:45:34.360><c> Cryptic</c><00:45:34.679><c> Record,</c><00:45:35.860><c> or</c><00:45:35.980><c> Why</c><00:45:36.239><c> Darwin's</c><00:45:36.719><c> Wrong,</c><00:45:37.119><c> stuff</c>

00:45:37.280 --> 00:45:37.820
like<00:45:37.539><c> that,</c>

00:45:37.960 --> 00:45:41.000
because<00:45:38.119><c> they</c><00:45:38.300><c> spend</c><00:45:38.599><c> three</c><00:45:38.900><c> quarters</c><00:45:39.139><c> of</c><00:45:39.300><c> the</c><00:45:39.460><c> book</c><00:45:39.739><c> attacking</c><00:45:40.300><c> each</c><00:45:40.599><c> other,</c>

00:45:41.239 --> 00:45:42.800
blowing<00:45:41.440><c> holes</c><00:45:41.739><c> in</c><00:45:41.920><c> everybody</c><00:45:42.159><c> else's</c><00:45:42.619><c> theories.</c>

00:45:42.860 --> 00:45:44.119
In<00:45:43.000><c> the</c><00:45:43.119><c> last</c><00:45:43.320><c> quarter</c><00:45:43.440><c> of</c><00:45:43.519><c> the</c><00:45:43.519><c> book,</c><00:45:43.599><c> they</c><00:45:43.719><c> have</c><00:45:43.880><c> a</c><00:45:43.960><c> couple</c>

00:45:44.119 --> 00:45:45.380
of<00:45:44.239><c> new</c><00:45:44.360><c> ideas.</c>

00:45:46.639 --> 00:45:49.340
I'm<00:45:47.000><c> going</c><00:45:47.079><c> to</c><00:45:47.199><c> pick</c><00:45:47.340><c> up</c><00:45:47.539><c> from</c><00:45:48.000><c> that</c><00:45:48.280><c> point</c><00:45:48.460><c> on,</c><00:45:48.679><c> and</c><00:45:48.800><c> we'll</c><00:45:48.900><c> go</c>

00:45:49.340 --> 00:45:51.139
a<00:45:49.460><c> little</c><00:45:49.619><c> further</c><00:45:49.980><c> tomorrow,</c>

00:45:51.420 --> 00:45:52.320
picking<00:45:51.519><c> up</c><00:45:51.659><c> with</c><00:45:51.820><c> the</c><00:45:51.920><c> same</c><00:45:52.099><c> thoughts.</c>

00:45:52.679 --> 00:45:54.820
We'll<00:45:53.039><c> close</c><00:45:53.239><c> the</c><00:45:53.460><c> class</c><00:45:53.639><c> itself</c><00:45:53.900><c> for</c><00:45:54.059><c> here,</c><00:45:54.159><c> and</c><00:45:54.239><c> if</c><00:45:54.300><c> you</c><00:45:54.480><c> have</c><00:45:54.619><c> any</c>

00:45:54.820 --> 00:45:55.360
other<00:45:55.079><c> questions,</c>

00:45:55.480 --> 00:45:57.579
you<00:45:55.500><c> can</c><00:45:55.760><c> talk</c><00:45:56.000><c> to</c><00:45:56.159><c> me</c><00:45:56.420><c> on</c><00:45:56.599><c> your</c><00:45:56.780><c> own.</c>

00:46:09.219 --> 00:46:12.519
Thank<00:46:10.619><c> you.</c>