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align:start position:0% x or 00:05:07.350 --> 00:05:11.120 align:start position:0% x 00:05:07.360 --> 00:05:11.110 align:start position:0% x an<00:05:07.600><c> eternal</c><00:05:08.560><c> mystery</c> 00:05:11.110 --> 00:05:13.919 align:start position:0% x 00:05:11.120 --> 00:05:13.909 align:start position:0% x well<00:05:11.520><c> ah</c><00:05:11.840><c> priori</c><00:05:12.960><c> which</c><00:05:13.199><c> is</c><00:05:13.280><c> a</c><00:05:13.360><c> latin</c><00:05:13.680><c> term</c> 00:05:13.909 --> 00:05:15.759 align:start position:0% x 00:05:13.919 --> 00:05:15.749 align:start position:0% x that<00:05:14.080><c> means</c><00:05:14.320><c> without</c><00:05:14.720><c> prior</c><00:05:15.199><c> knowledge</c><00:05:15.520><c> if</c><00:05:15.680><c> we</c> 00:05:15.749 --> 00:05:18.560 align:start position:0% x 00:05:15.759 --> 00:05:18.550 align:start position:0% x didn't<00:05:15.919><c> have</c><00:05:16.080><c> any</c><00:05:16.240><c> other</c><00:05:16.479><c> 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enormous</c><00:10:16.000><c> usefulness</c><00:10:16.560><c> of</c> 00:10:16.630 --> 00:10:18.720 align:start position:0% x 00:10:16.640 --> 00:10:18.710 align:start position:0% x mathematics<00:10:17.360><c> in</c><00:10:17.440><c> the</c><00:10:17.600><c> natural</c><00:10:18.000><c> sciences</c><00:10:18.560><c> is</c> 00:10:18.710 --> 00:10:21.200 align:start position:0% x 00:10:18.720 --> 00:10:21.190 align:start position:0% x something<00:10:19.120><c> bordering</c><00:10:19.519><c> on</c><00:10:19.680><c> the</c><00:10:19.760><c> mysterious</c> 00:10:21.190 --> 00:10:24.079 align:start position:0% x 00:10:21.200 --> 00:10:24.069 align:start position:0% x and<00:10:21.360><c> there</c><00:10:21.600><c> is</c><00:10:21.839><c> no</c><00:10:22.480><c> rational</c><00:10:23.040><c> explanation</c><00:10:23.839><c> for</c> 00:10:24.069 --> 00:10:24.880 align:start position:0% x 00:10:24.079 --> 00:10:24.870 align:start position:0% x it 00:10:24.870 --> 00:10:28.560 align:start position:0% x 00:10:24.880 --> 00:10:28.550 align:start position:0% x it<00:10:25.040><c> is</c><00:10:25.200><c> an</c><00:10:25.440><c> article</c><00:10:26.399><c> of</c><00:10:27.040><c> faith</c> 00:10:28.550 --> 00:10:31.120 align:start position:0% x 00:10:28.560 --> 00:10:31.110 align:start position:0% x paul<00:10:28.800><c> davies</c><00:10:29.200><c> again</c><00:10:29.440><c> who</c><00:10:29.600><c> we</c><00:10:29.760><c> quoted</c><00:10:30.079><c> before</c> 00:10:31.110 --> 00:10:32.800 align:start position:0% x 00:10:31.120 --> 00:10:32.790 align:start position:0% x he<00:10:31.279><c> says</c><00:10:31.440><c> much</c><00:10:31.680><c> of</c><00:10:31.760><c> the</c><00:10:31.839><c> mathematics</c><00:10:32.560><c> that</c><00:10:32.720><c> is</c> 00:10:32.790 --> 00:10:34.880 align:start position:0% x 00:10:32.800 --> 00:10:34.870 align:start position:0% x so<00:10:32.959><c> spectacularly</c><00:10:33.920><c> effective</c><00:10:34.399><c> in</c><00:10:34.480><c> 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received</c><00:17:21.039><c> more</c><00:17:21.360><c> comments</c> 00:17:21.829 --> 00:17:25.199 align:start position:0% x 00:17:21.839 --> 00:17:25.189 align:start position:0% x online<00:17:22.400><c> on</c><00:17:22.559><c> facebook</c><00:17:23.199><c> than</c><00:17:23.760><c> than</c><00:17:24.319><c> any</c><00:17:24.799><c> other</c> 00:17:25.189 --> 00:17:26.959 align:start position:0% x 00:17:25.199 --> 00:17:26.949 align:start position:0% x article<00:17:25.600><c> that</c><00:17:25.679><c> had</c><00:17:25.919><c> ever</c><00:17:26.160><c> been</c><00:17:26.319><c> published</c><00:17:26.720><c> by</c> 00:17:26.949 --> 00:17:28.720 align:start position:0% x 00:17:26.959 --> 00:17:28.710 align:start position:0% x the<00:17:27.039><c> wall</c><00:17:27.280><c> street</c><00:17:27.520><c> journal</c><00:17:28.079><c> and</c><00:17:28.240><c> i</c><00:17:28.319><c> went</c><00:17:28.480><c> on</c> 00:17:28.710 --> 00:17:30.000 align:start position:0% x 00:17:28.720 --> 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and</c> 00:17:36.390 --> 00:17:39.760 align:start position:0% x 00:17:36.400 --> 00:17:39.750 align:start position:0% x christians<00:17:37.280><c> and</c><00:17:37.840><c> and</c><00:17:38.480><c> and</c><00:17:38.720><c> just</c><00:17:39.120><c> taking</c><00:17:39.440><c> shots</c> 00:17:39.750 --> 00:17:41.440 align:start position:0% x 00:17:39.760 --> 00:17:41.430 align:start position:0% x at<00:17:39.919><c> each</c><00:17:40.160><c> other</c><00:17:40.400><c> in</c><00:17:40.480><c> the</c><00:17:40.559><c> comments</c><00:17:41.039><c> section</c><00:17:41.360><c> of</c> 00:17:41.430 --> 00:17:43.600 align:start position:0% x 00:17:41.440 --> 00:17:43.590 align:start position:0% x this<00:17:41.760><c> article</c><00:17:42.559><c> and</c><00:17:42.720><c> so</c><00:17:42.880><c> i</c><00:17:42.960><c> want</c><00:17:43.039><c> to</c><00:17:43.200><c> talk</c><00:17:43.360><c> about</c> 00:17:43.590 --> 00:17:45.280 align:start position:0% x 00:17:43.600 --> 00:17:45.270 align:start position:0% x it<00:17:43.679><c> for</c><00:17:43.760><c> the</c><00:17:43.840><c> next</c><00:17:44.080><c> few</c><00:17:44.320><c> minutes</c><00:17:44.640><c> because</c><00:17:44.880><c> it</c> 00:17:45.270 --> 00:17:47.200 align:start position:0% x 00:17:45.280 --> 00:17:47.190 align:start position:0% x what<00:17:45.440><c> it</c><00:17:45.600><c> said</c><00:17:45.840><c> i</c><00:17:46.000><c> found</c><00:17:46.400><c> very</c><00:17:46.640><c> interesting</c> 00:17:47.190 --> 00:17:49.200 align:start position:0% x 00:17:47.200 --> 00:17:49.190 align:start position:0% x and<00:17:47.600><c> strengthened</c><00:17:48.080><c> my</c><00:17:48.240><c> faith</c><00:17:48.480><c> quite</c><00:17:48.720><c> a</c><00:17:48.799><c> bit</c> 00:17:49.190 --> 00:17:50.320 align:start position:0% x 00:17:49.200 --> 00:17:50.310 align:start position:0% x we're<00:17:49.360><c> not</c><00:17:49.520><c> going</c><00:17:49.600><c> to</c><00:17:49.679><c> read</c><00:17:49.840><c> the</c><00:17:50.000><c> article</c> 00:17:50.310 --> 00:17:52.320 align:start position:0% x 00:17:50.320 --> 00:17:52.310 align:start position:0% x itself<00:17:50.640><c> i</c><00:17:50.720><c> will</c><00:17:50.880><c> show</c><00:17:51.039><c> you</c><00:17:51.200><c> a</c><00:17:51.360><c> clip</c><00:17:51.600><c> from</c><00:17:51.840><c> it</c><00:17:52.240><c> in</c> 00:17:52.310 --> 00:17:53.440 align:start position:0% x 00:17:52.320 --> 00:17:53.430 align:start position:0% x a<00:17:52.400><c> minute</c><00:17:52.720><c> we're</c><00:17:52.880><c> going</c><00:17:52.960><c> to</c><00:17:53.039><c> actually</c><00:17:53.280><c> get</c> 00:17:53.430 --> 00:17:55.120 align:start position:0% x 00:17:53.440 --> 00:17:55.110 align:start position:0% x into<00:17:53.679><c> what</c><00:17:53.840><c> it</c><00:17:53.919><c> says</c><00:17:54.160><c> in</c><00:17:54.240><c> a</c><00:17:54.320><c> lot</c><00:17:54.480><c> more</c><00:17:54.720><c> detail</c> 00:17:55.110 --> 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first</c><00:18:16.160><c> time</c><00:18:16.480><c> time</c><00:18:16.720><c> magazine</c><00:18:17.200><c> had</c><00:18:17.440><c> ever</c> 00:18:17.830 --> 00:18:19.600 align:start position:0% x 00:18:17.840 --> 00:18:19.590 align:start position:0% x published<00:18:18.559><c> one</c><00:18:18.720><c> of</c><00:18:18.799><c> their</c><00:18:18.960><c> magazines</c><00:18:19.440><c> that</c> 00:18:19.590 --> 00:18:21.280 align:start position:0% x 00:18:19.600 --> 00:18:21.270 align:start position:0% x didn't<00:18:19.840><c> have</c><00:18:20.000><c> a</c><00:18:20.080><c> photo</c><00:18:20.480><c> on</c><00:18:20.640><c> the</c><00:18:20.720><c> cover</c><00:18:20.960><c> it</c><00:18:21.039><c> just</c> 00:18:21.270 --> 00:18:23.760 align:start position:0% x 00:18:21.280 --> 00:18:23.750 align:start position:0% x had<00:18:21.360><c> this</c><00:18:21.600><c> black</c><00:18:22.160><c> background</c><00:18:23.200><c> and</c><00:18:23.360><c> without</c> 00:18:23.750 --> 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magazine</c><00:18:40.880><c> ever</c><00:18:41.120><c> had</c><00:18:41.440><c> at</c><00:18:41.679><c> that</c> 00:18:42.070 --> 00:18:43.679 align:start position:0% x 00:18:42.080 --> 00:18:43.669 align:start position:0% x time 00:18:43.669 --> 00:18:45.440 align:start position:0% x 00:18:43.679 --> 00:18:45.430 align:start position:0% x and<00:18:44.080><c> it</c><00:18:44.320><c> itself</c><00:18:44.640><c> was</c><00:18:44.880><c> it</c><00:18:44.960><c> was</c><00:18:45.200><c> very</c> 00:18:45.430 --> 00:18:47.360 align:start position:0% x 00:18:45.440 --> 00:18:47.350 align:start position:0% x controversial<00:18:46.320><c> if</c><00:18:46.480><c> you</c><00:18:46.559><c> were</c><00:18:46.640><c> to</c><00:18:46.720><c> go</c><00:18:46.880><c> and</c><00:18:47.039><c> read</c> 00:18:47.350 --> 00:18:49.120 align:start position:0% x 00:18:47.360 --> 00:18:49.110 align:start position:0% x it<00:18:47.440><c> you'd</c><00:18:47.679><c> find</c><00:18:48.000><c> 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big</c><00:19:53.760><c> deal</c><00:19:54.080><c> people</c><00:19:54.320><c> thought</c><00:19:54.559><c> that</c><00:19:54.720><c> we</c><00:19:54.799><c> were</c> 00:19:54.950 --> 00:19:57.360 align:start position:0% x 00:19:54.960 --> 00:19:57.350 align:start position:0% x seeing<00:19:55.280><c> alien</c><00:19:55.679><c> spaceships</c><00:19:56.240><c> in</c><00:19:56.320><c> the</c><00:19:56.480><c> sky</c> 00:19:57.350 --> 00:19:59.039 align:start position:0% x 00:19:57.360 --> 00:19:59.029 align:start position:0% x it<00:19:57.520><c> never</c><00:19:57.919><c> this</c><00:19:58.080><c> was</c><00:19:58.240><c> not</c><00:19:58.400><c> a</c><00:19:58.480><c> thing</c><00:19:58.720><c> before</c> 00:19:59.029 --> 00:20:02.240 align:start position:0% x 00:19:59.039 --> 00:20:02.230 align:start position:0% x 1966<00:20:00.000><c> and</c><00:20:00.160><c> people</c><00:20:00.320><c> were</c><00:20:00.480><c> very</c><00:20:00.720><c> afraid</c><00:20:01.039><c> 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but</c><00:20:09.840><c> it</c><00:20:09.919><c> was</c><00:20:10.080><c> something</c><00:20:10.320><c> that</c><00:20:10.480><c> was</c><00:20:10.720><c> very</c> 00:20:10.870 --> 00:20:12.799 align:start position:0% x 00:20:10.880 --> 00:20:12.789 align:start position:0% x much<00:20:11.039><c> a</c><00:20:11.120><c> hot</c><00:20:11.360><c> topic</c><00:20:11.760><c> and</c><00:20:11.919><c> had</c><00:20:12.080><c> people</c><00:20:12.400><c> talking</c> 00:20:12.789 --> 00:20:14.960 align:start position:0% x 00:20:12.799 --> 00:20:14.950 align:start position:0% x a<00:20:12.880><c> lot</c><00:20:13.039><c> of</c><00:20:13.120><c> people</c><00:20:13.360><c> were</c><00:20:13.520><c> scared</c> 00:20:14.950 --> 00:20:17.120 align:start position:0% x 00:20:14.960 --> 00:20:17.110 align:start position:0% x and<00:20:15.200><c> the</c><00:20:15.360><c> government</c><00:20:15.840><c> set</c><00:20:16.000><c> up</c><00:20:16.159><c> a</c><00:20:16.320><c> task</c><00:20:16.720><c> force</c> 00:20:17.110 --> 00:20:18.480 align:start position:0% x 00:20:17.120 --> 00:20:18.470 align:start position:0% x called<00:20:17.440><c> seti</c> 00:20:18.470 --> 00:20:19.600 align:start position:0% x 00:20:18.480 --> 00:20:19.590 align:start position:0% x which<00:20:18.640><c> stands</c><00:20:18.880><c> for</c><00:20:19.039><c> the</c><00:20:19.120><c> search</c><00:20:19.440><c> for</c> 00:20:19.590 --> 00:20:21.600 align:start position:0% x 00:20:19.600 --> 00:20:21.590 align:start position:0% x extraterrestrial<00:20:20.400><c> intelligence</c><00:20:21.039><c> now</c><00:20:21.280><c> trust</c> 00:20:21.590 --> 00:20:24.159 align:start position:0% x 00:20:21.600 --> 00:20:24.149 align:start position:0% x me<00:20:21.840><c> this</c><00:20:22.080><c> may</c><00:20:22.320><c> seem</c><00:20:22.559><c> off</c><00:20:22.720><c> topic</c><00:20:23.200><c> but</c><00:20:23.600><c> but</c><00:20:24.000><c> we're</c> 00:20:24.149 --> 00:20:25.919 align:start position:0% x 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cosmos</c><00:21:25.200><c> you'll</c><00:21:25.360><c> see</c> 00:21:25.590 --> 00:21:27.760 align:start position:0% x 00:21:25.600 --> 00:21:27.750 align:start position:0% x carl<00:21:25.919><c> sagan</c><00:21:26.559><c> you'll</c><00:21:26.799><c> see</c><00:21:27.200><c> what</c><00:21:27.440><c> people</c> 00:21:27.750 --> 00:21:29.600 align:start position:0% x 00:21:27.760 --> 00:21:29.590 align:start position:0% x thought<00:21:28.080><c> at</c><00:21:28.159><c> the</c><00:21:28.320><c> time</c><00:21:28.559><c> about</c><00:21:29.039><c> about</c><00:21:29.360><c> whether</c> 00:21:29.590 --> 00:21:31.840 align:start position:0% x 00:21:29.600 --> 00:21:31.830 align:start position:0% x or<00:21:29.679><c> not</c><00:21:29.919><c> there</c><00:21:30.159><c> was</c><00:21:30.640><c> actually</c><00:21:31.039><c> other</c><00:21:31.360><c> life</c><00:21:31.679><c> out</c> 00:21:31.830 --> 00:21:33.600 align:start position:0% x 00:21:31.840 --> 00:21:33.590 align:start position:0% x there<00:21:32.080><c> on</c><00:21:32.240><c> other</c><00:21:32.480><c> planets</c><00:21:33.120><c> and</c><00:21:33.280><c> i'm</c><00:21:33.360><c> hoping</c> 00:21:33.590 --> 00:21:35.120 align:start position:0% x 00:21:33.600 --> 00:21:35.110 align:start position:0% x the<00:21:33.760><c> sound</c><00:21:34.080><c> is</c><00:21:34.159><c> working</c><00:21:34.400><c> we'll</c><00:21:34.640><c> start</c><00:21:34.799><c> playing</c> 00:21:35.110 --> 00:21:36.320 align:start position:0% x 00:21:35.120 --> 00:21:36.310 align:start position:0% x here<00:21:35.360><c> if</c><00:21:35.440><c> it</c><00:21:35.520><c> doesn't</c><00:21:35.760><c> work</c><00:21:36.000><c> i'll</c><00:21:36.080><c> do</c><00:21:36.240><c> the</c> 00:21:36.310 --> 00:21:38.320 align:start position:0% x 00:21:36.320 --> 00:21:38.310 align:start position:0% x microphone<00:21:36.880><c> thing</c><00:21:37.120><c> again</c><00:21:37.360><c> like</c><00:21:37.600><c> i</c><00:21:37.679><c> did</c><00:21:38.000><c> last</c> 00:21:38.310 --> 00:21:41.520 align:start position:0% x 00:21:38.320 --> 00:21:41.510 align:start position:0% x night<00:21:38.880><c> here's</c><00:21:39.360><c> here's</c><00:21:39.600><c> carl</c><00:21:39.919><c> sagan</c><00:21:40.320><c> in</c><00:21:40.480><c> cosmos</c> 00:21:41.510 --> 00:21:43.679 align:start position:0% x 00:21:41.520 --> 00:21:43.669 align:start position:0% x this<00:21:41.760><c> is</c><00:21:41.919><c> one</c><00:21:42.080><c> of</c><00:21:42.159><c> the</c><00:21:42.240><c> great</c><00:21:42.559><c> questions</c><00:21:43.360><c> how</c> 00:21:43.669 --> 00:21:46.559 align:start position:0% x 00:21:43.679 --> 00:21:46.549 align:start position:0% x many<00:21:44.159><c> fans</c><00:21:44.559><c> of</c><00:21:44.720><c> civilizations</c><00:21:45.600><c> capable</c><00:21:46.400><c> at</c> 00:21:46.549 --> 00:21:48.799 align:start position:0% x 00:21:46.559 --> 00:21:48.789 align:start position:0% x least<00:21:46.799><c> the</c><00:21:46.880><c> radio</c><00:21:47.200><c> astronomy</c><00:21:48.080><c> are</c><00:21:48.320><c> there</c><00:21:48.720><c> in</c> 00:21:48.789 --> 00:21:50.720 align:start position:0% x 00:21:48.799 --> 00:21:50.710 align:start position:0% x the<00:21:48.960><c> milky</c><00:21:49.200><c> way</c><00:21:49.440><c> galaxy</c> 00:21:50.710 --> 00:21:52.159 align:start position:0% x 00:21:50.720 --> 00:21:52.149 align:start position:0% x let's<00:21:51.120><c> call</c> 00:21:52.149 --> 00:21:54.080 align:start position:0% x 00:21:52.159 --> 00:21:54.070 align:start position:0% x the<00:21:52.320><c> number</c><00:21:52.559><c> of</c><00:21:52.640><c> such</c><00:21:52.960><c> civilizations</c><00:21:53.840><c> by</c><00:21:54.000><c> the</c> 00:21:54.070 --> 00:21:56.000 align:start position:0% x 00:21:54.080 --> 00:21:55.990 align:start position:0% x capital<00:21:54.400><c> letter</c><00:21:54.960><c> n</c> 00:21:55.990 --> 00:21:58.799 align:start position:0% x 00:21:56.000 --> 00:21:58.789 align:start position:0% x it's<00:21:56.240><c> a</c><00:21:56.400><c> number</c><00:21:56.880><c> depends</c><00:21:57.280><c> on</c><00:21:57.600><c> many</c><00:21:57.919><c> things</c> 00:21:58.789 --> 00:22:00.960 align:start position:0% x 00:21:58.799 --> 00:22:00.950 align:start position:0% x it<00:21:58.880><c> depends</c><00:21:59.360><c> on</c><00:21:59.760><c> the</c><00:21:59.919><c> total</c><00:22:00.159><c> number</c><00:22:00.400><c> of</c><00:22:00.559><c> stars</c> 00:22:00.950 --> 00:22:03.039 align:start position:0% x 00:22:00.960 --> 00:22:03.029 align:start position:0% x in<00:22:01.039><c> the</c><00:22:01.120><c> milky</c><00:22:01.440><c> way</c><00:22:01.600><c> let's</c><00:22:01.840><c> call</c><00:22:02.080><c> that</c> 00:22:03.029 --> 00:22:05.679 align:start position:0% x 00:22:03.039 --> 00:22:05.669 align:start position:0% x in<00:22:03.360><c> some</c><00:22:03.679><c> star</c><00:22:04.480><c> it</c><00:22:04.559><c> depends</c><00:22:04.880><c> on</c><00:22:04.960><c> the</c><00:22:05.280><c> fraction</c> 00:22:05.669 --> 00:22:07.520 align:start position:0% x 00:22:05.679 --> 00:22:07.510 align:start position:0% x of<00:22:05.840><c> stars</c><00:22:06.240><c> that</c><00:22:06.320><c> have</c><00:22:06.640><c> planets</c><00:22:07.039><c> let's</c><00:22:07.280><c> call</c> 00:22:07.510 --> 00:22:09.919 align:start position:0% x 00:22:07.520 --> 00:22:09.909 align:start position:0% x that<00:22:08.000><c> f</c><00:22:08.320><c> sub</c><00:22:08.720><c> p</c> 00:22:09.909 --> 00:22:11.520 align:start position:0% x 00:22:09.919 --> 00:22:11.510 align:start position:0% x it<00:22:10.159><c> depends</c><00:22:10.480><c> on</c><00:22:10.559><c> the</c><00:22:10.720><c> average</c><00:22:11.120><c> number</c><00:22:11.360><c> of</c> 00:22:11.510 --> 00:22:13.919 align:start position:0% x 00:22:11.520 --> 00:22:13.909 align:start position:0% x planets<00:22:11.919><c> in</c><00:22:12.000><c> a</c><00:22:12.240><c> given</c><00:22:12.720><c> solar</c><00:22:13.039><c> system</c><00:22:13.360><c> that</c><00:22:13.600><c> are</c> 00:22:13.909 --> 00:22:16.159 align:start position:0% x 00:22:13.919 --> 00:22:16.149 align:start position:0% x ecologically<00:22:14.799><c> suitable</c><00:22:15.200><c> for</c><00:22:15.360><c> life</c> 00:22:16.149 --> 00:22:18.960 align:start position:0% x 00:22:16.159 --> 00:22:18.950 align:start position:0% x let's<00:22:16.400><c> call</c><00:22:16.640><c> that</c><00:22:17.120><c> ncb</c> 00:22:18.950 --> 00:22:20.480 align:start position:0% x 00:22:18.960 --> 00:22:20.470 align:start position:0% x depends<00:22:19.360><c> on</c><00:22:19.440><c> the</c><00:22:19.600><c> fraction</c><00:22:19.919><c> of</c><00:22:20.000><c> suitable</c> 00:22:20.470 --> 00:22:23.200 align:start position:0% x 00:22:20.480 --> 00:22:23.190 align:start position:0% x planets<00:22:20.799><c> in</c><00:22:20.880><c> which</c><00:22:21.120><c> light</c><00:22:21.679><c> actually</c><00:22:22.159><c> arises</c> 00:22:23.190 --> 00:22:25.200 align:start position:0% x 00:22:23.200 --> 00:22:25.190 align:start position:0% x call<00:22:23.440><c> that</c><00:22:23.679><c> f</c><00:22:23.840><c> sub</c><00:22:24.080><c> l</c> 00:22:25.190 --> 00:22:26.880 align:start position:0% x 00:22:25.200 --> 00:22:26.870 align:start position:0% x depends<00:22:25.520><c> on</c><00:22:25.679><c> the</c><00:22:25.760><c> fraction</c><00:22:26.159><c> of</c><00:22:26.320><c> inhabited</c> 00:22:26.870 --> 00:22:30.000 align:start position:0% x 00:22:26.880 --> 00:22:29.990 align:start position:0% x planets<00:22:27.679><c> on</c><00:22:27.919><c> which</c><00:22:28.159><c> intelligence</c><00:22:29.039><c> emerges</c> 00:22:29.990 --> 00:22:33.039 align:start position:0% x 00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:33.029 align:start position:0% x let's<00:22:30.240><c> call</c><00:22:30.480><c> it</c><00:22:30.640><c> a</c><00:22:30.799><c> slide</c> 00:22:33.029 --> 00:22:35.760 align:start position:0% x 00:22:33.039 --> 00:22:35.750 align:start position:0% x and<00:22:33.280><c> on</c><00:22:33.520><c> the</c><00:22:33.760><c> fraction</c><00:22:34.240><c> of</c><00:22:34.480><c> those</c><00:22:34.960><c> planets</c><00:22:35.600><c> in</c> 00:22:35.750 --> 00:22:38.000 align:start position:0% x 00:22:35.760 --> 00:22:37.990 align:start position:0% x which<00:22:35.919><c> the</c><00:22:36.159><c> intelligent</c><00:22:36.799><c> beings</c><00:22:37.200><c> evolve</c><00:22:37.760><c> of</c> 00:22:37.990 --> 00:22:40.960 align:start position:0% x 00:22:38.000 --> 00:22:40.950 align:start position:0% x technical<00:22:38.720><c> communicative</c><00:22:39.440><c> civilization</c> 00:22:40.950 --> 00:22:43.039 align:start position:0% x 00:22:40.960 --> 00:22:43.029 align:start position:0% x call<00:22:41.200><c> it</c><00:22:41.360><c> a</c><00:22:41.520><c> subsidiary</c> 00:22:43.029 --> 00:22:44.159 align:start position:0% x 00:22:43.039 --> 00:22:44.149 align:start position:0% x finally 00:22:44.149 --> 00:22:46.720 align:start position:0% x 00:22:44.159 --> 00:22:46.710 align:start position:0% x it<00:22:44.320><c> depends</c><00:22:44.720><c> on</c><00:22:44.799><c> the</c><00:22:45.120><c> fraction</c><00:22:45.760><c> of</c><00:22:45.919><c> a</c><00:22:46.240><c> planet's</c> 00:22:46.710 --> 00:22:48.400 align:start position:0% x 00:22:46.720 --> 00:22:48.390 align:start position:0% x lifetime<00:22:47.440><c> that's</c> 00:22:48.390 --> 00:22:49.360 align:start position:0% x 00:22:48.400 --> 00:22:49.350 align:start position:0% x greased 00:22:49.350 --> 00:22:51.440 align:start position:0% x 00:22:49.360 --> 00:22:51.430 align:start position:0% x by<00:22:49.520><c> a</c><00:22:49.679><c> technical</c><00:22:50.080><c> civilization</c><00:22:50.880><c> we</c><00:22:51.039><c> call</c><00:22:51.200><c> that</c> 00:22:51.430 --> 00:22:54.600 align:start position:0% x 00:22:51.440 --> 00:22:54.600 align:start position:0% x a<00:22:51.600><c> civilian</c> 00:22:55.430 --> 00:22:55.430 align:start position:0% x 00:22:55.440 --> 00:22:57.830 align:start position:0% x if<00:22:55.600><c> we</c><00:22:55.760><c> multiply</c><00:22:56.559><c> all</c><00:22:56.880><c> these</c><00:22:57.360><c> numbers</c> 00:22:57.830 --> 00:23:00.400 align:start position:0% x 00:22:57.840 --> 00:23:00.390 align:start position:0% x together<00:22:58.640><c> we've</c><00:22:58.960><c> estimated</c><00:22:59.679><c> capital</c><00:23:00.080><c> n</c><00:23:00.320><c> the</c> 00:23:00.390 --> 00:23:02.720 align:start position:0% x 00:23:00.400 --> 00:23:02.710 align:start position:0% x number<00:23:00.720><c> of</c><00:23:01.200><c> civilizations</c> 00:23:02.710 --> 00:23:04.080 align:start position:0% x 00:23:02.720 --> 00:23:04.070 align:start position:0% x this<00:23:02.960><c> equation</c> 00:23:04.070 --> 00:23:06.400 align:start position:0% x 00:23:04.080 --> 00:23:06.390 align:start position:0% x due<00:23:04.240><c> mainly</c><00:23:04.480><c> to</c><00:23:04.720><c> frank</c><00:23:05.039><c> drake</c><00:23:05.360><c> cornell</c><00:23:06.240><c> is</c> 00:23:06.390 --> 00:23:09.280 align:start position:0% x 00:23:06.400 --> 00:23:09.270 align:start position:0% x only<00:23:06.720><c> a</c><00:23:06.960><c> sentence</c><00:23:07.919><c> the</c><00:23:08.080><c> verb</c><00:23:08.480><c> is</c> 00:23:09.270 --> 00:23:10.640 align:start position:0% x 00:23:09.280 --> 00:23:10.630 align:start position:0% x equals 00:23:10.630 --> 00:23:12.559 align:start position:0% x 00:23:10.640 --> 00:23:12.549 align:start position:0% x so<00:23:11.200><c> let's</c><00:23:11.600><c> try</c><00:23:11.760><c> to</c> 00:23:12.549 --> 00:23:15.280 align:start position:0% x 00:23:12.559 --> 00:23:15.270 align:start position:0% x go<00:23:12.799><c> through</c><00:23:12.960><c> the</c><00:23:13.280><c> program</c><00:23:13.840><c> of</c><00:23:13.919><c> this</c><00:23:14.159><c> equation</c> 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of</c><00:23:36.080><c> double</c><00:23:36.480><c> stars</c><00:23:37.280><c> and</c> 00:23:37.430 --> 00:23:40.880 align:start position:0% x 00:23:37.440 --> 00:23:40.870 align:start position:0% x investigations<00:23:38.400><c> of</c><00:23:38.559><c> the</c><00:23:39.200><c> emotions</c><00:23:40.080><c> of</c><00:23:40.320><c> nearby</c> 00:23:40.870 --> 00:23:44.080 align:start position:0% x 00:23:40.880 --> 00:23:44.070 align:start position:0% x stars<00:23:41.760><c> and</c><00:23:41.919><c> in</c><00:23:42.080><c> many</c><00:23:42.320><c> theoretical</c><00:23:42.960><c> studies</c><00:23:43.760><c> we</c> 00:23:44.070 --> 00:23:46.080 align:start position:0% x 00:23:44.080 --> 00:23:46.070 align:start position:0% x get<00:23:44.320><c> a</c><00:23:44.480><c> strong</c><00:23:44.960><c> hint</c> 00:23:46.070 --> 00:23:47.279 align:start position:0% x 00:23:46.080 --> 00:23:47.269 align:start position:0% x that 00:23:47.269 --> 00:23:48.559 align:start position:0% x 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of</c><00:24:20.799><c> the</c><00:24:20.960><c> lifetime</c><00:24:21.440><c> of</c><00:24:21.600><c> the</c> 00:24:21.669 --> 00:24:23.679 align:start position:0% x 00:24:21.679 --> 00:24:23.669 align:start position:0% x planet<00:24:22.159><c> is</c><00:24:22.400><c> marked</c><00:24:22.799><c> by</c><00:24:22.960><c> a</c><00:24:23.120><c> technical</c> 00:24:23.669 --> 00:24:25.279 align:start position:0% x 00:24:23.679 --> 00:24:25.269 align:start position:0% x civilization 00:24:25.269 --> 00:24:27.200 align:start position:0% x 00:24:25.279 --> 00:24:27.190 align:start position:0% x the<00:24:25.440><c> earth</c><00:24:25.679><c> has</c><00:24:25.840><c> harbored</c><00:24:26.320><c> a</c><00:24:26.559><c> civilization</c> 00:24:27.190 --> 00:24:29.520 align:start position:0% x 00:24:27.200 --> 00:24:29.510 align:start position:0% x capable<00:24:27.600><c> of</c><00:24:27.679><c> radio</c><00:24:28.000><c> astronomy</c><00:24:28.960><c> only</c><00:24:29.360><c> 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destroy<00:24:37.919><c> ourselves</c><00:24:38.400><c> tomorrow</c> 00:24:39.590 --> 00:24:43.360 align:start position:0% x 00:24:39.600 --> 00:24:43.360 align:start position:0% x if<00:24:39.760><c> that's</c><00:24:40.000><c> a</c><00:24:40.240><c> typical</c><00:24:40.640><c> case</c><00:24:41.200><c> then</c> 00:24:44.230 --> 00:24:44.230 align:start position:0% x 00:24:44.240 --> 00:24:45.269 align:start position:0% x would<00:24:44.480><c> be</c> 00:24:45.269 --> 00:24:46.400 align:start position:0% x 00:24:45.279 --> 00:24:46.390 align:start position:0% x two<00:24:45.520><c> decades</c> 00:24:46.390 --> 00:24:49.400 align:start position:0% x 00:24:46.400 --> 00:24:49.390 align:start position:0% x by<00:24:46.720><c> a</c><00:24:46.799><c> few</c><00:24:46.960><c> million</c><00:24:47.279><c> years</c><00:24:47.679><c> or</c> 00:24:49.390 --> 00:24:51.200 align:start position:0% x 00:24:49.400 --> 00:24:51.190 align:start position:0% x 100 00:24:51.190 --> 00:24:52.799 align:start position:0% x 00:24:51.200 --> 00:24:52.789 align:start position:0% x million 00:24:52.789 --> 00:24:55.440 align:start position:0% x 00:24:52.799 --> 00:24:55.430 align:start position:0% x a<00:24:52.960><c> very</c><00:24:53.279><c> small</c><00:24:53.600><c> number</c><00:24:54.000><c> and</c><00:24:54.159><c> then</c> 00:24:55.430 --> 00:24:58.799 align:start position:0% x 00:24:55.440 --> 00:24:58.789 align:start position:0% x begin<00:24:56.159><c> would</c><00:24:56.320><c> be</c><00:24:56.480><c> a</c><00:24:56.720><c> billion</c><00:24:57.440><c> 100</c><00:24:57.760><c> million</c> 00:24:58.789 --> 00:25:01.799 align:start position:0% x 00:24:58.799 --> 00:25:01.799 align:start position:0% x or 00:25:05.669 --> 00:25:05.669 align:start position:0% x 00:25:05.679 --> 00:25:08.950 align:start position:0% x a<00:25:06.000><c> tiny</c><00:25:06.480><c> smattering</c><00:25:07.039><c> of</c><00:25:07.440><c> pitiful</c><00:25:08.080><c> few</c> 00:25:08.950 --> 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align:start position:0% x technology<00:25:42.480><c> and</c><00:25:42.559><c> survive</c> 00:25:43.830 --> 00:25:45.679 align:start position:0% x 00:25:43.840 --> 00:25:45.669 align:start position:0% x geological<00:25:44.480><c> or</c><00:25:44.640><c> stellar</c><00:25:44.880><c> evolutionary</c><00:25:45.440><c> time</c> 00:25:45.669 --> 00:25:48.080 align:start position:0% x 00:25:45.679 --> 00:25:48.070 align:start position:0% x scale<00:25:46.240><c> if</c><00:25:46.480><c> only</c><00:25:46.880><c> one</c><00:25:47.360><c> percent</c><00:25:47.919><c> of</c> 00:25:48.070 --> 00:25:49.679 align:start position:0% x 00:25:48.080 --> 00:25:49.669 align:start position:0% x civilizations<00:25:48.960><c> can</c> 00:25:49.669 --> 00:25:51.600 align:start position:0% x 00:25:49.679 --> 00:25:51.590 align:start position:0% x survive<00:25:50.320><c> technological</c> 00:25:51.590 --> 00:25:52.960 align:start position:0% x 00:25:51.600 --> 00:25:52.950 align:start position:0% x 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this</c><00:26:17.440><c> is</c><00:26:17.520><c> what</c><00:26:17.679><c> they</c><00:26:17.840><c> believed</c> 00:26:19.110 --> 00:26:21.360 align:start position:0% x 00:26:19.120 --> 00:26:21.350 align:start position:0% x there<00:26:19.360><c> must</c><00:26:19.679><c> be</c><00:26:20.000><c> millions</c><00:26:20.480><c> of</c><00:26:20.559><c> civilizations</c> 00:26:21.350 --> 00:26:23.440 align:start position:0% x 00:26:21.360 --> 00:26:23.430 align:start position:0% x out<00:26:21.520><c> there</c><00:26:21.760><c> right</c><00:26:21.919><c> now</c><00:26:22.159><c> and</c><00:26:22.320><c> other</c><00:26:22.559><c> planets</c> 00:26:23.430 --> 00:26:26.159 align:start position:0% x 00:26:23.440 --> 00:26:26.149 align:start position:0% x just<00:26:23.840><c> in</c><00:26:24.080><c> our</c><00:26:24.400><c> galaxy</c><00:26:25.279><c> which</c><00:26:25.600><c> means</c><00:26:25.919><c> that</c><00:26:26.080><c> it</c> 00:26:26.149 --> 00:26:27.840 align:start position:0% x 00:26:26.159 --> 00:26:27.830 align:start position:0% x would<00:26:26.320><c> only</c><00:26:26.480><c> be</c><00:26:26.640><c> a</c><00:26:26.720><c> matter</c><00:26:27.039><c> of</c><00:26:27.200><c> time</c><00:26:27.440><c> before</c><00:26:27.760><c> we</c> 00:26:27.830 --> 00:26:29.840 align:start position:0% x 00:26:27.840 --> 00:26:29.830 align:start position:0% x made<00:26:28.080><c> contact</c><00:26:28.559><c> with</c><00:26:28.720><c> one</c><00:26:28.880><c> of</c><00:26:28.960><c> them</c><00:26:29.520><c> so</c><00:26:29.679><c> we</c> 00:26:29.830 --> 00:26:31.919 align:start position:0% x 00:26:29.840 --> 00:26:31.909 align:start position:0% x built<00:26:30.080><c> great</c><00:26:30.400><c> satellites</c><00:26:31.039><c> and</c><00:26:31.200><c> we</c><00:26:31.360><c> waited</c><00:26:31.760><c> for</c> 00:26:31.909 --> 00:26:33.760 align:start position:0% x 00:26:31.919 --> 00:26:33.750 align:start position:0% x some<00:26:32.159><c> kind</c><00:26:32.320><c> of</c><00:26:32.480><c> communication</c><00:26:33.120><c> and</c><00:26:33.279><c> we</c><00:26:33.440><c> turned</c> 00:26:33.750 --> 00:26:37.799 align:start position:0% x 00:26:33.760 --> 00:26:37.799 align:start position:0% x our<00:26:33.919><c> telescopes</c><00:26:34.559><c> to</c><00:26:34.720><c> the</c><00:26:34.799><c> sky</c> 00:26:38.070 --> 00:26:38.070 align:start position:0% x 00:26:38.080 --> 00:26:40.630 align:start position:0% x for<00:26:38.320><c> decades</c><00:26:39.279><c> we</c><00:26:39.440><c> listened</c> 00:26:40.630 --> 00:26:42.720 align:start position:0% x 00:26:40.640 --> 00:26:42.710 align:start position:0% x and<00:26:40.799><c> heard</c><00:26:41.039><c> nothing</c> 00:26:42.710 --> 00:26:44.159 align:start position:0% x 00:26:42.720 --> 00:26:44.149 align:start position:0% x but<00:26:42.880><c> something</c><00:26:43.200><c> else</c><00:26:43.440><c> happened</c><00:26:43.760><c> over</c><00:26:43.919><c> those</c> 00:26:44.149 --> 00:26:46.000 align:start position:0% x 00:26:44.159 --> 00:26:45.990 align:start position:0% x decades<00:26:44.720><c> too</c> 00:26:45.990 --> 00:26:48.320 align:start position:0% x 00:26:46.000 --> 00:26:48.310 align:start position:0% x so<00:26:46.159><c> this</c><00:26:46.400><c> is</c><00:26:46.480><c> a</c><00:26:46.559><c> quote</c><00:26:46.880><c> from</c><00:26:47.039><c> this</c><00:26:47.360><c> article</c> 00:26:48.310 --> 00:26:50.080 align:start position:0% x 00:26:48.320 --> 00:26:50.070 align:start position:0% x from<00:26:48.480><c> the</c><00:26:48.640><c> wall</c><00:26:48.880><c> street</c><00:26:49.279><c> journal</c><00:26:49.679><c> at</c><00:26:49.760><c> the</c><00:26:49.919><c> end</c> 00:26:50.070 --> 00:26:50.840 align:start position:0% x 00:26:50.080 --> 00:26:50.830 align:start position:0% x of 00:26:50.830 --> 00:26:54.480 align:start position:0% x 00:26:50.840 --> 00:26:54.470 align:start position:0% x 2014<00:26:51.919><c> eric</c><00:26:52.240><c> mataxis</c><00:26:53.120><c> writes</c> 00:26:54.470 --> 00:26:55.919 align:start position:0% x 00:26:54.480 --> 00:26:55.909 align:start position:0% x today 00:26:55.909 --> 00:26:58.320 align:start position:0% x 00:26:55.919 --> 00:26:58.310 align:start position:0% x there<00:26:56.159><c> are</c><00:26:56.320><c> more</c><00:26:56.480><c> than</c><00:26:56.720><c> 200</c><00:26:57.440><c> known</c><00:26:57.760><c> parameters</c> 00:26:58.310 --> 00:27:00.559 align:start position:0% x 00:26:58.320 --> 00:27:00.549 align:start position:0% x necessary<00:26:58.799><c> for</c><00:26:58.960><c> a</c><00:26:59.120><c> planet</c><00:26:59.360><c> to</c><00:26:59.520><c> support</c><00:26:59.919><c> life</c> 00:27:00.549 --> 00:27:03.120 align:start position:0% x 00:27:00.559 --> 00:27:03.110 align:start position:0% x every<00:27:00.960><c> single</c><00:27:01.279><c> one</c><00:27:01.520><c> of</c><00:27:01.600><c> which</c><00:27:02.159><c> which</c><00:27:02.480><c> must</c><00:27:02.799><c> be</c> 00:27:03.110 --> 00:27:05.120 align:start position:0% x 00:27:03.120 --> 00:27:05.110 align:start position:0% x perfectly<00:27:03.679><c> met</c><00:27:03.919><c> or</c><00:27:04.000><c> the</c><00:27:04.159><c> whole</c><00:27:04.480><c> thing</c><00:27:04.799><c> falls</c> 00:27:05.110 --> 00:27:07.440 align:start position:0% x 00:27:05.120 --> 00:27:07.430 align:start position:0% x apart<00:27:05.919><c> without</c><00:27:06.320><c> a</c><00:27:06.480><c> massive</c><00:27:06.880><c> planet</c><00:27:07.279><c> like</c> 00:27:07.430 --> 00:27:09.360 align:start position:0% x 00:27:07.440 --> 00:27:09.350 align:start position:0% x jupiter<00:27:07.919><c> nearby</c><00:27:08.400><c> whose</c><00:27:08.640><c> gravity</c><00:27:08.960><c> will</c><00:27:09.120><c> draw</c> 00:27:09.350 --> 00:27:11.760 align:start position:0% x 00:27:09.360 --> 00:27:11.750 align:start position:0% x away<00:27:09.679><c> asteroids</c><00:27:10.559><c> a</c><00:27:10.720><c> thousand</c><00:27:11.120><c> times</c><00:27:11.440><c> as</c><00:27:11.520><c> many</c> 00:27:11.750 --> 00:27:13.679 align:start position:0% x 00:27:11.760 --> 00:27:13.669 align:start position:0% x would<00:27:11.919><c> hit</c><00:27:12.159><c> earth's</c><00:27:12.480><c> surface</c><00:27:13.200><c> the</c><00:27:13.440><c> odds</c> 00:27:13.669 --> 00:27:15.919 align:start position:0% x 00:27:13.679 --> 00:27:15.909 align:start position:0% x against<00:27:14.000><c> life</c><00:27:14.240><c> in</c><00:27:14.400><c> the</c><00:27:14.480><c> universe</c><00:27:15.120><c> are</c><00:27:15.360><c> simply</c> 00:27:15.909 --> 00:27:18.320 align:start position:0% x 00:27:15.919 --> 00:27:18.310 align:start position:0% x astonishing<00:27:17.200><c> yet</c><00:27:17.440><c> here</c><00:27:17.600><c> we</c><00:27:17.760><c> are</c><00:27:17.919><c> not</c><00:27:18.080><c> only</c> 00:27:18.310 --> 00:27:21.279 align:start position:0% x 00:27:18.320 --> 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at<00:27:28.159><c> what</c><00:27:28.399><c> point</c><00:27:28.720><c> is</c><00:27:28.880><c> it</c><00:27:29.039><c> fair</c><00:27:29.279><c> to</c><00:27:29.440><c> admit</c><00:27:29.760><c> that</c> 00:27:29.990 --> 00:27:31.679 align:start position:0% x 00:27:30.000 --> 00:27:31.669 align:start position:0% x science<00:27:30.399><c> suggests</c><00:27:30.880><c> that</c><00:27:31.039><c> we</c><00:27:31.120><c> cannot</c><00:27:31.440><c> be</c><00:27:31.600><c> the</c> 00:27:31.669 --> 00:27:33.840 align:start position:0% x 00:27:31.679 --> 00:27:33.830 align:start position:0% x result<00:27:32.080><c> of</c><00:27:32.240><c> random</c><00:27:32.720><c> forces</c> 00:27:33.830 --> 00:27:35.679 align:start position:0% x 00:27:33.840 --> 00:27:35.669 align:start position:0% x does<00:27:34.000><c> it</c><00:27:34.159><c> assuming</c><00:27:34.640><c> that</c><00:27:34.799><c> an</c><00:27:34.960><c> intelligence</c> 00:27:35.669 --> 00:27:38.080 align:start position:0% x 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align:start position:0% x 00:27:45.360 --> 00:27:48.310 align:start position:0% x being 00:27:48.310 --> 00:27:50.880 align:start position:0% x 00:27:48.320 --> 00:27:50.870 align:start position:0% x so<00:27:48.480><c> here's</c><00:27:48.720><c> what</c><00:27:48.880><c> happened</c> 00:27:50.870 --> 00:27:53.520 align:start position:0% x 00:27:50.880 --> 00:27:53.510 align:start position:0% x at<00:27:51.120><c> first</c><00:27:51.600><c> we</c><00:27:51.840><c> thought</c><00:27:52.320><c> back</c><00:27:52.640><c> in</c><00:27:52.720><c> the</c><00:27:52.880><c> 60s</c><00:27:53.360><c> that</c> 00:27:53.510 --> 00:27:55.919 align:start position:0% x 00:27:53.520 --> 00:27:55.909 align:start position:0% x there<00:27:53.679><c> were</c><00:27:53.840><c> only</c><00:27:54.159><c> two</c><00:27:54.480><c> criteria</c><00:27:55.200><c> necessary</c> 00:27:55.909 --> 00:27:57.520 align:start position:0% x 00:27:55.919 --> 00:27:57.510 align:start position:0% x for<00:27:56.080><c> a</c><00:27:56.159><c> planet</c><00:27:56.480><c> to</c><00:27:56.559><c> be</c><00:27:56.640><c> able</c><00:27:56.799><c> to</c><00:27:56.880><c> support</c><00:27:57.279><c> life</c> 00:27:57.510 --> 00:27:59.200 align:start position:0% x 00:27:57.520 --> 00:27:59.190 align:start position:0% x you<00:27:57.600><c> remember</c><00:27:57.919><c> i</c><00:27:58.000><c> mentioned</c><00:27:58.399><c> those</c><00:27:58.799><c> the</c><00:27:58.960><c> type</c> 00:27:59.190 --> 00:28:00.799 align:start position:0% x 00:27:59.200 --> 00:28:00.789 align:start position:0% x of<00:27:59.279><c> star</c><00:27:59.600><c> in</c><00:27:59.679><c> the</c><00:27:59.760><c> solar</c><00:28:00.080><c> system</c><00:28:00.559><c> and</c><00:28:00.720><c> the</c> 00:28:00.789 --> 00:28:02.640 align:start position:0% x 00:28:00.799 --> 00:28:02.630 align:start position:0% x proximity<00:28:01.360><c> of</c><00:28:01.520><c> a</c><00:28:01.600><c> planet</c><00:28:01.919><c> to</c><00:28:02.000><c> the</c><00:28:02.240><c> to</c><00:28:02.399><c> that</c> 00:28:02.630 --> 00:28:04.320 align:start position:0% x 00:28:02.640 --> 00:28:04.310 align:start position:0% x star 00:28:04.310 --> 00:28:06.720 align:start position:0% x 00:28:04.320 --> 00:28:06.710 align:start position:0% x but<00:28:04.559><c> then</c><00:28:04.799><c> scientists</c><00:28:05.279><c> discovered</c><00:28:05.840><c> more</c> 00:28:06.710 --> 00:28:08.880 align:start position:0% x 00:28:06.720 --> 00:28:08.870 align:start position:0% x parameters<00:28:07.360><c> necessary</c><00:28:07.840><c> for</c><00:28:08.080><c> life</c> 00:28:08.870 --> 00:28:10.000 align:start position:0% x 00:28:08.880 --> 00:28:09.990 align:start position:0% x and<00:28:08.960><c> they</c><00:28:09.120><c> discovered</c><00:28:09.600><c> more</c><00:28:09.840><c> and</c><00:28:09.919><c> they</c> 00:28:09.990 --> 00:28:12.960 align:start position:0% x 00:28:10.000 --> 00:28:12.950 align:start position:0% x 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position:0% x 00:28:20.640 --> 00:28:22.470 align:start position:0% x them<00:28:20.880><c> started</c><00:28:21.200><c> to</c><00:28:21.440><c> shrink</c> 00:28:22.470 --> 00:28:24.640 align:start position:0% x 00:28:22.480 --> 00:28:24.630 align:start position:0% x it<00:28:22.640><c> got</c><00:28:22.960><c> smaller</c><00:28:23.520><c> and</c><00:28:23.679><c> smaller</c><00:28:24.240><c> the</c><00:28:24.399><c> more</c> 00:28:24.630 --> 00:28:26.000 align:start position:0% x 00:28:24.640 --> 00:28:25.990 align:start position:0% x things<00:28:24.880><c> we</c><00:28:24.960><c> discovered</c><00:28:25.360><c> that</c><00:28:25.440><c> were</c><00:28:25.679><c> necessary</c> 00:28:25.990 --> 00:28:27.600 align:start position:0% x 00:28:26.000 --> 00:28:27.590 align:start position:0% x that<00:28:26.080><c> had</c><00:28:26.240><c> to</c><00:28:26.320><c> be</c><00:28:26.480><c> just</c><00:28:26.799><c> right</c><00:28:27.039><c> for</c><00:28:27.200><c> life</c><00:28:27.440><c> to</c> 00:28:27.590 --> 00:28:30.000 align:start position:0% x 00:28:27.600 --> 00:28:29.990 align:start position:0% x arise<00:28:28.000><c> to</c><00:28:28.159><c> the</c><00:28:28.320><c> point</c><00:28:28.559><c> where</c><00:28:29.200><c> it</c><00:28:29.360><c> got</c><00:28:29.600><c> to</c><00:28:29.760><c> a</c> 00:28:29.990 --> 00:28:31.919 align:start position:0% x 00:28:30.000 --> 00:28:31.909 align:start position:0% x zero<00:28:30.399><c> percent</c><00:28:30.880><c> chance</c><00:28:31.200><c> that</c><00:28:31.360><c> there</c><00:28:31.520><c> are</c><00:28:31.679><c> any</c> 00:28:31.909 --> 00:28:34.000 align:start position:0% x 00:28:31.919 --> 00:28:33.990 align:start position:0% x other<00:28:32.159><c> civilizations</c><00:28:32.960><c> out</c><00:28:33.200><c> there</c> 00:28:33.990 --> 00:28:36.159 align:start position:0% x 00:28:34.000 --> 00:28:36.149 align:start position:0% x and<00:28:34.080><c> then</c><00:28:34.320><c> we</c><00:28:34.559><c> kept</c><00:28:35.200><c> discovering</c><00:28:35.840><c> more</c> 00:28:36.149 --> 00:28:38.480 align:start position:0% x 00:28:36.159 --> 00:28:38.470 align:start position:0% x criteria<00:28:36.799><c> for</c><00:28:37.120><c> life</c> 00:28:38.470 --> 00:28:40.640 align:start position:0% x 00:28:38.480 --> 00:28:40.630 align:start position:0% x and<00:28:38.720><c> then</c><00:28:39.120><c> the</c><00:28:39.279><c> probability</c><00:28:39.919><c> that</c><00:28:40.159><c> we</c><00:28:40.399><c> should</c> 00:28:40.630 --> 00:28:42.080 align:start position:0% x 00:28:40.640 --> 00:28:42.070 align:start position:0% x ever<00:28:40.880><c> even</c><00:28:41.120><c> exist</c> 00:28:42.070 --> 00:28:44.720 align:start position:0% x 00:28:42.080 --> 00:28:44.710 align:start position:0% x got<00:28:42.399><c> smaller</c><00:28:42.960><c> and</c><00:28:43.200><c> smaller</c><00:28:43.679><c> and</c><00:28:43.919><c> smaller</c> 00:28:44.710 --> 00:28:46.720 align:start position:0% x 00:28:44.720 --> 00:28:46.710 align:start position:0% x until<00:28:45.039><c> it</c><00:28:45.120><c> became</c><00:28:45.520><c> basically</c><00:28:45.919><c> an</c><00:28:46.080><c> impossible</c> 00:28:46.710 --> 00:28:48.799 align:start position:0% x 00:28:46.720 --> 00:28:48.789 align:start position:0% x situation<00:28:47.360><c> except</c><00:28:47.600><c> for</c><00:28:47.760><c> the</c><00:28:47.840><c> fact</c><00:28:48.080><c> that</c><00:28:48.559><c> we're</c> 00:28:48.789 --> 00:28:50.640 align:start position:0% x 00:28:48.799 --> 00:28:50.630 align:start position:0% x here<00:28:49.039><c> for</c><00:28:49.200><c> some</c><00:28:49.440><c> reason</c> 00:28:50.630 --> 00:28:52.320 align:start position:0% x 00:28:50.640 --> 00:28:52.310 align:start position:0% x that<00:28:50.880><c> we</c><00:28:51.039><c> should</c><00:28:51.200><c> be</c><00:28:51.440><c> here</c> 00:28:52.310 --> 00:28:54.000 align:start position:0% x 00:28:52.320 --> 00:28:53.990 align:start position:0% x that<00:28:52.480><c> there's</c><00:28:52.799><c> a</c><00:28:52.880><c> planet</c><00:28:53.360><c> anywhere</c><00:28:53.760><c> in</c><00:28:53.919><c> a</c> 00:28:53.990 --> 00:28:55.679 align:start position:0% x 00:28:54.000 --> 00:28:55.669 align:start position:0% x universe<00:28:54.480><c> somewhere</c> 00:28:55.669 --> 00:28:58.480 align:start position:0% x 00:28:55.679 --> 00:28:58.470 align:start position:0% x that<00:28:55.919><c> supports</c><00:28:56.840><c> life</c> 00:28:58.470 --> 00:29:00.240 align:start position:0% x 00:28:58.480 --> 00:29:00.230 align:start position:0% x the<00:28:58.640><c> fact</c><00:28:58.880><c> that</c><00:28:59.039><c> we're</c><00:28:59.279><c> here</c> 00:29:00.230 --> 00:29:03.120 align:start position:0% x 00:29:00.240 --> 00:29:03.110 align:start position:0% x became<00:29:00.640><c> a</c><00:29:00.720><c> miracle</c> 00:29:03.110 --> 00:29:05.600 align:start position:0% x 00:29:03.120 --> 00:29:05.590 align:start position:0% x and<00:29:03.279><c> eric</c><00:29:03.440><c> mataxis</c><00:29:04.080><c> mentions</c><00:29:04.480><c> over</c><00:29:04.880><c> 200</c> 00:29:05.590 --> 00:29:07.440 align:start position:0% x 00:29:05.600 --> 00:29:07.430 align:start position:0% x parameters<00:29:06.480><c> now</c><00:29:06.640><c> that</c><00:29:06.799><c> have</c><00:29:06.880><c> been</c><00:29:07.039><c> discovered</c> 00:29:07.430 --> 00:29:10.559 align:start position:0% x 00:29:07.440 --> 00:29:10.549 align:start position:0% x necessary<00:29:07.919><c> to</c><00:29:08.000><c> support</c><00:29:08.799><c> life</c><00:29:09.360><c> in</c><00:29:09.440><c> the</c><00:29:09.600><c> galaxy</c> 00:29:10.549 --> 00:29:12.559 align:start position:0% x 00:29:10.559 --> 00:29:12.549 align:start position:0% x now<00:29:10.799><c> i</c><00:29:10.960><c> searched</c><00:29:11.360><c> and</c><00:29:11.440><c> i</c><00:29:11.520><c> couldn't</c><00:29:11.760><c> find</c> 00:29:12.549 --> 00:29:14.559 align:start position:0% x 00:29:12.559 --> 00:29:14.549 align:start position:0% x anywhere<00:29:12.880><c> near</c><00:29:13.200><c> 200</c><00:29:13.919><c> and</c><00:29:14.000><c> that's</c><00:29:14.240><c> one</c><00:29:14.399><c> of</c><00:29:14.480><c> the</c> 00:29:14.549 --> 00:29:16.000 align:start position:0% x 00:29:14.559 --> 00:29:15.990 align:start position:0% x things<00:29:14.799><c> that</c><00:29:14.880><c> he</c><00:29:15.039><c> came</c><00:29:15.279><c> under</c><00:29:15.520><c> fire</c><00:29:15.760><c> for</c><00:29:15.919><c> in</c> 00:29:15.990 --> 00:29:17.520 align:start position:0% x 00:29:16.000 --> 00:29:17.510 align:start position:0% x this<00:29:16.159><c> article</c><00:29:16.480><c> he</c><00:29:16.640><c> throws</c><00:29:16.880><c> out</c><00:29:17.039><c> that</c><00:29:17.200><c> number</c> 00:29:17.510 --> 00:29:19.440 align:start position:0% x 00:29:17.520 --> 00:29:19.430 align:start position:0% x of<00:29:17.600><c> 200</c><00:29:18.000><c> parameters</c><00:29:18.480><c> but</c><00:29:18.640><c> nobody</c><00:29:18.880><c> can</c><00:29:19.120><c> find</c><00:29:19.360><c> it</c> 00:29:19.430 --> 00:29:22.640 align:start position:0% x 00:29:19.440 --> 00:29:22.630 align:start position:0% x anywhere<00:29:20.240><c> i</c><00:29:20.399><c> did</c><00:29:20.640><c> find</c><00:29:20.880><c> a</c><00:29:20.960><c> good</c><00:29:21.200><c> list</c> 00:29:22.630 --> 00:29:24.720 align:start position:0% x 00:29:22.640 --> 00:29:24.710 align:start position:0% x of<00:29:22.799><c> 22</c><00:29:23.360><c> different</c><00:29:23.600><c> parameters</c><00:29:24.159><c> necessary</c><00:29:24.640><c> to</c> 00:29:24.710 --> 00:29:27.200 align:start position:0% x 00:29:24.720 --> 00:29:27.190 align:start position:0% x support<00:29:25.200><c> life</c><00:29:25.600><c> on</c><00:29:25.919><c> on</c><00:29:26.080><c> any</c><00:29:26.399><c> planet</c><00:29:26.799><c> in</c><00:29:26.960><c> our</c> 00:29:27.190 --> 00:29:29.440 align:start position:0% x 00:29:27.200 --> 00:29:29.430 align:start position:0% x galaxy<00:29:28.159><c> and</c><00:29:28.320><c> we're</c><00:29:28.880><c> not</c><00:29:28.960><c> going</c><00:29:29.039><c> to</c><00:29:29.120><c> look</c><00:29:29.279><c> at</c> 00:29:29.430 --> 00:29:31.200 align:start position:0% x 00:29:29.440 --> 00:29:31.190 align:start position:0% x all<00:29:29.600><c> of</c><00:29:29.679><c> them</c><00:29:30.320><c> but</c><00:29:30.480><c> i'm</c><00:29:30.559><c> going</c><00:29:30.720><c> to</c><00:29:30.880><c> just</c><00:29:31.039><c> show</c> 00:29:31.190 --> 00:29:32.720 align:start position:0% x 00:29:31.200 --> 00:29:32.710 align:start position:0% x you<00:29:31.360><c> a</c><00:29:31.440><c> few</c><00:29:31.679><c> of</c><00:29:31.760><c> them</c><00:29:31.919><c> so</c><00:29:32.080><c> you</c><00:29:32.159><c> get</c><00:29:32.320><c> sort</c><00:29:32.480><c> of</c><00:29:32.640><c> a</c> 00:29:32.710 --> 00:29:34.159 align:start position:0% x 00:29:32.720 --> 00:29:34.149 align:start position:0% x sampling<00:29:33.200><c> of</c><00:29:33.360><c> the</c><00:29:33.440><c> kind</c><00:29:33.600><c> of</c><00:29:33.679><c> things</c><00:29:33.919><c> we're</c> 00:29:34.149 --> 00:29:36.799 align:start position:0% x 00:29:34.159 --> 00:29:36.789 align:start position:0% x looking<00:29:34.559><c> at</c><00:29:35.120><c> so</c><00:29:35.360><c> for</c><00:29:35.520><c> example</c><00:29:35.840><c> we</c><00:29:36.000><c> have</c><00:29:36.480><c> the</c> 00:29:36.789 --> 00:29:38.720 align:start position:0% x 00:29:36.799 --> 00:29:38.710 align:start position:0% x gravitational<00:29:37.600><c> force</c><00:29:37.919><c> constant</c><00:29:38.399><c> which</c><00:29:38.559><c> is</c><00:29:38.640><c> a</c> 00:29:38.710 --> 00:29:41.200 align:start position:0% x 00:29:38.720 --> 00:29:41.190 align:start position:0% x large<00:29:39.279><c> attractive</c><00:29:39.760><c> force</c><00:29:40.080><c> if</c><00:29:40.240><c> it's</c><00:29:40.399><c> too</c><00:29:40.640><c> weak</c> 00:29:41.190 --> 00:29:43.279 align:start position:0% x 00:29:41.200 --> 00:29:43.269 align:start position:0% x then<00:29:41.440><c> planets</c><00:29:41.840><c> and</c><00:29:41.919><c> stars</c><00:29:42.320><c> can't</c><00:29:42.720><c> form</c><00:29:43.120><c> if</c> 00:29:43.269 --> 00:29:45.440 align:start position:0% x 00:29:43.279 --> 00:29:45.430 align:start position:0% x it's<00:29:43.440><c> too</c><00:29:43.679><c> strong</c><00:29:44.080><c> and</c><00:29:44.320><c> then</c><00:29:44.480><c> stars</c><00:29:44.960><c> burn</c><00:29:45.279><c> up</c> 00:29:45.430 --> 00:29:46.640 align:start position:0% x 00:29:45.440 --> 00:29:46.630 align:start position:0% x too<00:29:45.679><c> quickly</c> 00:29:46.630 --> 00:29:49.120 align:start position:0% x 00:29:46.640 --> 00:29:49.110 align:start position:0% x there's<00:29:46.960><c> the</c><00:29:47.520><c> electromagnetic</c><00:29:48.640><c> force</c> 00:29:49.110 --> 00:29:50.320 align:start position:0% x 00:29:49.120 --> 00:29:50.310 align:start position:0% x constant 00:29:50.310 --> 00:29:51.919 align:start position:0% x 00:29:50.320 --> 00:29:51.909 align:start position:0% x if<00:29:50.480><c> it</c><00:29:50.559><c> was</c><00:29:50.720><c> much</c><00:29:50.880><c> stronger</c><00:29:51.279><c> or</c><00:29:51.440><c> weaker</c><00:29:51.760><c> we</c> 00:29:51.909 --> 00:29:53.279 align:start position:0% x 00:29:51.919 --> 00:29:53.269 align:start position:0% x wouldn't<00:29:52.080><c> be</c><00:29:52.159><c> able</c><00:29:52.240><c> to</c><00:29:52.320><c> have</c><00:29:52.480><c> stable</c><00:29:52.880><c> chemical</c> 00:29:53.269 --> 00:29:57.520 align:start position:0% x 00:29:53.279 --> 00:29:57.510 align:start position:0% x bonds<00:29:53.679><c> and</c><00:29:53.760><c> hence</c><00:29:54.399><c> no</c><00:29:54.720><c> life</c><00:29:55.039><c> on</c><00:29:55.120><c> the</c><00:29:55.279><c> planet</c> 00:29:57.510 --> 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position:0% x 00:30:04.480 --> 00:30:07.269 align:start position:0% x necessary<00:30:05.120><c> that</c><00:30:05.279><c> are</c><00:30:05.360><c> essential</c><00:30:06.159><c> for</c><00:30:06.399><c> life</c> 00:30:07.269 --> 00:30:08.559 align:start position:0% x 00:30:07.279 --> 00:30:08.549 align:start position:0% x there's<00:30:07.520><c> the</c><00:30:07.600><c> one</c><00:30:07.760><c> that</c><00:30:07.919><c> we</c><00:30:08.000><c> talked</c><00:30:08.240><c> about</c> 00:30:08.549 --> 00:30:10.880 align:start position:0% x 00:30:08.559 --> 00:30:10.870 align:start position:0% x last<00:30:08.880><c> night</c><00:30:09.520><c> which</c><00:30:09.760><c> is</c><00:30:09.840><c> just</c><00:30:10.080><c> one</c><00:30:10.320><c> of</c><00:30:10.480><c> many</c><00:30:10.720><c> the</c> 00:30:10.870 --> 00:30:12.960 align:start position:0% x 00:30:10.880 --> 00:30:12.950 align:start position:0% x cosmological<00:30:11.840><c> constant</c><00:30:12.240><c> you</c><00:30:12.399><c> remember</c><00:30:12.640><c> that</c> 00:30:12.950 --> 00:30:16.640 align:start position:0% x 00:30:12.960 --> 00:30:16.640 align:start position:0% x right<00:30:13.120><c> in</c><00:30:13.279><c> einstein's</c><00:30:13.840><c> field</c><00:30:14.080><c> equation</c> 00:30:16.950 --> 00:30:16.950 align:start position:0% x 00:30:16.960 --> 00:30:19.430 align:start position:0% x it<00:30:17.120><c> has</c><00:30:17.279><c> to</c><00:30:17.440><c> be</c><00:30:17.600><c> very</c><00:30:18.000><c> close</c><00:30:18.240><c> to</c><00:30:18.399><c> zero</c><00:30:18.799><c> but</c><00:30:19.120><c> not</c> 00:30:19.430 --> 00:30:20.880 align:start position:0% x 00:30:19.440 --> 00:30:20.870 align:start position:0% x zero<00:30:19.840><c> because</c><00:30:20.080><c> we</c><00:30:20.240><c> now</c><00:30:20.399><c> know</c><00:30:20.559><c> that</c><00:30:20.720><c> the</c> 00:30:20.870 --> 00:30:22.399 align:start position:0% x 00:30:20.880 --> 00:30:22.389 align:start position:0% x universe<00:30:21.279><c> is</c><00:30:21.440><c> expanding</c><00:30:22.000><c> and</c><00:30:22.159><c> it's</c> 00:30:22.389 --> 00:30:24.640 align:start position:0% x 00:30:22.399 --> 00:30:24.630 align:start position:0% x accelerating<00:30:23.039><c> in</c><00:30:23.120><c> that</c><00:30:23.360><c> expansion</c><00:30:24.320><c> and</c><00:30:24.480><c> if</c><00:30:24.559><c> it</c> 00:30:24.630 --> 00:30:27.200 align:start position:0% x 00:30:24.640 --> 00:30:27.190 align:start position:0% x was<00:30:24.880><c> any</c><00:30:25.120><c> other</c><00:30:25.360><c> number</c><00:30:25.760><c> then</c><00:30:26.000><c> what</c><00:30:26.240><c> it</c><00:30:26.399><c> is</c> 00:30:27.190 --> 00:30:28.960 align:start position:0% x 00:30:27.200 --> 00:30:28.950 align:start position:0% x then<00:30:27.360><c> the</c><00:30:27.440><c> universe</c><00:30:27.840><c> would</c><00:30:28.000><c> either</c><00:30:28.240><c> fly</c><00:30:28.559><c> apart</c> 00:30:28.950 --> 00:30:32.320 align:start position:0% x 00:30:28.960 --> 00:30:32.320 align:start position:0% x or<00:30:29.120><c> collapse</c><00:30:29.600><c> in</c><00:30:29.760><c> on</c><00:30:29.919><c> itself</c> 00:30:33.190 --> 00:30:33.190 align:start position:0% x 00:30:33.200 --> 00:30:35.909 align:start position:0% x and<00:30:33.360><c> we'll</c><00:30:33.440><c> skip</c><00:30:33.760><c> forward</c><00:30:34.080><c> a</c><00:30:34.159><c> bunch</c><00:30:34.840><c> here</c> 00:30:35.909 --> 00:30:36.470 align:start position:0% x 00:30:35.919 --> 00:30:36.460 align:start position:0% x within 00:30:36.460 --> 00:30:37.600 align:start position:0% x 00:30:36.470 --> 00:30:37.590 align:start position:0% x [Music] 00:30:37.590 --> 00:30:39.760 align:start position:0% x 00:30:37.600 --> 00:30:39.750 align:start position:0% x the<00:30:37.840><c> solar</c><00:30:38.320><c> system</c><00:30:38.960><c> there</c><00:30:39.120><c> needs</c><00:30:39.360><c> to</c><00:30:39.440><c> be</c><00:30:39.600><c> a</c> 00:30:39.750 --> 00:30:41.760 align:start position:0% x 00:30:39.760 --> 00:30:41.750 align:start position:0% x large<00:30:40.320><c> moon</c><00:30:40.799><c> around</c><00:30:41.120><c> the</c><00:30:41.279><c> planet</c><00:30:41.520><c> with</c><00:30:41.679><c> the</c> 00:30:41.750 --> 00:30:44.080 align:start position:0% x 00:30:41.760 --> 00:30:44.070 align:start position:0% x right<00:30:42.000><c> planetary</c><00:30:42.559><c> rotation</c><00:30:43.120><c> period</c><00:30:43.760><c> which</c> 00:30:44.070 --> 00:30:46.000 align:start position:0% x 00:30:44.080 --> 00:30:45.990 align:start position:0% x establishes<00:30:44.640><c> the</c><00:30:44.799><c> right</c><00:30:45.039><c> gravitational</c><00:30:45.679><c> pull</c> 00:30:45.990 --> 00:30:48.159 align:start position:0% x 00:30:46.000 --> 00:30:48.149 align:start position:0% x so<00:30:46.159><c> that</c><00:30:46.320><c> for</c><00:30:46.480><c> example</c><00:30:46.880><c> our</c><00:30:47.120><c> earth</c><00:30:47.600><c> our</c><00:30:47.840><c> axis</c> 00:30:48.149 --> 00:30:51.360 align:start position:0% x 00:30:48.159 --> 00:30:51.350 align:start position:0% x is<00:30:48.320><c> on</c><00:30:48.480><c> a</c><00:30:48.640><c> 20</c><00:30:49.120><c> 23.5</c><00:30:50.080><c> degree</c><00:30:50.399><c> angle</c><00:30:51.039><c> which</c><00:30:51.279><c> is</c> 00:30:51.350 --> 00:30:53.200 align:start position:0% x 00:30:51.360 --> 00:30:53.190 align:start position:0% x just<00:30:51.679><c> perfect</c><00:30:52.159><c> to</c><00:30:52.320><c> ensure</c><00:30:52.640><c> relatively</c> 00:30:53.190 --> 00:30:55.919 align:start position:0% x 00:30:53.200 --> 00:30:55.909 align:start position:0% x temperate<00:30:53.600><c> seasonal</c><00:30:54.159><c> changes</c><00:30:54.960><c> so</c><00:30:55.200><c> that</c><00:30:55.760><c> the</c> 00:30:55.909 --> 00:30:57.919 align:start position:0% x 00:30:55.919 --> 00:30:57.909 align:start position:0% x earth<00:30:56.159><c> can</c><00:30:56.320><c> support</c><00:30:56.799><c> complex</c><00:30:57.360><c> living</c> 00:30:57.909 --> 00:31:00.320 align:start position:0% x 00:30:57.919 --> 00:31:00.310 align:start position:0% x organisms 00:31:00.310 --> 00:31:02.240 align:start position:0% x 00:31:00.320 --> 00:31:02.230 align:start position:0% x within<00:31:00.799><c> the</c><00:31:01.039><c> galaxy</c> 00:31:02.230 --> 00:31:04.159 align:start position:0% x 00:31:02.240 --> 00:31:04.149 align:start position:0% x the<00:31:02.399><c> solar</c><00:31:02.799><c> system</c><00:31:03.120><c> would</c><00:31:03.279><c> need</c><00:31:03.440><c> to</c><00:31:03.519><c> be</c><00:31:03.919><c> near</c> 00:31:04.149 --> 00:31:05.120 align:start position:0% x 00:31:04.159 --> 00:31:05.110 align:start position:0% x the<00:31:04.320><c> edge</c><00:31:04.559><c> of</c><00:31:04.640><c> what's</c><00:31:04.799><c> called</c><00:31:04.960><c> the</c> 00:31:05.110 --> 00:31:08.080 align:start position:0% x 00:31:05.120 --> 00:31:08.070 align:start position:0% x circumstellar<00:31:05.919><c> habitable</c><00:31:06.960><c> zone</c><00:31:07.679><c> or</c><00:31:07.840><c> sorry</c> 00:31:08.070 --> 00:31:09.519 align:start position:0% x 00:31:08.080 --> 00:31:09.509 align:start position:0% x within<00:31:08.320><c> the</c><00:31:08.480><c> solar</c><00:31:08.799><c> system</c><00:31:09.039><c> if</c><00:31:09.120><c> the</c><00:31:09.200><c> earth</c><00:31:09.440><c> was</c> 00:31:09.509 --> 00:31:11.440 align:start position:0% x 00:31:09.519 --> 00:31:11.430 align:start position:0% x just<00:31:09.679><c> five</c><00:31:09.919><c> percent</c><00:31:10.159><c> closer</c><00:31:10.480><c> to</c><00:31:10.559><c> the</c><00:31:10.640><c> sun</c><00:31:11.279><c> the</c> 00:31:11.430 --> 00:31:13.760 align:start position:0% x 00:31:11.440 --> 00:31:13.750 align:start position:0% x earth<00:31:11.679><c> would</c><00:31:11.760><c> be</c><00:31:11.919><c> just</c><00:31:12.240><c> a</c><00:31:12.320><c> lot</c><00:31:12.480><c> like</c><00:31:12.799><c> venus</c> 00:31:13.750 --> 00:31:16.000 align:start position:0% x 00:31:13.760 --> 00:31:15.990 align:start position:0% x of<00:31:13.840><c> course</c><00:31:14.159><c> no</c><00:31:14.399><c> life</c><00:31:14.720><c> could</c><00:31:14.880><c> exist</c> 00:31:15.990 --> 00:31:18.240 align:start position:0% x 00:31:16.000 --> 00:31:18.230 align:start position:0% x and<00:31:16.240><c> conversely</c><00:31:16.720><c> if</c><00:31:16.880><c> it</c><00:31:16.960><c> was</c><00:31:17.039><c> just</c><00:31:17.200><c> 20</c><00:31:17.840><c> further</c> 00:31:18.230 --> 00:31:19.840 align:start position:0% x 00:31:18.240 --> 00:31:19.830 align:start position:0% x away<00:31:18.559><c> then</c><00:31:18.720><c> the</c><00:31:18.799><c> earth</c><00:31:18.960><c> would</c><00:31:19.120><c> be</c><00:31:19.200><c> a</c><00:31:19.360><c> sterile</c> 00:31:19.830 --> 00:31:22.320 align:start position:0% x 00:31:19.840 --> 00:31:22.310 align:start position:0% x environment<00:31:20.320><c> like</c><00:31:20.640><c> mars</c><00:31:21.039><c> also</c><00:31:21.279><c> incapable</c><00:31:22.080><c> of</c> 00:31:22.310 --> 00:31:25.120 align:start position:0% x 00:31:22.320 --> 00:31:25.110 align:start position:0% x supporting<00:31:23.279><c> life</c> 00:31:25.110 --> 00:31:26.960 align:start position:0% x 00:31:25.120 --> 00:31:26.950 align:start position:0% x and<00:31:25.279><c> now</c><00:31:25.519><c> this</c><00:31:25.679><c> is</c><00:31:25.760><c> the</c><00:31:25.840><c> one</c><00:31:26.000><c> about</c><00:31:26.240><c> the</c><00:31:26.399><c> galaxy</c> 00:31:26.950 --> 00:31:28.559 align:start position:0% x 00:31:26.960 --> 00:31:28.549 align:start position:0% x the<00:31:27.200><c> the</c><00:31:27.360><c> solar</c><00:31:27.679><c> system</c><00:31:27.919><c> has</c><00:31:28.080><c> to</c><00:31:28.159><c> be</c><00:31:28.320><c> within</c> 00:31:28.549 --> 00:31:30.559 align:start position:0% x 00:31:28.559 --> 00:31:30.549 align:start position:0% x the<00:31:28.720><c> right</c><00:31:29.039><c> zone</c><00:31:29.360><c> of</c><00:31:29.519><c> the</c><00:31:29.679><c> galaxy</c><00:31:30.159><c> because</c><00:31:30.399><c> the</c> 00:31:30.549 --> 00:31:32.159 align:start position:0% x 00:31:30.559 --> 00:31:32.149 align:start position:0% x center<00:31:30.799><c> of</c><00:31:30.960><c> the</c><00:31:31.039><c> galaxy</c><00:31:31.440><c> anywhere</c><00:31:31.840><c> close</c><00:31:32.000><c> to</c> 00:31:32.149 --> 00:31:34.480 align:start position:0% x 00:31:32.159 --> 00:31:34.470 align:start position:0% x that<00:31:32.640><c> is</c><00:31:32.799><c> way</c><00:31:33.120><c> too</c><00:31:33.279><c> dangerous</c><00:31:33.760><c> to</c><00:31:33.919><c> support</c><00:31:34.320><c> any</c> 00:31:34.470 --> 00:31:36.640 align:start position:0% x 00:31:34.480 --> 00:31:36.630 align:start position:0% x kind<00:31:34.640><c> of</c><00:31:35.120><c> of</c><00:31:35.440><c> life</c><00:31:35.679><c> on</c><00:31:35.840><c> any</c><00:31:36.000><c> of</c><00:31:36.080><c> the</c><00:31:36.159><c> planets</c><00:31:36.480><c> in</c> 00:31:36.630 --> 00:31:40.000 align:start position:0% x 00:31:36.640 --> 00:31:39.990 align:start position:0% x any<00:31:36.880><c> given</c><00:31:37.279><c> solar</c><00:31:37.760><c> systems</c> 00:31:39.990 --> 00:31:42.240 align:start position:0% x 00:31:40.000 --> 00:31:42.230 align:start position:0% x and<00:31:40.159><c> so</c><00:31:40.320><c> the</c><00:31:40.480><c> very</c><00:31:40.880><c> fact</c><00:31:41.279><c> that</c><00:31:41.519><c> we're</c><00:31:41.919><c> here</c> 00:31:42.230 --> 00:31:44.320 align:start position:0% x 00:31:42.240 --> 00:31:44.310 align:start position:0% x that<00:31:42.480><c> life</c><00:31:42.799><c> exists</c><00:31:43.279><c> on</c><00:31:43.360><c> this</c><00:31:43.679><c> planet</c><00:31:44.080><c> is</c> 00:31:44.310 --> 00:31:45.440 align:start position:0% x 00:31:44.320 --> 00:31:45.430 align:start position:0% x incredible 00:31:45.430 --> 00:31:47.120 align:start position:0% x 00:31:45.440 --> 00:31:47.110 align:start position:0% x it<00:31:45.600><c> beats</c><00:31:45.840><c> the</c><00:31:46.000><c> odds</c><00:31:46.240><c> by</c><00:31:46.399><c> a</c><00:31:46.480><c> significant</c> 00:31:47.110 --> 00:31:48.080 align:start position:0% x 00:31:47.120 --> 00:31:48.070 align:start position:0% x margin 00:31:48.070 --> 00:31:50.320 align:start position:0% x 00:31:48.080 --> 00:31:50.310 align:start position:0% x and<00:31:48.320><c> all</c><00:31:48.480><c> of</c><00:31:48.559><c> those</c><00:31:48.880><c> parameters</c><00:31:49.840><c> had</c><00:31:50.000><c> to</c><00:31:50.080><c> be</c> 00:31:50.310 --> 00:31:53.039 align:start position:0% x 00:31:50.320 --> 00:31:53.029 align:start position:0% x exactly<00:31:50.960><c> what</c><00:31:51.120><c> they</c><00:31:51.360><c> are</c><00:31:51.600><c> for</c><00:31:51.840><c> us</c><00:31:52.000><c> to</c><00:31:52.240><c> be</c><00:31:52.480><c> here</c> 00:31:53.029 --> 00:31:55.120 align:start position:0% x 00:31:53.039 --> 00:31:55.110 align:start position:0% x this<00:31:53.279><c> is</c><00:31:53.360><c> what</c><00:31:53.519><c> is</c><00:31:53.679><c> referred</c><00:31:54.080><c> to</c><00:31:54.240><c> as</c><00:31:54.399><c> the</c><00:31:54.640><c> fine</c> 00:31:55.110 --> 00:31:56.640 align:start position:0% x 00:31:55.120 --> 00:31:56.630 align:start position:0% x tuning<00:31:55.440><c> of</c><00:31:55.519><c> the</c><00:31:55.679><c> universe</c><00:31:56.159><c> and</c><00:31:56.240><c> we</c><00:31:56.399><c> only</c> 00:31:56.630 --> 00:31:58.240 align:start position:0% x 00:31:56.640 --> 00:31:58.230 align:start position:0% x started<00:31:56.960><c> describing</c><00:31:57.519><c> that</c><00:31:57.679><c> when</c><00:31:57.840><c> we</c><00:31:58.000><c> talked</c> 00:31:58.230 --> 00:32:00.320 align:start position:0% x 00:31:58.240 --> 00:32:00.310 align:start position:0% x about<00:31:58.399><c> the</c><00:31:58.559><c> cosmological</c><00:31:59.440><c> constant</c><00:32:00.000><c> last</c> 00:32:00.310 --> 00:32:01.600 align:start position:0% x 00:32:00.320 --> 00:32:01.590 align:start position:0% x night 00:32:01.590 --> 00:32:03.440 align:start position:0% x 00:32:01.600 --> 00:32:03.430 align:start position:0% x there<00:32:01.840><c> are</c><00:32:02.000><c> so</c><00:32:02.320><c> many</c><00:32:02.559><c> parameters</c><00:32:03.120><c> that</c><00:32:03.200><c> had</c><00:32:03.360><c> to</c> 00:32:03.430 --> 00:32:05.679 align:start position:0% x 00:32:03.440 --> 00:32:05.669 align:start position:0% x be<00:32:03.600><c> set</c><00:32:04.000><c> just</c><00:32:04.399><c> right</c><00:32:04.640><c> in</c><00:32:04.799><c> order</c><00:32:05.039><c> for</c><00:32:05.200><c> us</c><00:32:05.279><c> to</c><00:32:05.440><c> be</c> 00:32:05.669 --> 00:32:07.600 align:start position:0% x 00:32:05.679 --> 00:32:07.590 align:start position:0% x here<00:32:06.080><c> it</c><00:32:06.240><c> begs</c><00:32:06.559><c> the</c><00:32:06.640><c> question</c><00:32:07.039><c> that</c><00:32:07.200><c> neymar</c> 00:32:07.590 --> 00:32:10.480 align:start position:0% x 00:32:07.600 --> 00:32:10.470 align:start position:0% x connie<00:32:07.919><c> hamed</c><00:32:08.720><c> mentioned</c><00:32:09.279><c> last</c><00:32:09.600><c> night</c> 00:32:10.470 --> 00:32:12.799 align:start position:0% x 00:32:10.480 --> 00:32:12.789 align:start position:0% x doesn't<00:32:10.799><c> it</c><00:32:11.039><c> seem</c><00:32:11.440><c> like</c><00:32:11.679><c> there</c><00:32:11.919><c> must</c><00:32:12.320><c> be</c> 00:32:12.789 --> 00:32:15.840 align:start position:0% x 00:32:12.799 --> 00:32:15.830 align:start position:0% x somebody<00:32:13.600><c> who</c><00:32:14.000><c> set</c><00:32:14.399><c> all</c><00:32:14.720><c> these</c><00:32:15.039><c> parameters</c><00:32:15.600><c> at</c> 00:32:15.830 --> 00:32:18.000 align:start position:0% x 00:32:15.840 --> 00:32:17.990 align:start position:0% x precisely<00:32:16.480><c> the</c><00:32:16.640><c> right</c><00:32:16.960><c> value</c><00:32:17.279><c> so</c><00:32:17.519><c> that</c><00:32:17.600><c> we</c><00:32:17.840><c> can</c> 00:32:17.990 --> 00:32:20.559 align:start position:0% x 00:32:18.000 --> 00:32:20.549 align:start position:0% x be<00:32:18.240><c> here</c><00:32:18.480><c> now</c> 00:32:20.549 --> 00:32:21.760 align:start position:0% x 00:32:20.559 --> 00:32:21.750 align:start position:0% x now 00:32:21.750 --> 00:32:24.320 align:start position:0% x 00:32:21.760 --> 00:32:24.310 align:start position:0% x i<00:32:22.000><c> mentioned</c> 00:32:24.310 --> 00:32:27.440 align:start position:0% x 00:32:24.320 --> 00:32:27.430 align:start position:0% x that<00:32:24.640><c> there</c><00:32:24.799><c> was</c><00:32:24.960><c> a</c><00:32:25.039><c> rebuttal</c> 00:32:27.430 --> 00:32:27.840 align:start position:0% x 00:32:27.440 --> 00:32:27.830 align:start position:0% x written article 00:32:27.830 --> 00:32:30.399 align:start position:0% x 00:32:27.840 --> 00:32:30.389 align:start position:0% x published<00:32:28.240><c> by</c><00:32:28.799><c> lawrence</c><00:32:29.519><c> krauss</c><00:32:30.000><c> and</c><00:32:30.240><c> i</c><00:32:30.320><c> want</c> 00:32:30.389 --> 00:32:31.919 align:start position:0% x 00:32:30.399 --> 00:32:31.909 align:start position:0% x to<00:32:30.480><c> talk</c><00:32:30.640><c> about</c><00:32:30.880><c> that</c><00:32:31.039><c> a</c><00:32:31.120><c> little</c><00:32:31.279><c> bit</c><00:32:31.440><c> now</c><00:32:31.679><c> too</c> 00:32:31.909 --> 00:32:33.120 align:start position:0% x 00:32:31.919 --> 00:32:33.110 align:start position:0% x i<00:32:32.000><c> think</c><00:32:32.080><c> it's</c><00:32:32.240><c> always</c><00:32:32.480><c> important</c><00:32:32.799><c> to</c><00:32:32.880><c> get</c><00:32:33.039><c> the</c> 00:32:33.110 --> 00:32:35.039 align:start position:0% x 00:32:33.120 --> 00:32:35.029 align:start position:0% x fully<00:32:33.440><c> rounded</c><00:32:34.159><c> picture</c><00:32:34.559><c> if</c><00:32:34.640><c> somebody's</c> 00:32:35.029 --> 00:32:36.799 align:start position:0% x 00:32:35.039 --> 00:32:36.789 align:start position:0% x saying<00:32:35.360><c> something</c><00:32:35.600><c> like</c><00:32:35.760><c> eric</c><00:32:36.000><c> mataxis</c><00:32:36.559><c> said</c> 00:32:36.789 --> 00:32:38.480 align:start position:0% x 00:32:36.799 --> 00:32:38.470 align:start position:0% x in<00:32:36.880><c> the</c><00:32:36.960><c> wall</c><00:32:37.200><c> street</c><00:32:37.519><c> journal</c><00:32:38.000><c> then</c><00:32:38.159><c> what</c><00:32:38.320><c> was</c> 00:32:38.470 --> 00:32:40.880 align:start position:0% x 00:32:38.480 --> 00:32:40.870 align:start position:0% x said<00:32:38.720><c> in</c><00:32:38.880><c> response</c><00:32:39.360><c> to</c><00:32:39.519><c> that</c><00:32:40.240><c> it</c><00:32:40.399><c> was</c><00:32:40.559><c> the</c><00:32:40.720><c> new</c> 00:32:40.870 --> 00:32:42.480 align:start position:0% x 00:32:40.880 --> 00:32:42.470 align:start position:0% x yorker<00:32:41.279><c> not</c><00:32:41.440><c> the</c><00:32:41.519><c> new</c><00:32:41.679><c> york</c><00:32:42.000><c> times</c><00:32:42.240><c> i</c><00:32:42.320><c> was</c> 00:32:42.470 --> 00:32:44.320 align:start position:0% x 00:32:42.480 --> 00:32:44.310 align:start position:0% x right<00:32:42.720><c> the</c><00:32:42.799><c> first</c><00:32:43.039><c> time</c> 00:32:44.310 --> 00:32:46.720 align:start position:0% x 00:32:44.320 --> 00:32:46.710 align:start position:0% x so<00:32:44.799><c> at</c><00:32:44.960><c> the</c><00:32:45.120><c> end</c><00:32:45.279><c> of</c><00:32:45.440><c> january</c><00:32:46.080><c> about</c><00:32:46.320><c> a</c><00:32:46.480><c> month</c> 00:32:46.710 --> 00:32:48.399 align:start position:0% x 00:32:46.720 --> 00:32:48.389 align:start position:0% x after<00:32:46.960><c> the</c><00:32:47.120><c> first</c><00:32:47.360><c> article</c><00:32:47.679><c> was</c><00:32:47.919><c> published</c> 00:32:48.389 --> 00:32:50.559 align:start position:0% x 00:32:48.399 --> 00:32:50.549 align:start position:0% x lawrence<00:32:48.799><c> krass</c><00:32:49.120><c> published</c><00:32:49.600><c> a</c><00:32:49.679><c> rebuttal</c><00:32:50.399><c> and</c> 00:32:50.549 --> 00:32:51.840 align:start position:0% x 00:32:50.559 --> 00:32:51.830 align:start position:0% x the<00:32:50.640><c> title</c><00:32:51.039><c> you</c><00:32:51.120><c> might</c><00:32:51.279><c> be</c><00:32:51.360><c> able</c><00:32:51.519><c> to</c><00:32:51.600><c> see</c><00:32:51.760><c> up</c> 00:32:51.830 --> 00:32:53.200 align:start position:0% x 00:32:51.840 --> 00:32:53.190 align:start position:0% x here<00:32:52.080><c> on</c><00:32:52.159><c> the</c><00:32:52.320><c> screen</c> 00:32:53.190 --> 00:32:56.159 align:start position:0% x 00:32:53.200 --> 00:32:56.149 align:start position:0% x the<00:32:53.360><c> title</c><00:32:53.760><c> is</c><00:32:54.000><c> no</c><00:32:54.600><c> astrobiology</c><00:32:55.600><c> has</c><00:32:55.919><c> not</c> 00:32:56.149 --> 00:32:58.480 align:start position:0% x 00:32:56.159 --> 00:32:58.470 align:start position:0% x made<00:32:56.399><c> the</c><00:32:56.559><c> case</c><00:32:56.960><c> for</c><00:32:57.200><c> god</c><00:32:57.840><c> and</c><00:32:58.000><c> just</c><00:32:58.159><c> like</c><00:32:58.399><c> the</c> 00:32:58.470 --> 00:32:59.600 align:start position:0% x 00:32:58.480 --> 00:32:59.590 align:start position:0% x first<00:32:58.720><c> one</c><00:32:58.880><c> we</c><00:32:58.960><c> don't</c><00:32:59.120><c> have</c><00:32:59.200><c> time</c><00:32:59.360><c> to</c><00:32:59.440><c> go</c> 00:32:59.590 --> 00:33:00.799 align:start position:0% x 00:32:59.600 --> 00:33:00.789 align:start position:0% x through<00:32:59.760><c> the</c><00:32:59.840><c> whole</c><00:33:00.159><c> article</c><00:33:00.399><c> but</c><00:33:00.559><c> i</c><00:33:00.640><c> want</c><00:33:00.720><c> to</c> 00:33:00.789 --> 00:33:03.440 align:start position:0% x 00:33:00.799 --> 00:33:03.430 align:start position:0% x touch<00:33:01.039><c> on</c><00:33:01.120><c> some</c><00:33:01.279><c> of</c><00:33:01.440><c> his</c><00:33:01.600><c> major</c><00:33:02.399><c> arguments</c><00:33:03.279><c> and</c> 00:33:03.430 --> 00:33:04.640 align:start position:0% x 00:33:03.440 --> 00:33:04.630 align:start position:0% x the<00:33:03.519><c> first</c><00:33:03.840><c> one</c> 00:33:04.630 --> 00:33:06.720 align:start position:0% x 00:33:04.640 --> 00:33:06.710 align:start position:0% x i'll<00:33:04.799><c> show</c><00:33:04.960><c> you</c><00:33:05.120><c> in</c><00:33:05.279><c> just</c><00:33:05.519><c> a</c><00:33:05.600><c> second</c><00:33:06.320><c> lawrence</c> 00:33:06.710 --> 00:33:09.279 align:start position:0% x 00:33:06.720 --> 00:33:09.269 align:start position:0% x krauss<00:33:07.200><c> is</c><00:33:07.360><c> sort</c><00:33:07.600><c> of</c><00:33:07.760><c> ridiculing</c><00:33:08.880><c> the</c><00:33:09.039><c> eric</c> 00:33:09.269 --> 00:33:10.399 align:start position:0% x 00:33:09.279 --> 00:33:10.389 align:start position:0% x mataxis 00:33:10.389 --> 00:33:12.320 align:start position:0% x 00:33:10.399 --> 00:33:12.310 align:start position:0% x argument<00:33:10.799><c> by</c><00:33:11.120><c> coming</c><00:33:11.360><c> up</c><00:33:11.519><c> with</c><00:33:11.760><c> a</c><00:33:11.840><c> fictional</c> 00:33:12.310 --> 00:33:13.519 align:start position:0% x 00:33:12.320 --> 00:33:13.509 align:start position:0% x well<00:33:12.480><c> not</c><00:33:12.640><c> a</c><00:33:12.720><c> fictional</c><00:33:13.039><c> a</c><00:33:13.120><c> real</c><00:33:13.279><c> life</c> 00:33:13.509 --> 00:33:15.600 align:start position:0% x 00:33:13.519 --> 00:33:15.590 align:start position:0% x scenario<00:33:14.320><c> where</c><00:33:14.480><c> he</c><00:33:14.640><c> says</c><00:33:15.039><c> i</c><00:33:15.120><c> could</c><00:33:15.279><c> come</c><00:33:15.519><c> up</c> 00:33:15.590 --> 00:33:17.840 align:start position:0% x 00:33:15.600 --> 00:33:17.830 align:start position:0% x with<00:33:15.760><c> any</c><00:33:15.919><c> kind</c><00:33:16.080><c> of</c><00:33:16.159><c> scenario</c><00:33:17.039><c> where</c><00:33:17.279><c> the</c><00:33:17.600><c> the</c> 00:33:17.830 --> 00:33:19.840 align:start position:0% x 00:33:17.840 --> 00:33:19.830 align:start position:0% x odds<00:33:18.240><c> of</c><00:33:18.559><c> of</c><00:33:18.799><c> something</c><00:33:19.120><c> happening</c><00:33:19.679><c> are</c> 00:33:19.830 --> 00:33:21.919 align:start position:0% x 00:33:19.840 --> 00:33:21.909 align:start position:0% x improbable<00:33:20.480><c> or</c><00:33:20.880><c> maybe</c><00:33:21.200><c> even</c><00:33:21.440><c> virtually</c> 00:33:21.909 --> 00:33:23.919 align:start position:0% x 00:33:21.919 --> 00:33:23.909 align:start position:0% x impossible<00:33:22.480><c> and</c><00:33:22.559><c> yet</c><00:33:22.720><c> here</c><00:33:22.960><c> we</c><00:33:23.200><c> are</c><00:33:23.679><c> and</c><00:33:23.840><c> he</c> 00:33:23.909 --> 00:33:26.640 align:start position:0% x 00:33:23.919 --> 00:33:26.640 align:start position:0% x gives<00:33:24.159><c> an</c><00:33:24.240><c> example</c> 00:33:26.789 --> 00:33:26.789 align:start position:0% x 00:33:26.799 --> 00:33:28.549 align:start position:0% x he<00:33:26.960><c> says</c><00:33:27.200><c> in</c><00:33:27.360><c> order</c><00:33:27.600><c> for</c><00:33:27.760><c> me</c><00:33:28.000><c> to</c><00:33:28.159><c> be</c><00:33:28.240><c> writing</c> 00:33:28.549 --> 00:33:30.799 align:start position:0% x 00:33:28.559 --> 00:33:30.789 align:start position:0% x this<00:33:28.799><c> piece</c><00:33:29.120><c> at</c><00:33:29.279><c> this</c><00:33:29.519><c> precise</c><00:33:30.159><c> instant</c><00:33:30.559><c> on</c> 00:33:30.789 --> 00:33:32.960 align:start position:0% x 00:33:30.799 --> 00:33:32.950 align:start position:0% x this<00:33:31.120><c> airplane</c><00:33:31.840><c> having</c><00:33:32.159><c> done</c><00:33:32.399><c> all</c><00:33:32.559><c> the</c><00:33:32.720><c> things</c> 00:33:32.950 --> 00:33:35.200 align:start position:0% x 00:33:32.960 --> 00:33:35.190 align:start position:0% x i've<00:33:33.200><c> done</c><00:33:33.360><c> today</c><00:33:34.000><c> consider</c><00:33:34.480><c> all</c><00:33:34.640><c> the</c><00:33:34.799><c> factors</c> 00:33:35.190 --> 00:33:38.159 align:start position:0% x 00:33:35.200 --> 00:33:38.149 align:start position:0% x that<00:33:35.360><c> had</c><00:33:35.600><c> to</c><00:33:35.679><c> be</c><00:33:36.240><c> just</c><00:33:36.880><c> right</c><00:33:37.519><c> i</c><00:33:37.600><c> had</c><00:33:37.760><c> to</c><00:33:37.919><c> find</c> 00:33:38.149 --> 00:33:40.240 align:start position:0% x 00:33:38.159 --> 00:33:40.230 align:start position:0% x myself<00:33:38.640><c> in</c><00:33:38.799><c> san</c><00:33:39.039><c> francisco</c><00:33:39.679><c> among</c><00:33:39.919><c> all</c><00:33:40.080><c> the</c> 00:33:40.230 --> 00:33:42.080 align:start position:0% x 00:33:40.240 --> 00:33:42.070 align:start position:0% x cities<00:33:40.559><c> in</c><00:33:40.640><c> the</c><00:33:40.720><c> world</c><00:33:41.360><c> the</c><00:33:41.519><c> sequence</c><00:33:41.919><c> of</c> 00:33:42.070 --> 00:33:44.559 align:start position:0% x 00:33:42.080 --> 00:33:44.549 align:start position:0% x stoplights<00:33:42.720><c> that</c><00:33:42.880><c> my</c><00:33:43.039><c> taxi</c><00:33:43.519><c> had</c><00:33:43.679><c> to</c><00:33:43.840><c> traverse</c> 00:33:44.549 --> 00:33:46.559 align:start position:0% x 00:33:44.559 --> 00:33:46.549 align:start position:0% x had<00:33:44.799><c> to</c><00:33:44.880><c> be</c><00:33:45.200><c> just</c><00:33:45.600><c> right</c><00:33:45.840><c> in</c><00:33:45.919><c> order</c><00:33:46.159><c> to</c><00:33:46.240><c> get</c><00:33:46.399><c> me</c> 00:33:46.549 --> 00:33:48.559 align:start position:0% x 00:33:46.559 --> 00:33:48.549 align:start position:0% x to<00:33:46.640><c> the</c><00:33:46.720><c> airport</c><00:33:47.120><c> when</c><00:33:47.360><c> i</c><00:33:47.440><c> did</c><00:33:48.000><c> the</c><00:33:48.159><c> airport</c> 00:33:48.549 --> 00:33:50.399 align:start position:0% x 00:33:48.559 --> 00:33:50.389 align:start position:0% x security<00:33:49.039><c> screener</c><00:33:49.440><c> had</c><00:33:49.600><c> to</c><00:33:49.760><c> experience</c><00:33:50.240><c> a</c> 00:33:50.389 --> 00:33:52.799 align:start position:0% x 00:33:50.399 --> 00:33:52.789 align:start position:0% x similar<00:33:50.880><c> set</c><00:33:51.120><c> of</c><00:33:51.200><c> coincidences</c> 00:33:52.789 --> 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probabilities</c><00:34:00.720><c> that</c><00:34:00.880><c> when</c><00:34:01.120><c> multiplied</c> 00:34:01.750 --> 00:34:04.240 align:start position:0% x 00:34:01.760 --> 00:34:04.230 align:start position:0% x together<00:34:02.080><c> would</c><00:34:02.240><c> produce</c><00:34:02.640><c> a</c><00:34:02.720><c> number</c><00:34:03.120><c> so</c><00:34:03.440><c> small</c> 00:34:04.230 --> 00:34:05.600 align:start position:0% x 00:34:04.240 --> 00:34:05.590 align:start position:0% x that<00:34:04.480><c> it</c><00:34:04.559><c> would</c><00:34:04.720><c> be</c><00:34:04.880><c> statistically</c> 00:34:05.590 --> 00:34:08.639 align:start position:0% x 00:34:05.600 --> 00:34:08.629 align:start position:0% x impossible<00:34:06.320><c> for</c><00:34:06.480><c> me</c><00:34:06.640><c> to</c><00:34:06.799><c> be</c><00:34:07.039><c> here</c><00:34:07.360><c> now</c><00:34:07.760><c> writing</c> 00:34:08.629 --> 00:34:09.839 align:start position:0% x 00:34:08.639 --> 00:34:09.829 align:start position:0% x i'm<00:34:08.800><c> just</c><00:34:08.879><c> going</c><00:34:09.040><c> to</c><00:34:09.119><c> pause</c><00:34:09.440><c> there</c><00:34:09.599><c> for</c><00:34:09.760><c> a</c> 00:34:09.829 --> 00:34:11.679 align:start position:0% x 00:34:09.839 --> 00:34:11.669 align:start position:0% x second<00:34:10.159><c> we'll</c><00:34:10.399><c> go</c><00:34:10.560><c> on</c> 00:34:11.669 --> 00:34:13.440 align:start position:0% x 00:34:11.679 --> 00:34:13.430 align:start position:0% x i<00:34:11.760><c> never</c><00:34:12.000><c> saw</c><00:34:12.240><c> anybody</c><00:34:12.639><c> point</c><00:34:12.879><c> this</c><00:34:13.119><c> out</c><00:34:13.280><c> but</c> 00:34:13.430 --> 00:34:15.280 align:start position:0% x 00:34:13.440 --> 00:34:15.270 align:start position:0% x this<00:34:13.599><c> struck</c><00:34:13.919><c> me</c><00:34:14.079><c> as</c><00:34:14.240><c> odd</c> 00:34:15.270 --> 00:34:17.440 align:start position:0% x 00:34:15.280 --> 00:34:17.430 align:start position:0% x that<00:34:15.440><c> this</c><00:34:15.919><c> world-renowned</c><00:34:16.720><c> physicist</c><00:34:17.280><c> and</c> 00:34:17.430 --> 00:34:19.359 align:start position:0% x 00:34:17.440 --> 00:34:19.349 align:start position:0% x atheist<00:34:17.839><c> would</c><00:34:18.079><c> use</c><00:34:18.320><c> an</c><00:34:18.480><c> argument</c><00:34:18.879><c> like</c><00:34:19.119><c> this</c> 00:34:19.349 --> 00:34:20.720 align:start position:0% x 00:34:19.359 --> 00:34:20.710 align:start position:0% x one 00:34:20.710 --> 00:34:22.720 align:start position:0% x 00:34:20.720 --> 00:34:22.710 align:start position:0% x because<00:34:21.119><c> the</c><00:34:21.280><c> very</c><00:34:21.760><c> point</c> 00:34:22.710 --> 00:34:25.119 align:start position:0% x 00:34:22.720 --> 00:34:25.109 align:start position:0% x of<00:34:22.960><c> the</c><00:34:23.280><c> eric</c><00:34:23.599><c> mataxis</c><00:34:24.240><c> article</c><00:34:24.639><c> in</c><00:34:24.720><c> the</c><00:34:24.800><c> wall</c> 00:34:25.109 --> 00:34:26.720 align:start position:0% x 00:34:25.119 --> 00:34:26.710 align:start position:0% x street<00:34:25.520><c> journal</c> 00:34:26.710 --> 00:34:28.800 align:start position:0% x 00:34:26.720 --> 00:34:28.790 align:start position:0% x is<00:34:26.879><c> that</c><00:34:27.040><c> the</c><00:34:27.280><c> fact</c><00:34:27.679><c> that</c><00:34:27.919><c> we're</c><00:34:28.240><c> here</c><00:34:28.480><c> in</c><00:34:28.639><c> a</c> 00:34:28.790 --> 00:34:30.960 align:start position:0% x 00:34:28.800 --> 00:34:30.950 align:start position:0% x planet<00:34:29.359><c> in</c><00:34:29.440><c> a</c><00:34:29.599><c> galaxy</c><00:34:30.079><c> in</c><00:34:30.240><c> a</c><00:34:30.320><c> universe</c><00:34:30.720><c> that's</c> 00:34:30.950 --> 00:34:33.119 align:start position:0% x 00:34:30.960 --> 00:34:33.109 align:start position:0% x capable<00:34:31.359><c> of</c><00:34:31.520><c> supporting</c><00:34:32.079><c> life</c> 00:34:33.109 --> 00:34:36.960 align:start position:0% x 00:34:33.119 --> 00:34:36.950 align:start position:0% x has<00:34:33.440><c> beat</c><00:34:33.679><c> the</c><00:34:33.919><c> odds</c><00:34:34.320><c> it's</c><00:34:34.639><c> impossible</c><00:34:35.520><c> unless</c> 00:34:36.950 --> 00:34:38.879 align:start position:0% x 00:34:36.960 --> 00:34:38.869 align:start position:0% x we<00:34:37.119><c> acknowledge</c><00:34:37.760><c> there</c><00:34:38.000><c> is</c><00:34:38.159><c> intelligence</c> 00:34:38.869 --> 00:34:40.560 align:start position:0% x 00:34:38.879 --> 00:34:40.550 align:start position:0% x behind<00:34:39.359><c> it</c><00:34:39.520><c> all</c> 00:34:40.550 --> 00:34:42.240 align:start position:0% x 00:34:40.560 --> 00:34:42.230 align:start position:0% x and<00:34:40.720><c> the</c><00:34:40.879><c> example</c><00:34:41.359><c> that</c><00:34:41.520><c> lawrence</c><00:34:41.919><c> krauss</c> 00:34:42.230 --> 00:34:44.240 align:start position:0% x 00:34:42.240 --> 00:34:44.230 align:start position:0% x gets<00:34:42.480><c> here</c><00:34:42.800><c> gives</c><00:34:43.119><c> here</c> 00:34:44.230 --> 00:34:46.560 align:start position:0% x 00:34:44.240 --> 00:34:46.550 align:start position:0% x well<00:34:44.560><c> certainly</c><00:34:45.280><c> the</c><00:34:45.440><c> example</c><00:34:45.839><c> that</c><00:34:46.000><c> he</c><00:34:46.159><c> gives</c> 00:34:46.550 --> 00:34:48.639 align:start position:0% x 00:34:46.560 --> 00:34:48.629 align:start position:0% x would<00:34:46.879><c> seem</c><00:34:47.280><c> impossible</c> 00:34:48.629 --> 00:34:50.320 align:start position:0% x 00:34:48.639 --> 00:34:50.310 align:start position:0% x if<00:34:48.879><c> he</c><00:34:49.040><c> was</c><00:34:49.280><c> a</c><00:34:49.440><c> rock</c> 00:34:50.310 --> 00:34:52.399 align:start position:0% x 00:34:50.320 --> 00:34:52.389 align:start position:0% x and<00:34:50.480><c> didn't</c><00:34:50.720><c> have</c><00:34:50.879><c> a</c><00:34:51.040><c> mind</c><00:34:51.760><c> and</c><00:34:51.919><c> so</c><00:34:52.079><c> was</c><00:34:52.240><c> the</c> 00:34:52.389 --> 00:34:54.240 align:start position:0% x 00:34:52.399 --> 00:34:54.230 align:start position:0% x taxi<00:34:52.800><c> driver</c><00:34:53.200><c> and</c><00:34:53.280><c> so</c><00:34:53.520><c> was</c><00:34:53.679><c> the</c><00:34:53.760><c> success</c> 00:34:54.230 --> 00:34:56.240 align:start position:0% x 00:34:54.240 --> 00:34:56.230 align:start position:0% x security<00:34:54.639><c> screener</c><00:34:55.040><c> and</c><00:34:55.119><c> so</c><00:34:55.280><c> was</c><00:34:55.440><c> the</c><00:34:55.599><c> pilot</c> 00:34:56.230 --> 00:34:58.079 align:start position:0% x 00:34:56.240 --> 00:34:58.069 align:start position:0% x if<00:34:56.399><c> there</c><00:34:56.560><c> was</c><00:34:56.800><c> no</c><00:34:57.119><c> conscious</c><00:34:57.520><c> intelligent</c> 00:34:58.069 --> 00:35:00.160 align:start position:0% x 00:34:58.079 --> 00:35:00.150 align:start position:0% x force<00:34:58.400><c> behind</c><00:34:58.720><c> this</c><00:34:58.960><c> story</c><00:34:59.520><c> then</c><00:34:59.680><c> it</c><00:34:59.839><c> would</c> 00:35:00.150 --> 00:35:00.839 align:start position:0% x 00:35:00.160 --> 00:35:00.829 align:start position:0% x make 00:35:00.829 --> 00:35:03.760 align:start position:0% x 00:35:00.839 --> 00:35:03.750 align:start position:0% x sense<00:35:02.160><c> but</c><00:35:02.320><c> the</c><00:35:02.480><c> point</c><00:35:02.800><c> is</c><00:35:02.880><c> that</c><00:35:03.119><c> every</c><00:35:03.440><c> step</c> 00:35:03.750 --> 00:35:06.160 align:start position:0% x 00:35:03.760 --> 00:35:06.150 align:start position:0% x of<00:35:03.839><c> the</c><00:35:04.000><c> way</c><00:35:04.320><c> in</c><00:35:04.400><c> his</c><00:35:04.720><c> story</c><00:35:05.520><c> he</c><00:35:05.680><c> woke</c><00:35:05.920><c> up</c><00:35:06.079><c> in</c> 00:35:06.150 --> 00:35:07.920 align:start position:0% x 00:35:06.160 --> 00:35:07.910 align:start position:0% x the<00:35:06.240><c> morning</c><00:35:06.560><c> with</c><00:35:06.720><c> a</c><00:35:06.800><c> plan</c><00:35:07.359><c> and</c><00:35:07.440><c> he</c><00:35:07.599><c> needed</c><00:35:07.839><c> to</c> 00:35:07.910 --> 00:35:09.359 align:start position:0% x 00:35:07.920 --> 00:35:09.349 align:start position:0% x get<00:35:08.160><c> on</c><00:35:08.240><c> the</c><00:35:08.400><c> airplane</c><00:35:08.800><c> and</c><00:35:08.880><c> write</c><00:35:09.119><c> that</c> 00:35:09.349 --> 00:35:11.520 align:start position:0% x 00:35:09.359 --> 00:35:11.510 align:start position:0% x article<00:35:10.079><c> everybody</c><00:35:10.480><c> else</c><00:35:10.640><c> along</c><00:35:10.960><c> the</c><00:35:11.040><c> way</c><00:35:11.359><c> all</c> 00:35:11.510 --> 00:35:13.359 align:start position:0% x 00:35:11.520 --> 00:35:13.349 align:start position:0% x had<00:35:11.680><c> their</c><00:35:11.920><c> own</c><00:35:12.079><c> plans</c><00:35:12.400><c> to</c><00:35:12.560><c> pick</c><00:35:12.800><c> him</c><00:35:12.960><c> up</c><00:35:13.119><c> to</c> 00:35:13.349 --> 00:35:14.960 align:start position:0% x 00:35:13.359 --> 00:35:14.950 align:start position:0% x screen<00:35:13.680><c> him</c><00:35:13.760><c> at</c><00:35:13.839><c> the</c><00:35:14.000><c> airport</c><00:35:14.320><c> and</c><00:35:14.400><c> to</c><00:35:14.560><c> fly</c><00:35:14.800><c> him</c> 00:35:14.950 --> 00:35:17.359 align:start position:0% x 00:35:14.960 --> 00:35:17.349 align:start position:0% x to<00:35:15.040><c> where</c><00:35:15.200><c> he</c><00:35:15.280><c> needed</c><00:35:15.520><c> to</c><00:35:15.599><c> go</c><00:35:16.320><c> there</c><00:35:16.560><c> is</c><00:35:16.720><c> a</c><00:35:16.880><c> mind</c> 00:35:17.349 --> 00:35:20.640 align:start position:0% x 00:35:17.359 --> 00:35:20.630 align:start position:0% x behind<00:35:18.000><c> every</c><00:35:18.560><c> individual</c><00:35:19.280><c> in</c><00:35:19.440><c> this</c><00:35:19.680><c> story</c> 00:35:20.630 --> 00:35:22.720 align:start position:0% x 00:35:20.640 --> 00:35:22.710 align:start position:0% x yes<00:35:21.040><c> it</c><00:35:21.119><c> would</c><00:35:21.359><c> seem</c><00:35:21.680><c> impossible</c><00:35:22.240><c> the</c><00:35:22.400><c> odds</c><00:35:22.640><c> of</c> 00:35:22.710 --> 00:35:24.640 align:start position:0% x 00:35:22.720 --> 00:35:24.630 align:start position:0% x it<00:35:22.800><c> would</c><00:35:22.960><c> seem</c><00:35:23.200><c> impossible</c><00:35:24.000><c> if</c><00:35:24.160><c> there</c><00:35:24.320><c> was</c><00:35:24.480><c> no</c> 00:35:24.630 --> 00:35:26.160 align:start position:0% x 00:35:24.640 --> 00:35:26.150 align:start position:0% x intelligence<00:35:25.200><c> behind</c><00:35:25.520><c> it</c><00:35:25.599><c> all</c><00:35:25.760><c> but</c><00:35:25.839><c> as</c><00:35:25.920><c> soon</c> 00:35:26.150 --> 00:35:28.720 align:start position:0% x 00:35:26.160 --> 00:35:28.710 align:start position:0% x as<00:35:26.240><c> you</c><00:35:26.320><c> put</c><00:35:26.560><c> individuals</c><00:35:27.280><c> into</c><00:35:27.520><c> this</c><00:35:27.760><c> story</c> 00:35:28.710 --> 00:35:30.160 align:start position:0% x 00:35:28.720 --> 00:35:30.150 align:start position:0% x it<00:35:28.880><c> doesn't</c><00:35:29.119><c> seem</c><00:35:29.359><c> impossible</c><00:35:29.760><c> at</c><00:35:30.000><c> all</c> 00:35:30.150 --> 00:35:32.400 align:start position:0% x 00:35:30.160 --> 00:35:32.390 align:start position:0% x because<00:35:30.400><c> there's</c><00:35:30.640><c> intelligence</c><00:35:31.280><c> involved</c> 00:35:32.390 --> 00:35:35.520 align:start position:0% x 00:35:32.400 --> 00:35:35.510 align:start position:0% x and<00:35:32.560><c> so</c><00:35:32.800><c> far</c><00:35:33.200><c> from</c><00:35:33.520><c> disproving</c><00:35:34.880><c> the</c><00:35:35.040><c> original</c> 00:35:35.510 --> 00:35:37.680 align:start position:0% x 00:35:35.520 --> 00:35:37.670 align:start position:0% x point<00:35:35.760><c> it</c><00:35:35.920><c> makes</c><00:35:36.079><c> it</c><00:35:36.240><c> even</c><00:35:36.560><c> stronger</c> 00:35:37.670 --> 00:35:38.960 align:start position:0% x 00:35:37.680 --> 00:35:38.950 align:start position:0% x because<00:35:37.920><c> if</c><00:35:38.079><c> all</c><00:35:38.160><c> of</c><00:35:38.240><c> these</c><00:35:38.400><c> people</c><00:35:38.640><c> were</c><00:35:38.800><c> just</c> 00:35:38.950 --> 00:35:40.560 align:start position:0% x 00:35:38.960 --> 00:35:40.550 align:start position:0% x inanimate<00:35:39.520><c> objects</c><00:35:39.920><c> and</c><00:35:40.000><c> he</c><00:35:40.079><c> happened</c><00:35:40.320><c> to</c><00:35:40.400><c> end</c> 00:35:40.550 --> 00:35:42.880 align:start position:0% x 00:35:40.560 --> 00:35:42.870 align:start position:0% x up<00:35:40.720><c> on</c><00:35:40.800><c> an</c><00:35:41.040><c> airplane</c><00:35:41.680><c> flown</c><00:35:42.000><c> by</c><00:35:42.160><c> an</c><00:35:42.320><c> inanimate</c> 00:35:42.870 --> 00:35:44.320 align:start position:0% x 00:35:42.880 --> 00:35:44.310 align:start position:0% x object<00:35:43.280><c> yeah</c><00:35:43.520><c> sure</c><00:35:43.760><c> that</c><00:35:43.920><c> would</c><00:35:44.079><c> seem</c> 00:35:44.310 --> 00:35:46.320 align:start position:0% x 00:35:44.320 --> 00:35:46.310 align:start position:0% x impossible<00:35:45.119><c> but</c><00:35:45.280><c> that's</c><00:35:45.520><c> not</c><00:35:45.680><c> the</c><00:35:45.839><c> case</c><00:35:46.160><c> at</c> 00:35:46.310 --> 00:35:47.680 align:start position:0% x 00:35:46.320 --> 00:35:47.670 align:start position:0% x all 00:35:47.670 --> 00:35:49.760 align:start position:0% x 00:35:47.680 --> 00:35:49.750 align:start position:0% x and<00:35:47.839><c> you</c><00:35:47.920><c> see</c><00:35:48.160><c> the</c><00:35:48.320><c> point</c><00:35:49.119><c> i'm</c><00:35:49.280><c> surprised</c><00:35:49.680><c> that</c> 00:35:49.750 --> 00:35:51.440 align:start position:0% x 00:35:49.760 --> 00:35:51.430 align:start position:0% x i<00:35:49.839><c> never</c><00:35:50.079><c> saw</c><00:35:50.240><c> anybody</c><00:35:50.560><c> call</c><00:35:50.800><c> him</c><00:35:50.960><c> out</c><00:35:51.200><c> on</c><00:35:51.280><c> that</c> 00:35:51.430 --> 00:35:53.280 align:start position:0% x 00:35:51.440 --> 00:35:53.270 align:start position:0% x part<00:35:51.599><c> of</c><00:35:51.680><c> the</c><00:35:51.839><c> article</c><00:35:52.480><c> now</c><00:35:52.640><c> he</c><00:35:52.800><c> goes</c><00:35:52.960><c> on</c><00:35:53.119><c> to</c> 00:35:53.270 --> 00:35:54.320 align:start position:0% x 00:35:53.280 --> 00:35:54.310 align:start position:0% x say 00:35:54.310 --> 00:35:56.480 align:start position:0% x 00:35:54.320 --> 00:35:56.470 align:start position:0% x it<00:35:54.560><c> is</c><00:35:54.720><c> true</c><00:35:54.960><c> that</c><00:35:55.119><c> a</c><00:35:55.280><c> small</c><00:35:55.680><c> change</c><00:35:56.240><c> in</c><00:35:56.400><c> the</c> 00:35:56.470 --> 00:35:58.720 align:start position:0% x 00:35:56.480 --> 00:35:58.710 align:start position:0% x strength<00:35:56.880><c> of</c><00:35:56.960><c> the</c><00:35:57.119><c> four</c><00:35:57.359><c> known</c><00:35:57.680><c> forces</c><00:35:58.560><c> but</c> 00:35:58.710 --> 00:36:01.440 align:start position:0% x 00:35:58.720 --> 00:36:01.430 align:start position:0% x nowhere<00:35:59.119><c> near</c><00:35:59.440><c> as</c><00:35:59.599><c> small</c><00:36:00.000><c> as</c><00:36:00.160><c> mataxis</c><00:36:00.960><c> argues</c> 00:36:01.430 --> 00:36:03.280 align:start position:0% x 00:36:01.440 --> 00:36:03.270 align:start position:0% x so<00:36:01.839><c> so</c><00:36:02.000><c> lawrence</c><00:36:02.320><c> krauss</c><00:36:02.640><c> is</c><00:36:02.720><c> a</c><00:36:02.800><c> physicist</c> 00:36:03.270 --> 00:36:05.599 align:start position:0% x 00:36:03.280 --> 00:36:05.589 align:start position:0% x eric<00:36:03.599><c> mataxis</c><00:36:04.320><c> is</c><00:36:04.480><c> not</c><00:36:04.800><c> and</c><00:36:04.960><c> he</c><00:36:05.119><c> really</c><00:36:05.280><c> calls</c> 00:36:05.589 --> 00:36:07.280 align:start position:0% x 00:36:05.599 --> 00:36:07.270 align:start position:0% x him<00:36:05.680><c> the</c><00:36:05.839><c> task</c><00:36:06.160><c> for</c><00:36:06.320><c> this</c> 00:36:07.270 --> 00:36:09.200 align:start position:0% x 00:36:07.280 --> 00:36:09.190 align:start position:0% x would<00:36:07.520><c> imply</c><00:36:07.920><c> that</c><00:36:08.079><c> stable</c><00:36:08.560><c> protons</c><00:36:09.040><c> and</c> 00:36:09.190 --> 00:36:11.920 align:start position:0% x 00:36:09.200 --> 00:36:11.910 align:start position:0% x neutrons<00:36:10.079><c> the</c><00:36:10.240><c> basis</c><00:36:10.560><c> of</c><00:36:10.720><c> atomic</c><00:36:11.119><c> nuclei</c> 00:36:11.910 --> 00:36:14.320 align:start position:0% x 00:36:11.920 --> 00:36:14.310 align:start position:0% x might<00:36:12.160><c> not</c><00:36:12.400><c> exist</c><00:36:13.200><c> you</c><00:36:13.359><c> know</c><00:36:13.440><c> maybe</c><00:36:13.760><c> not</c><00:36:14.000><c> and</c> 00:36:14.310 --> 00:36:15.520 align:start position:0% x 00:36:14.320 --> 00:36:15.510 align:start position:0% x that<00:36:14.480><c> part</c><00:36:14.720><c> he's</c><00:36:14.800><c> saying</c><00:36:15.119><c> they</c><00:36:15.280><c> might</c><00:36:15.440><c> it</c> 00:36:15.510 --> 00:36:16.960 align:start position:0% x 00:36:15.520 --> 00:36:16.950 align:start position:0% x might<00:36:15.680><c> be</c><00:36:15.839><c> true</c> 00:36:16.950 --> 00:36:19.359 align:start position:0% x 00:36:16.960 --> 00:36:19.349 align:start position:0% x the<00:36:17.119><c> universe</c><00:36:17.599><c> however</c><00:36:18.320><c> would</c><00:36:18.800><c> a</c><00:36:18.960><c> rather</c> 00:36:19.349 --> 00:36:21.359 align:start position:0% x 00:36:19.359 --> 00:36:21.349 align:start position:0% x large<00:36:19.680><c> error</c><00:36:20.079><c> in</c><00:36:20.160><c> the</c><00:36:20.240><c> metastase</c><00:36:20.880><c> piece</c><00:36:21.200><c> now</c> 00:36:21.349 --> 00:36:23.040 align:start position:0% x 00:36:21.359 --> 00:36:23.030 align:start position:0% x by<00:36:21.520><c> the</c><00:36:21.599><c> way</c><00:36:21.760><c> this</c><00:36:21.920><c> was</c><00:36:22.000><c> not</c><00:36:22.160><c> the</c><00:36:22.320><c> point</c><00:36:22.880><c> the</c> 00:36:23.030 --> 00:36:24.240 align:start position:0% x 00:36:23.040 --> 00:36:24.230 align:start position:0% x point<00:36:23.200><c> was</c><00:36:23.359><c> not</c><00:36:23.440><c> that</c><00:36:23.599><c> the</c><00:36:23.680><c> universe</c><00:36:23.920><c> wouldn't</c> 00:36:24.230 --> 00:36:26.000 align:start position:0% x 00:36:24.240 --> 00:36:25.990 align:start position:0% x exist<00:36:24.800><c> is</c><00:36:24.960><c> that</c><00:36:25.040><c> it</c><00:36:25.119><c> wouldn't</c><00:36:25.359><c> exist</c><00:36:25.680><c> like</c><00:36:25.839><c> we</c> 00:36:25.990 --> 00:36:27.920 align:start position:0% x 00:36:26.000 --> 00:36:27.910 align:start position:0% x see<00:36:26.160><c> it</c><00:36:26.320><c> today</c><00:36:26.800><c> it</c><00:36:26.880><c> wouldn't</c><00:36:27.119><c> be</c><00:36:27.280><c> capable</c><00:36:27.760><c> of</c> 00:36:27.910 --> 00:36:29.680 align:start position:0% x 00:36:27.920 --> 00:36:29.670 align:start position:0% x life<00:36:28.480><c> it</c><00:36:28.560><c> would</c><00:36:28.640><c> be</c><00:36:28.800><c> a</c><00:36:28.880><c> series</c><00:36:29.200><c> of</c><00:36:29.280><c> random</c> 00:36:29.670 --> 00:36:31.839 align:start position:0% x 00:36:29.680 --> 00:36:31.829 align:start position:0% x chaotic<00:36:30.160><c> forces</c><00:36:30.720><c> where</c><00:36:30.960><c> life</c><00:36:31.200><c> couldn't</c><00:36:31.520><c> exist</c> 00:36:31.829 --> 00:36:33.599 align:start position:0% x 00:36:31.839 --> 00:36:33.589 align:start position:0% x and<00:36:31.920><c> he</c><00:36:32.079><c> says</c><00:36:32.480><c> ah</c><00:36:32.720><c> but</c><00:36:32.800><c> we</c><00:36:32.960><c> knew</c><00:36:33.040><c> this</c><00:36:33.280><c> already</c> 00:36:33.589 --> 00:36:35.119 align:start position:0% x 00:36:33.599 --> 00:36:35.109 align:start position:0% x this<00:36:33.760><c> is</c><00:36:33.839><c> old</c><00:36:34.079><c> news</c><00:36:34.560><c> and</c><00:36:34.640><c> while</c><00:36:34.880><c> it's</c><00:36:35.040><c> an</c> 00:36:35.109 --> 00:36:36.800 align:start position:0% x 00:36:35.119 --> 00:36:36.790 align:start position:0% x interesting<00:36:35.599><c> fact</c><00:36:35.920><c> it</c><00:36:36.000><c> certainly</c><00:36:36.400><c> does</c><00:36:36.560><c> not</c> 00:36:36.790 --> 00:36:41.119 align:start position:0% x 00:36:36.800 --> 00:36:41.109 align:start position:0% x require<00:36:37.680><c> a</c><00:36:37.839><c> deity</c><00:36:38.800><c> once</c><00:36:39.040><c> again</c><00:36:39.520><c> i'd</c><00:36:39.920><c> say</c> 00:36:41.109 --> 00:36:43.359 align:start position:0% x 00:36:41.119 --> 00:36:43.349 align:start position:0% x i<00:36:41.280><c> hate</c><00:36:41.440><c> to</c><00:36:41.599><c> dismiss</c><00:36:42.079><c> him</c><00:36:42.240><c> so</c><00:36:42.640><c> quickly</c><00:36:43.040><c> here</c> 00:36:43.349 --> 00:36:44.640 align:start position:0% x 00:36:43.359 --> 00:36:44.630 align:start position:0% x but 00:36:44.630 --> 00:36:46.480 align:start position:0% x 00:36:44.640 --> 00:36:46.470 align:start position:0% x just<00:36:44.880><c> the</c><00:36:45.040><c> fact</c><00:36:45.280><c> that</c><00:36:45.440><c> it's</c><00:36:45.760><c> old</c><00:36:46.079><c> news</c><00:36:46.400><c> and</c> 00:36:46.470 --> 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--> 00:37:06.470 align:start position:0% x each<00:37:05.200><c> other</c> 00:37:06.470 --> 00:37:08.079 align:start position:0% x 00:37:06.480 --> 00:37:08.069 align:start position:0% x it<00:37:06.640><c> seems</c><00:37:06.960><c> to</c><00:37:07.040><c> be</c><00:37:07.280><c> the</c><00:37:07.440><c> thing</c><00:37:07.599><c> that</c><00:37:07.760><c> you</c><00:37:07.920><c> see</c> 00:37:08.069 --> 00:37:10.079 align:start position:0% x 00:37:08.079 --> 00:37:10.069 align:start position:0% x happens<00:37:08.560><c> seems</c><00:37:08.880><c> to</c><00:37:09.119><c> be</c> 00:37:10.069 --> 00:37:12.800 align:start position:0% x 00:37:10.079 --> 00:37:12.790 align:start position:0% x you<00:37:10.240><c> know</c><00:37:10.480><c> really</c><00:37:10.880><c> incredible</c><00:37:11.839><c> your</c><00:37:12.160><c> first</c> 00:37:12.790 --> 00:37:15.280 align:start position:0% x 00:37:12.800 --> 00:37:15.270 align:start position:0% x instinct<00:37:13.440><c> your</c><00:37:13.680><c> first</c><00:37:14.079><c> hypothesis</c><00:37:14.960><c> should</c><00:37:15.119><c> be</c> 00:37:15.270 --> 00:37:17.599 align:start position:0% x 00:37:15.280 --> 00:37:17.589 align:start position:0% x that<00:37:15.440><c> it's</c><00:37:15.599><c> simply</c><00:37:15.920><c> a</c><00:37:16.000><c> coincidence</c> 00:37:17.589 --> 00:37:19.359 align:start position:0% x 00:37:17.599 --> 00:37:19.349 align:start position:0% x you<00:37:17.760><c> must</c><00:37:18.079><c> assume</c><00:37:18.480><c> immediately</c><00:37:18.960><c> that</c><00:37:19.119><c> just</c> 00:37:19.349 --> 00:37:22.000 align:start position:0% x 00:37:19.359 --> 00:37:21.990 align:start position:0% x this<00:37:19.520><c> is</c><00:37:19.599><c> just</c><00:37:19.839><c> a</c><00:37:19.920><c> coincidence</c> 00:37:21.990 --> 00:37:24.720 align:start position:0% x 00:37:22.000 --> 00:37:24.710 align:start position:0% x we<00:37:22.240><c> reject</c><00:37:22.640><c> he</c><00:37:22.880><c> says</c><00:37:23.119><c> the</c><00:37:23.280><c> null</c><00:37:23.520><c> hypothesis</c> 00:37:24.710 --> 00:37:26.880 align:start position:0% x 00:37:24.720 --> 00:37:26.870 align:start position:0% x only<00:37:25.040><c> when</c><00:37:25.200><c> we</c><00:37:25.359><c> have</c><00:37:25.680><c> clear</c><00:37:26.079><c> evidence</c><00:37:26.480><c> to</c><00:37:26.640><c> back</c> 00:37:26.870 --> 00:37:27.760 align:start position:0% x 00:37:26.880 --> 00:37:27.750 align:start position:0% x it<00:37:27.040><c> up</c> 00:37:27.750 --> 00:37:30.000 align:start position:0% x 00:37:27.760 --> 00:37:29.990 align:start position:0% x or<00:37:28.079><c> as</c><00:37:28.320><c> carl</c><00:37:28.640><c> sagan</c><00:37:29.119><c> often</c><00:37:29.440><c> repeated</c> 00:37:29.990 --> 00:37:32.480 align:start position:0% x 00:37:30.000 --> 00:37:32.470 align:start position:0% x extraordinary<00:37:31.040><c> events</c><00:37:31.839><c> require</c> 00:37:32.470 --> 00:37:34.560 align:start position:0% x 00:37:32.480 --> 00:37:34.550 align:start position:0% x extraordinary<00:37:33.599><c> evidence</c> 00:37:34.550 --> 00:37:37.440 align:start position:0% x 00:37:34.560 --> 00:37:37.430 align:start position:0% x surely<00:37:35.359><c> the</c><00:37:35.599><c> god</c><00:37:36.000><c> hypothesis</c><00:37:37.280><c> is</c> 00:37:37.430 --> 00:37:41.440 align:start position:0% x 00:37:37.440 --> 00:37:41.430 align:start position:0% x extraordinary<00:37:38.880><c> in</c><00:37:38.960><c> the</c><00:37:39.200><c> extreme</c> 00:37:41.430 --> 00:37:44.000 align:start position:0% x 00:37:41.440 --> 00:37:43.990 align:start position:0% x and<00:37:41.599><c> the</c><00:37:41.760><c> entire</c><00:37:42.560><c> point</c><00:37:42.880><c> of</c><00:37:43.040><c> these</c><00:37:43.280><c> classes</c><00:37:43.760><c> is</c> 00:37:43.990 --> 00:37:46.000 align:start position:0% x 00:37:44.000 --> 00:37:45.990 align:start position:0% x to<00:37:44.160><c> show</c><00:37:44.320><c> you</c><00:37:44.480><c> the</c><00:37:44.640><c> opposite</c> 00:37:45.990 --> 00:37:48.320 align:start position:0% x 00:37:46.000 --> 00:37:48.310 align:start position:0% x that<00:37:46.240><c> belief</c><00:37:46.800><c> in</c><00:37:46.960><c> a</c><00:37:47.119><c> god</c><00:37:47.680><c> is</c><00:37:47.920><c> actually</c><00:37:48.240><c> the</c> 00:37:48.310 --> 00:37:50.720 align:start position:0% x 00:37:48.320 --> 00:37:50.710 align:start position:0% x most<00:37:48.720><c> logical</c><00:37:49.359><c> reasonable</c><00:37:49.920><c> thing</c><00:37:50.160><c> to</c><00:37:50.320><c> believe</c> 00:37:50.710 --> 00:37:53.680 align:start position:0% x 00:37:50.720 --> 00:37:53.670 align:start position:0% x that<00:37:50.880><c> when</c><00:37:51.040><c> you</c><00:37:51.119><c> examine</c><00:37:51.680><c> the</c><00:37:51.920><c> evidence</c> 00:37:53.670 --> 00:37:55.359 align:start position:0% x 00:37:53.680 --> 00:37:55.349 align:start position:0% x that's<00:37:53.920><c> where</c><00:37:54.160><c> it</c><00:37:54.320><c> leads</c><00:37:54.560><c> you</c> 00:37:55.349 --> 00:37:57.119 align:start position:0% x 00:37:55.359 --> 00:37:57.109 align:start position:0% x if<00:37:55.440><c> you're</c><00:37:55.680><c> truly</c><00:37:56.079><c> interested</c><00:37:56.480><c> in</c><00:37:56.720><c> truth</c><00:37:57.040><c> and</c> 00:37:57.109 --> 00:37:58.640 align:start position:0% x 00:37:57.119 --> 00:37:58.630 align:start position:0% x you're<00:37:57.280><c> following</c><00:37:57.680><c> the</c><00:37:57.839><c> evidence</c><00:37:58.160><c> wherever</c> 00:37:58.630 --> 00:38:00.320 align:start position:0% x 00:37:58.640 --> 00:38:00.310 align:start position:0% x it<00:37:58.800><c> leads</c><00:37:59.599><c> then</c><00:37:59.839><c> those</c><00:38:00.079><c> who</c><00:38:00.160><c> are</c> 00:38:00.310 --> 00:38:02.240 align:start position:0% x 00:38:00.320 --> 00:38:02.230 align:start position:0% x intellectually<00:38:00.880><c> honest</c><00:38:01.200><c> with</c><00:38:01.359><c> themselves</c> 00:38:02.230 --> 00:38:04.160 align:start position:0% x 00:38:02.240 --> 00:38:04.150 align:start position:0% x will<00:38:02.480><c> see</c><00:38:02.720><c> the</c><00:38:02.960><c> stamp</c><00:38:03.280><c> of</c><00:38:03.440><c> the</c><00:38:03.520><c> creator</c><00:38:04.000><c> when</c> 00:38:04.150 --> 00:38:05.520 align:start position:0% x 00:38:04.160 --> 00:38:05.510 align:start position:0% x they<00:38:04.320><c> look</c><00:38:04.480><c> at</c><00:38:04.560><c> the</c><00:38:04.720><c> creation</c><00:38:05.200><c> and</c><00:38:05.280><c> when</c><00:38:05.440><c> they</c> 00:38:05.510 --> 00:38:07.599 align:start position:0% x 00:38:05.520 --> 00:38:07.589 align:start position:0% x look<00:38:05.760><c> not</c><00:38:05.920><c> just</c><00:38:06.160><c> at</c><00:38:06.240><c> the</c><00:38:06.400><c> bible</c><00:38:07.119><c> but</c><00:38:07.280><c> within</c> 00:38:07.589 --> 00:38:10.320 align:start position:0% x 00:38:07.599 --> 00:38:10.310 align:start position:0% x the<00:38:07.760><c> book</c><00:38:08.000><c> of</c><00:38:08.079><c> nature</c><00:38:08.560><c> that</c><00:38:08.800><c> god</c><00:38:09.119><c> has</c><00:38:09.359><c> given</c><00:38:09.760><c> us</c> 00:38:10.310 --> 00:38:12.880 align:start position:0% x 00:38:10.320 --> 00:38:12.880 align:start position:0% x as<00:38:10.560><c> well</c> 00:38:13.109 --> 00:38:13.109 align:start position:0% x 00:38:13.119 --> 00:38:14.630 align:start position:0% x and 00:38:14.630 --> 00:38:16.800 align:start position:0% x 00:38:14.640 --> 00:38:16.790 align:start position:0% x one<00:38:14.800><c> of</c><00:38:14.880><c> the</c><00:38:15.040><c> questions</c><00:38:15.680><c> that</c><00:38:16.320><c> richard</c> 00:38:16.790 --> 00:38:18.320 align:start position:0% x 00:38:16.800 --> 00:38:18.310 align:start position:0% x dawkins 00:38:18.310 --> 00:38:20.079 align:start position:0% x 00:38:18.320 --> 00:38:20.069 align:start position:0% x asks<00:38:18.720><c> in</c><00:38:18.800><c> his</c><00:38:18.960><c> book</c><00:38:19.200><c> the</c><00:38:19.280><c> god</c><00:38:19.520><c> delusion</c><00:38:20.000><c> is</c> 00:38:20.069 --> 00:38:21.440 align:start position:0% x 00:38:20.079 --> 00:38:21.430 align:start position:0% x this<00:38:20.240><c> or</c><00:38:20.400><c> one</c><00:38:20.480><c> of</c><00:38:20.560><c> the</c><00:38:20.640><c> points</c><00:38:20.880><c> that</c><00:38:21.040><c> he</c><00:38:21.119><c> makes</c> 00:38:21.430 --> 00:38:23.520 align:start position:0% x 00:38:21.440 --> 00:38:23.510 align:start position:0% x he<00:38:21.760><c> he</c><00:38:21.920><c> says</c> 00:38:23.510 --> 00:38:25.520 align:start position:0% x 00:38:23.520 --> 00:38:25.510 align:start position:0% x if<00:38:23.680><c> you're</c><00:38:23.839><c> going</c><00:38:23.920><c> to</c><00:38:24.079><c> tell</c><00:38:24.320><c> me</c><00:38:24.560><c> that</c><00:38:25.200><c> god</c> 00:38:25.510 --> 00:38:27.359 align:start position:0% x 00:38:25.520 --> 00:38:27.349 align:start position:0% x there's<00:38:25.760><c> a</c><00:38:25.839><c> god</c><00:38:26.079><c> that</c><00:38:26.240><c> created</c><00:38:26.720><c> everything</c><00:38:27.280><c> he</c> 00:38:27.349 --> 00:38:29.200 align:start position:0% x 00:38:27.359 --> 00:38:29.190 align:start position:0% x says<00:38:27.599><c> then</c><00:38:27.839><c> i</c><00:38:28.240><c> have</c><00:38:28.400><c> the</c><00:38:28.480><c> right</c><00:38:28.640><c> to</c><00:38:28.800><c> ask</c><00:38:29.040><c> you</c> 00:38:29.190 --> 00:38:33.119 align:start position:0% x 00:38:29.200 --> 00:38:33.109 align:start position:0% x the<00:38:29.280><c> question</c><00:38:29.680><c> who</c><00:38:29.920><c> created</c><00:38:30.320><c> that</c><00:38:30.640><c> god</c> 00:38:33.109 --> 00:38:34.960 align:start position:0% x 00:38:33.119 --> 00:38:34.950 align:start position:0% x and<00:38:33.280><c> of</c><00:38:33.359><c> course</c><00:38:33.520><c> the</c><00:38:33.599><c> bible</c><00:38:33.920><c> tells</c><00:38:34.240><c> us</c><00:38:34.320><c> nobody</c> 00:38:34.950 --> 00:38:37.280 align:start position:0% x 00:38:34.960 --> 00:38:37.270 align:start position:0% x god<00:38:35.440><c> is</c><00:38:35.680><c> forever</c><00:38:36.079><c> he</c><00:38:36.240><c> is</c><00:38:36.400><c> eternal</c><00:38:36.880><c> he</c><00:38:37.040><c> has</c> 00:38:37.270 --> 00:38:39.200 align:start position:0% x 00:38:37.280 --> 00:38:39.190 align:start position:0% x always<00:38:37.760><c> existed</c><00:38:38.560><c> and</c><00:38:38.720><c> i</c><00:38:38.800><c> don't</c><00:38:38.880><c> know</c><00:38:39.040><c> about</c> 00:38:39.190 --> 00:38:41.200 align:start position:0% x 00:38:39.200 --> 00:38:41.190 align:start position:0% x you<00:38:39.359><c> but</c><00:38:39.520><c> ever</c><00:38:39.760><c> since</c><00:38:40.000><c> i</c><00:38:40.079><c> was</c><00:38:40.320><c> little</c><00:38:40.640><c> that</c><00:38:40.880><c> has</c> 00:38:41.190 --> 00:38:43.280 align:start position:0% x 00:38:41.200 --> 00:38:43.270 align:start position:0% x just<00:38:41.599><c> completely</c><00:38:42.240><c> overwhelmed</c><00:38:42.880><c> me</c><00:38:42.960><c> i</c><00:38:43.040><c> can't</c> 00:38:43.270 --> 00:38:45.119 align:start position:0% x 00:38:43.280 --> 00:38:45.109 align:start position:0% x even<00:38:43.440><c> begin</c><00:38:43.760><c> to</c><00:38:43.839><c> comprehend</c><00:38:44.800><c> something</c> 00:38:45.109 --> 00:38:47.440 align:start position:0% x 00:38:45.119 --> 00:38:47.430 align:start position:0% x having<00:38:45.440><c> been</c><00:38:45.680><c> always</c><00:38:46.160><c> in</c><00:38:46.400><c> existence</c><00:38:47.119><c> and</c><00:38:47.280><c> so</c> 00:38:47.430 --> 00:38:49.200 align:start position:0% x 00:38:47.440 --> 00:38:49.190 align:start position:0% x the<00:38:47.599><c> point</c><00:38:47.760><c> that</c><00:38:47.920><c> richard</c><00:38:48.240><c> dawkins</c><00:38:48.640><c> makes</c> 00:38:49.190 --> 00:38:51.200 align:start position:0% x 00:38:49.200 --> 00:38:51.190 align:start position:0% x rings<00:38:49.599><c> home</c><00:38:50.320><c> to</c><00:38:50.480><c> me</c> 00:38:51.190 --> 00:38:53.280 align:start position:0% x 00:38:51.200 --> 00:38:53.270 align:start position:0% x you<00:38:51.359><c> know</c><00:38:51.520><c> i</c><00:38:51.680><c> struggle</c><00:38:52.079><c> with</c><00:38:52.320><c> that</c><00:38:52.880><c> how</c><00:38:53.119><c> could</c> 00:38:53.270 --> 00:38:54.560 align:start position:0% x 00:38:53.280 --> 00:38:54.550 align:start position:0% x there<00:38:53.440><c> have</c><00:38:53.520><c> been</c><00:38:53.680><c> a</c><00:38:53.760><c> god</c><00:38:54.000><c> that</c><00:38:54.160><c> was</c><00:38:54.320><c> not</c> 00:38:54.550 --> 00:38:55.920 align:start position:0% x 00:38:54.560 --> 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question</c><00:39:02.560><c> who</c> 00:39:02.790 --> 00:39:05.839 align:start position:0% x 00:39:02.800 --> 00:39:05.829 align:start position:0% x created<00:39:03.200><c> god</c><00:39:03.599><c> then</c><00:39:03.839><c> think</c><00:39:04.079><c> about</c><00:39:04.320><c> this</c> 00:39:05.829 --> 00:39:07.920 align:start position:0% x 00:39:05.839 --> 00:39:07.910 align:start position:0% x if<00:39:06.000><c> you</c><00:39:06.160><c> don't</c><00:39:06.320><c> believe</c><00:39:06.720><c> in</c><00:39:06.880><c> god</c> 00:39:07.910 --> 00:39:09.599 align:start position:0% x 00:39:07.920 --> 00:39:09.589 align:start position:0% x then<00:39:08.160><c> you</c><00:39:08.320><c> probably</c><00:39:08.960><c> you</c><00:39:09.119><c> believe</c><00:39:09.440><c> in</c> 00:39:09.589 --> 00:39:10.640 align:start position:0% x 00:39:09.599 --> 00:39:10.630 align:start position:0% x something 00:39:10.630 --> 00:39:12.560 align:start position:0% x 00:39:10.640 --> 00:39:12.550 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position:0% x 00:39:39.920 --> 00:39:41.990 align:start position:0% x because<00:39:40.160><c> no</c><00:39:40.320><c> matter</c><00:39:40.640><c> what</c><00:39:40.880><c> you</c><00:39:41.119><c> believe</c><00:39:41.839><c> the</c> 00:39:41.990 --> 00:39:43.920 align:start position:0% x 00:39:42.000 --> 00:39:43.910 align:start position:0% x very<00:39:42.320><c> fact</c><00:39:42.560><c> that</c><00:39:42.720><c> we're</c><00:39:42.960><c> here</c><00:39:43.599><c> means</c><00:39:43.839><c> that</c> 00:39:43.910 --> 00:39:46.480 align:start position:0% x 00:39:43.920 --> 00:39:46.470 align:start position:0% x we're<00:39:44.160><c> faced</c><00:39:44.880><c> with</c><00:39:45.119><c> the</c><00:39:45.200><c> reality</c> 00:39:46.470 --> 00:39:49.599 align:start position:0% x 00:39:46.480 --> 00:39:49.589 align:start position:0% x that<00:39:46.800><c> something</c><00:39:47.440><c> has</c><00:39:47.760><c> lasted</c><00:39:48.400><c> forever</c><00:39:49.359><c> for</c> 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and<00:39:56.880><c> we</c><00:39:57.040><c> realize</c><00:39:57.440><c> that</c><00:39:57.680><c> no</c><00:39:57.839><c> matter</c><00:39:58.320><c> what</c> 00:39:58.470 --> 00:39:59.760 align:start position:0% x 00:39:58.480 --> 00:39:59.750 align:start position:0% x position<00:39:58.960><c> you</c><00:39:59.040><c> take</c><00:39:59.280><c> whether</c><00:39:59.440><c> you</c><00:39:59.520><c> believe</c> 00:39:59.750 --> 00:40:01.280 align:start position:0% x 00:39:59.760 --> 00:40:01.270 align:start position:0% x there<00:39:59.920><c> is</c><00:40:00.079><c> no</c><00:40:00.320><c> god</c><00:40:00.560><c> or</c><00:40:00.720><c> whether</c><00:40:00.960><c> you</c><00:40:01.040><c> believe</c> 00:40:01.270 --> 00:40:03.760 align:start position:0% x 00:40:01.280 --> 00:40:03.750 align:start position:0% x there<00:40:01.440><c> is</c><00:40:01.599><c> a</c><00:40:01.680><c> god</c><00:40:02.400><c> we</c><00:40:02.720><c> live</c><00:40:03.040><c> in</c><00:40:03.119><c> a</c><00:40:03.280><c> world</c><00:40:03.599><c> that</c> 00:40:03.750 --> 00:40:06.319 align:start position:0% x 00:40:03.760 --> 00:40:06.309 align:start position:0% x we<00:40:03.920><c> can</c><00:40:04.319><c> not</c><00:40:04.640><c> begin</c><00:40:04.960><c> to</c><00:40:05.119><c> comprehend</c><00:40:05.760><c> because</c> 00:40:06.309 --> 00:40:08.000 align:start position:0% x 00:40:06.319 --> 00:40:07.990 align:start position:0% x we<00:40:06.480><c> live</c><00:40:06.720><c> in</c><00:40:06.800><c> a</c><00:40:06.880><c> world</c><00:40:07.119><c> where</c><00:40:07.440><c> something</c><00:40:07.839><c> has</c> 00:40:07.990 --> 00:40:09.920 align:start position:0% x 00:40:08.000 --> 00:40:09.910 align:start position:0% x always<00:40:08.319><c> lasted</c><00:40:08.720><c> forever</c><00:40:09.280><c> and</c><00:40:09.440><c> it's</c><00:40:09.599><c> no</c><00:40:09.760><c> more</c> 00:40:09.910 --> 00:40:11.920 align:start position:0% x 00:40:09.920 --> 00:40:11.910 align:start position:0% x ridiculous<00:40:10.480><c> to</c><00:40:10.640><c> believe</c><00:40:10.960><c> that</c><00:40:11.200><c> god</c><00:40:11.520><c> has</c><00:40:11.760><c> no</c> 00:40:11.910 --> 00:40:13.599 align:start position:0% x 00:40:11.920 --> 00:40:13.589 align:start position:0% x beginning<00:40:12.319><c> or</c><00:40:12.400><c> no</c><00:40:12.640><c> end</c><00:40:12.960><c> than</c><00:40:13.200><c> it</c><00:40:13.359><c> is</c><00:40:13.440><c> to</c> 00:40:13.589 --> 00:40:15.200 align:start position:0% x 00:40:13.599 --> 00:40:15.190 align:start position:0% x believe<00:40:13.839><c> that</c><00:40:14.079><c> matter</c><00:40:14.400><c> has</c><00:40:14.640><c> no</c><00:40:14.800><c> beginning</c><00:40:15.119><c> or</c> 00:40:15.190 --> 00:40:16.720 align:start position:0% x 00:40:15.200 --> 00:40:16.710 align:start position:0% x no<00:40:15.440><c> end</c><00:40:15.680><c> but</c><00:40:15.839><c> we</c><00:40:15.920><c> know</c><00:40:16.079><c> that</c><00:40:16.240><c> one</c><00:40:16.400><c> of</c><00:40:16.480><c> those</c> 00:40:16.710 --> 00:40:18.880 align:start position:0% x 00:40:16.720 --> 00:40:18.870 align:start position:0% x things<00:40:17.040><c> is</c><00:40:17.200><c> definitely</c><00:40:17.839><c> true</c> 00:40:18.870 --> 00:40:23.040 align:start position:0% x 00:40:18.880 --> 00:40:23.030 align:start position:0% x so<00:40:19.040><c> the</c><00:40:19.200><c> question</c><00:40:19.520><c> becomes</c><00:40:20.079><c> a</c><00:40:20.240><c> moot</c><00:40:20.720><c> point</c> 00:40:23.030 --> 00:40:26.720 align:start position:0% x 00:40:23.040 --> 00:40:26.710 align:start position:0% x now<00:40:24.240><c> within</c><00:40:24.800><c> science</c><00:40:25.599><c> and</c><00:40:25.920><c> and</c><00:40:26.240><c> outside</c><00:40:26.640><c> of</c> 00:40:26.710 --> 00:40:28.640 align:start position:0% x 00:40:26.720 --> 00:40:28.630 align:start position:0% x science<00:40:27.040><c> too</c><00:40:27.280><c> there's</c><00:40:27.440><c> a</c><00:40:27.520><c> principle</c><00:40:28.000><c> called</c> 00:40:28.630 --> 00:40:32.560 align:start position:0% x 00:40:28.640 --> 00:40:32.560 align:start position:0% x occam's<00:40:29.200><c> razor</c><00:40:29.520><c> but</c><00:40:29.760><c> before</c><00:40:30.000><c> we</c><00:40:30.160><c> get</c><00:40:30.319><c> there</c> 00:40:33.510 --> 00:40:33.510 align:start position:0% x 00:40:33.520 --> 00:40:35.349 align:start position:0% x i<00:40:33.680><c> want</c><00:40:33.760><c> to</c><00:40:33.839><c> show</c><00:40:34.000><c> you</c><00:40:34.079><c> a</c><00:40:34.160><c> quote</c><00:40:34.480><c> from</c> 00:40:35.349 --> 00:40:36.880 align:start position:0% x 00:40:35.359 --> 00:40:36.870 align:start position:0% x fred<00:40:35.760><c> hoyle</c> 00:40:36.870 --> 00:40:38.240 align:start position:0% x 00:40:36.880 --> 00:40:38.230 align:start position:0% x i'll<00:40:37.040><c> talk</c><00:40:37.280><c> a</c><00:40:37.359><c> little</c><00:40:37.520><c> bit</c><00:40:37.680><c> more</c><00:40:37.920><c> about</c><00:40:38.079><c> the</c> 00:40:38.230 --> 00:40:40.319 align:start position:0% x 00:40:38.240 --> 00:40:40.309 align:start position:0% x fine-tuning<00:40:38.960><c> of</c><00:40:39.040><c> the</c><00:40:39.200><c> universe</c> 00:40:40.309 --> 00:40:42.640 align:start position:0% x 00:40:40.319 --> 00:40:42.630 align:start position:0% x now<00:40:40.560><c> fred</c><00:40:40.880><c> hoyle</c><00:40:41.280><c> is</c><00:40:41.359><c> the</c><00:40:41.680><c> scientist</c><00:40:42.319><c> who</c> 00:40:42.630 --> 00:40:45.599 align:start position:0% x 00:40:42.640 --> 00:40:45.589 align:start position:0% x coined<00:40:43.040><c> the</c><00:40:43.280><c> phrase</c><00:40:43.839><c> big</c><00:40:44.240><c> bang</c> 00:40:45.589 --> 00:40:47.040 align:start position:0% x 00:40:45.599 --> 00:40:47.030 align:start position:0% x he<00:40:45.760><c> came</c><00:40:46.000><c> up</c><00:40:46.160><c> with</c><00:40:46.319><c> it</c> 00:40:47.030 --> 00:40:48.560 align:start position:0% x 00:40:47.040 --> 00:40:48.550 align:start position:0% x at<00:40:47.119><c> the</c><00:40:47.280><c> end</c><00:40:47.359><c> of</c><00:40:47.440><c> his</c><00:40:47.599><c> career</c><00:40:48.000><c> he</c><00:40:48.079><c> decided</c><00:40:48.480><c> he</c> 00:40:48.550 --> 00:40:50.319 align:start position:0% x 00:40:48.560 --> 00:40:50.309 align:start position:0% x didn't<00:40:48.720><c> like</c><00:40:48.960><c> it</c><00:40:49.119><c> anymore</c><00:40:49.520><c> he</c> 00:40:50.309 --> 00:40:51.760 align:start position:0% x 00:40:50.319 --> 00:40:51.750 align:start position:0% x stopped<00:40:50.640><c> believing</c><00:40:51.040><c> in</c><00:40:51.119><c> the</c><00:40:51.200><c> big</c><00:40:51.440><c> bang</c><00:40:51.680><c> but</c> 00:40:51.750 --> 00:40:53.359 align:start position:0% x 00:40:51.760 --> 00:40:53.349 align:start position:0% x nevertheless<00:40:52.240><c> he</c><00:40:52.400><c> was</c><00:40:52.480><c> an</c><00:40:52.640><c> atheist</c><00:40:53.040><c> for</c><00:40:53.200><c> his</c> 00:40:53.349 --> 00:40:55.760 align:start position:0% x 00:40:53.359 --> 00:40:55.750 align:start position:0% x whole<00:40:53.599><c> life</c><00:40:54.160><c> and</c><00:40:54.319><c> died</c><00:40:54.640><c> an</c><00:40:54.800><c> atheist</c> 00:40:55.750 --> 00:40:57.680 align:start position:0% x 00:40:55.760 --> 00:40:57.670 align:start position:0% x but<00:40:55.920><c> he's</c><00:40:56.160><c> perhaps</c><00:40:56.480><c> most</c><00:40:56.800><c> famous</c><00:40:57.119><c> for</c><00:40:57.359><c> saying</c> 00:40:57.670 --> 00:41:00.960 align:start position:0% x 00:40:57.680 --> 00:41:00.950 align:start position:0% x this<00:40:58.000><c> he</c><00:40:58.160><c> did</c><00:40:58.319><c> some</c><00:40:58.480><c> groundbreaking</c><00:40:59.359><c> work</c> 00:41:00.950 --> 00:41:02.720 align:start position:0% x 00:41:00.960 --> 00:41:02.710 align:start position:0% x within<00:41:01.359><c> his</c><00:41:01.680><c> field</c> 00:41:02.710 --> 00:41:04.400 align:start position:0% x 00:41:02.720 --> 00:41:04.390 align:start position:0% x and<00:41:02.800><c> he</c><00:41:02.960><c> found</c><00:41:03.200><c> at</c><00:41:03.280><c> one</c><00:41:03.520><c> point</c><00:41:03.680><c> that</c><00:41:03.839><c> his</c><00:41:04.079><c> faith</c> 00:41:04.390 --> 00:41:06.560 align:start position:0% x 00:41:04.400 --> 00:41:06.550 align:start position:0% x as<00:41:04.480><c> an</c><00:41:04.960><c> atheist</c><00:41:05.440><c> he</c><00:41:05.599><c> had</c><00:41:05.760><c> said</c><00:41:06.000><c> was</c><00:41:06.160><c> greatly</c> 00:41:06.550 --> 00:41:07.599 align:start position:0% x 00:41:06.560 --> 00:41:07.589 align:start position:0% x shaken 00:41:07.589 --> 00:41:09.200 align:start position:0% x 00:41:07.599 --> 00:41:09.190 align:start position:0% x he<00:41:07.760><c> said</c><00:41:08.000><c> if</c><00:41:08.079><c> you</c><00:41:08.160><c> wanted</c><00:41:08.400><c> to</c><00:41:08.480><c> produce</c><00:41:08.880><c> carbon</c> 00:41:09.190 --> 00:41:11.040 align:start position:0% x 00:41:09.200 --> 00:41:11.030 align:start position:0% x and<00:41:09.359><c> oxygen</c><00:41:09.839><c> in</c><00:41:09.920><c> roughly</c><00:41:10.240><c> equal</c><00:41:10.560><c> quantities</c> 00:41:11.030 --> 00:41:13.119 align:start position:0% x 00:41:11.040 --> 00:41:13.109 align:start position:0% x by<00:41:11.200><c> stellar</c><00:41:11.599><c> nucleosynthesis</c><00:41:12.640><c> this</c><00:41:12.800><c> is</c><00:41:12.880><c> where</c> 00:41:13.109 --> 00:41:15.359 align:start position:0% x 00:41:13.119 --> 00:41:15.349 align:start position:0% x he<00:41:13.280><c> did</c><00:41:13.520><c> his</c><00:41:13.839><c> work</c><00:41:14.400><c> which</c><00:41:14.720><c> would</c><00:41:14.880><c> explain</c><00:41:15.280><c> the</c> 00:41:15.349 --> 00:41:16.960 align:start position:0% x 00:41:15.359 --> 00:41:16.950 align:start position:0% x origin<00:41:15.760><c> of</c><00:41:15.920><c> life</c> 00:41:16.950 --> 00:41:19.119 align:start position:0% x 00:41:16.960 --> 00:41:19.109 align:start position:0% x or<00:41:17.200><c> how</c><00:41:17.440><c> we're</c><00:41:17.680><c> here</c><00:41:18.160><c> these</c><00:41:18.480><c> things</c><00:41:18.720><c> have</c><00:41:18.960><c> to</c> 00:41:19.109 --> 00:41:21.200 align:start position:0% x 00:41:19.119 --> 00:41:21.190 align:start position:0% x have<00:41:19.200><c> happened</c><00:41:19.440><c> for</c><00:41:19.599><c> life</c><00:41:19.920><c> to</c><00:41:20.079><c> exist</c> 00:41:21.190 --> 00:41:22.960 align:start position:0% x 00:41:21.200 --> 00:41:22.950 align:start position:0% x these<00:41:21.520><c> are</c><00:41:21.599><c> the</c><00:41:21.760><c> two</c><00:41:22.079><c> levels</c><00:41:22.480><c> you</c><00:41:22.560><c> would</c><00:41:22.720><c> have</c> 00:41:22.950 --> 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and</c><00:41:38.640><c> that</c> 00:41:38.870 --> 00:41:41.599 align:start position:0% x 00:41:38.880 --> 00:41:41.589 align:start position:0% x there<00:41:39.200><c> are</c><00:41:39.440><c> no</c><00:41:39.920><c> blind</c><00:41:40.480><c> forces</c><00:41:40.960><c> worth</c><00:41:41.280><c> speaking</c> 00:41:41.589 --> 00:41:43.280 align:start position:0% x 00:41:41.599 --> 00:41:43.270 align:start position:0% x about<00:41:41.920><c> in</c><00:41:42.079><c> nature</c> 00:41:43.270 --> 00:41:45.680 align:start position:0% x 00:41:43.280 --> 00:41:45.670 align:start position:0% x this<00:41:43.520><c> man</c><00:41:43.839><c> remained</c><00:41:44.319><c> an</c><00:41:44.560><c> atheist</c> 00:41:45.670 --> 00:41:47.440 align:start position:0% x 00:41:45.680 --> 00:41:47.430 align:start position:0% x but<00:41:45.839><c> he</c><00:41:46.000><c> said</c><00:41:46.240><c> this</c><00:41:46.480><c> is</c><00:41:46.640><c> the</c><00:41:46.720><c> kind</c><00:41:46.960><c> of</c><00:41:47.040><c> thing</c> 00:41:47.430 --> 00:41:49.119 align:start position:0% x 00:41:47.440 --> 00:41:49.109 align:start position:0% x like<00:41:47.599><c> the</c><00:41:47.760><c> earlier</c><00:41:48.079><c> quote</c><00:41:48.319><c> we</c><00:41:48.480><c> saw</c><00:41:48.720><c> that</c><00:41:48.880><c> kept</c> 00:41:49.109 --> 00:41:51.280 align:start position:0% x 00:41:49.119 --> 00:41:51.270 align:start position:0% x him<00:41:49.359><c> up</c><00:41:49.520><c> at</c><00:41:49.599><c> night</c><00:41:50.319><c> that</c><00:41:50.560><c> shook</c><00:41:50.800><c> his</c><00:41:50.960><c> faith</c> 00:41:51.270 --> 00:41:52.800 align:start position:0% x 00:41:51.280 --> 00:41:52.790 align:start position:0% x like<00:41:51.440><c> nothing</c><00:41:51.839><c> else</c><00:41:52.000><c> had</c><00:41:52.160><c> ever</c><00:41:52.319><c> shaken</c><00:41:52.640><c> his</c> 00:41:52.790 --> 00:41:54.800 align:start position:0% x 00:41:52.800 --> 00:41:54.790 align:start position:0% x faith<00:41:53.040><c> his</c><00:41:53.200><c> faith</c><00:41:53.680><c> in</c><00:41:53.839><c> fact</c><00:41:54.079><c> that</c><00:41:54.160><c> there</c><00:41:54.400><c> is</c><00:41:54.560><c> no</c> 00:41:54.790 --> 00:41:57.520 align:start position:0% x 00:41:54.800 --> 00:41:57.510 align:start position:0% x god<00:41:55.520><c> he</c><00:41:55.760><c> said</c><00:41:55.920><c> just</c><00:41:56.160><c> by</c><00:41:56.319><c> looking</c><00:41:56.640><c> at</c><00:41:56.800><c> it</c><00:41:57.359><c> it</c> 00:41:57.510 --> 00:41:59.280 align:start position:0% x 00:41:57.520 --> 00:41:59.270 align:start position:0% x would<00:41:57.760><c> seem</c><00:41:58.079><c> that</c><00:41:58.240><c> there</c><00:41:58.480><c> must</c><00:41:58.720><c> have</c><00:41:58.880><c> been</c><00:41:59.119><c> an</c> 00:41:59.270 --> 00:42:02.480 align:start position:0% x 00:41:59.280 --> 00:42:02.470 align:start position:0% x incredible<00:41:59.839><c> intellect</c><00:42:00.640><c> behind</c><00:42:01.119><c> it</c><00:42:01.359><c> all</c> 00:42:02.470 --> 00:42:04.319 align:start position:0% x 00:42:02.480 --> 00:42:04.309 align:start position:0% x and<00:42:02.640><c> paul</c><00:42:02.960><c> davies</c><00:42:03.440><c> that</c><00:42:03.520><c> man</c><00:42:03.680><c> who</c><00:42:03.839><c> we</c><00:42:04.000><c> quoted</c> 00:42:04.309 --> 00:42:06.560 align:start position:0% x 00:42:04.319 --> 00:42:06.550 align:start position:0% x much<00:42:04.560><c> earlier</c> 00:42:06.550 --> 00:42:08.319 align:start position:0% x 00:42:06.560 --> 00:42:08.309 align:start position:0% x the<00:42:06.720><c> physicist</c><00:42:07.359><c> wrote</c><00:42:07.599><c> there</c><00:42:07.760><c> is</c><00:42:07.920><c> for</c><00:42:08.079><c> me</c> 00:42:08.309 --> 00:42:10.000 align:start position:0% x 00:42:08.319 --> 00:42:09.990 align:start position:0% x powerful<00:42:08.880><c> evidence</c><00:42:09.200><c> that</c><00:42:09.359><c> there's</c><00:42:09.599><c> something</c> 00:42:09.990 --> 00:42:11.680 align:start position:0% x 00:42:10.000 --> 00:42:11.670 align:start position:0% x going<00:42:10.240><c> on</c><00:42:10.480><c> behind</c><00:42:10.800><c> it</c><00:42:10.960><c> all</c><00:42:11.119><c> it</c><00:42:11.280><c> seems</c><00:42:11.599><c> as</c> 00:42:11.670 --> 00:42:14.480 align:start position:0% x 00:42:11.680 --> 00:42:14.470 align:start position:0% x though<00:42:12.160><c> somebody</c><00:42:12.640><c> has</c><00:42:12.960><c> fine-tuned</c><00:42:13.680><c> nature's</c> 00:42:14.470 --> 00:42:16.480 align:start position:0% x 00:42:14.480 --> 00:42:16.470 align:start position:0% x numbers<00:42:15.040><c> to</c><00:42:15.200><c> make</c><00:42:15.359><c> the</c><00:42:15.520><c> universe</c><00:42:16.319><c> the</c> 00:42:16.470 --> 00:42:18.640 align:start position:0% x 00:42:16.480 --> 00:42:18.630 align:start position:0% x impression<00:42:17.040><c> of</c><00:42:17.200><c> design</c><00:42:17.760><c> he</c><00:42:17.920><c> says</c><00:42:18.319><c> is</c> 00:42:18.630 --> 00:42:20.319 align:start position:0% x 00:42:18.640 --> 00:42:20.309 align:start position:0% x overwhelming 00:42:20.309 --> 00:42:22.800 align:start position:0% x 00:42:20.319 --> 00:42:22.790 align:start position:0% x this<00:42:20.560><c> man</c><00:42:20.880><c> is</c><00:42:21.040><c> actually</c><00:42:21.440><c> a</c><00:42:21.839><c> quaker</c><00:42:22.319><c> so</c><00:42:22.480><c> he</c><00:42:22.640><c> is</c> 00:42:22.790 --> 00:42:24.160 align:start position:0% x 00:42:22.800 --> 00:42:24.150 align:start position:0% x religious<00:42:23.200><c> he</c><00:42:23.280><c> does</c><00:42:23.440><c> believe</c><00:42:23.760><c> in</c><00:42:23.839><c> god</c><00:42:24.000><c> he</c> 00:42:24.150 --> 00:42:25.920 align:start position:0% x 00:42:24.160 --> 00:42:25.910 align:start position:0% x co-published<00:42:24.800><c> a</c><00:42:24.880><c> book</c><00:42:25.040><c> with</c><00:42:25.200><c> stephen</c><00:42:25.520><c> hawking</c> 00:42:25.910 --> 00:42:27.359 align:start position:0% x 00:42:25.920 --> 00:42:27.349 align:start position:0% x before<00:42:26.160><c> he</c><00:42:26.319><c> died</c> 00:42:27.349 --> 00:42:30.079 align:start position:0% x 00:42:27.359 --> 00:42:30.069 align:start position:0% x george<00:42:27.839><c> ellis</c><00:42:28.160><c> wrote</c><00:42:28.720><c> amazing</c><00:42:29.359><c> fine</c><00:42:29.680><c> tuning</c> 00:42:30.069 --> 00:42:32.319 align:start position:0% x 00:42:30.079 --> 00:42:32.309 align:start position:0% x occurs<00:42:30.640><c> in</c><00:42:30.720><c> the</c><00:42:30.880><c> laws</c><00:42:31.280><c> that</c><00:42:31.440><c> makes</c><00:42:31.760><c> this</c> 00:42:32.309 --> 00:42:33.760 align:start position:0% x 00:42:32.319 --> 00:42:33.750 align:start position:0% x complexity 00:42:33.750 --> 00:42:36.079 align:start position:0% x 00:42:33.760 --> 00:42:36.069 align:start position:0% x possible<00:42:34.720><c> realization</c><00:42:35.280><c> of</c><00:42:35.359><c> the</c><00:42:35.520><c> complexity</c> 00:42:36.069 --> 00:42:37.520 align:start position:0% x 00:42:36.079 --> 00:42:37.510 align:start position:0% x of<00:42:36.160><c> what</c><00:42:36.319><c> is</c><00:42:36.400><c> accomplished</c><00:42:36.960><c> makes</c><00:42:37.200><c> it</c><00:42:37.280><c> very</c> 00:42:37.510 --> 00:42:39.680 align:start position:0% x 00:42:37.520 --> 00:42:39.670 align:start position:0% x difficult<00:42:38.079><c> not</c><00:42:38.319><c> to</c><00:42:38.480><c> use</c><00:42:38.720><c> the</c><00:42:38.880><c> word</c> 00:42:39.670 --> 00:42:42.160 align:start position:0% x 00:42:39.680 --> 00:42:42.150 align:start position:0% x miraculous<00:42:40.480><c> without</c><00:42:40.880><c> taking</c><00:42:41.200><c> a</c><00:42:41.359><c> stand</c><00:42:41.680><c> as</c><00:42:41.839><c> the</c> 00:42:42.150 --> 00:42:46.319 align:start position:0% x 00:42:42.160 --> 00:42:46.319 align:start position:0% x to<00:42:42.319><c> the</c><00:42:42.480><c> ontological</c><00:42:43.280><c> status</c><00:42:43.760><c> of</c><00:42:43.839><c> the</c><00:42:44.000><c> word</c> 00:42:47.670 --> 00:42:47.670 align:start position:0% x 00:42:47.680 --> 00:42:49.829 align:start position:0% x and<00:42:47.839><c> arnold</c><00:42:48.240><c> pensius</c><00:42:48.960><c> also</c><00:42:49.280><c> another</c><00:42:49.520><c> man</c><00:42:49.680><c> who</c> 00:42:49.829 --> 00:42:52.480 align:start position:0% x 00:42:49.839 --> 00:42:52.470 align:start position:0% x won<00:42:50.000><c> a</c><00:42:50.079><c> nobel</c><00:42:50.480><c> prize</c><00:42:50.800><c> in</c><00:42:50.960><c> physics</c> 00:42:52.470 --> 00:42:54.800 align:start position:0% x 00:42:52.480 --> 00:42:54.790 align:start position:0% x he<00:42:52.640><c> said</c><00:42:52.880><c> astronomy</c><00:42:53.760><c> leads</c><00:42:54.079><c> us</c><00:42:54.240><c> to</c><00:42:54.400><c> a</c><00:42:54.480><c> unique</c> 00:42:54.790 --> 00:42:56.640 align:start position:0% x 00:42:54.800 --> 00:42:56.630 align:start position:0% x event<00:42:55.119><c> a</c><00:42:55.280><c> universe</c><00:42:55.680><c> which</c><00:42:55.920><c> was</c><00:42:56.079><c> created</c><00:42:56.480><c> out</c> 00:42:56.630 --> 00:42:58.960 align:start position:0% x 00:42:56.640 --> 00:42:58.950 align:start position:0% x of<00:42:56.800><c> nothing</c><00:42:57.520><c> one</c><00:42:57.839><c> with</c><00:42:58.000><c> the</c><00:42:58.160><c> very</c><00:42:58.480><c> delicate</c> 00:42:58.950 --> 00:43:00.640 align:start position:0% x 00:42:58.960 --> 00:43:00.630 align:start position:0% x balance<00:42:59.359><c> needed</c><00:42:59.599><c> to</c><00:42:59.680><c> provide</c><00:43:00.079><c> exactly</c><00:43:00.560><c> the</c> 00:43:00.630 --> 00:43:02.800 align:start position:0% x 00:43:00.640 --> 00:43:02.790 align:start position:0% x conditions<00:43:01.200><c> required</c><00:43:01.599><c> to</c><00:43:01.680><c> permit</c><00:43:02.079><c> life</c><00:43:02.640><c> and</c> 00:43:02.790 --> 00:43:04.800 align:start position:0% x 00:43:02.800 --> 00:43:04.790 align:start position:0% x one<00:43:02.960><c> which</c><00:43:03.200><c> has</c><00:43:03.440><c> an</c><00:43:03.599><c> underlying</c><00:43:04.319><c> one</c><00:43:04.560><c> might</c> 00:43:04.790 --> 00:43:05.599 align:start position:0% x 00:43:04.800 --> 00:43:05.589 align:start position:0% x say 00:43:05.589 --> 00:43:07.200 align:start position:0% x 00:43:05.599 --> 00:43:07.190 align:start position:0% x supernatural 00:43:07.190 --> 00:43:09.440 align:start position:0% x 00:43:07.200 --> 00:43:09.440 align:start position:0% x plan 00:43:10.470 --> 00:43:10.470 align:start position:0% x 00:43:10.480 --> 00:43:12.470 align:start position:0% x my<00:43:10.640><c> point</c><00:43:10.800><c> of</c><00:43:10.880><c> showing</c><00:43:11.200><c> you</c><00:43:11.359><c> these</c><00:43:11.599><c> quotes</c><00:43:12.000><c> is</c> 00:43:12.470 --> 00:43:13.520 align:start position:0% x 00:43:12.480 --> 00:43:13.510 align:start position:0% x to<00:43:12.640><c> say</c> 00:43:13.510 --> 00:43:15.040 align:start position:0% x 00:43:13.520 --> 00:43:15.030 align:start position:0% x yes<00:43:13.839><c> i'm</c><00:43:14.000><c> not</c><00:43:14.160><c> an</c><00:43:14.319><c> expert</c><00:43:14.720><c> i'm</c><00:43:14.800><c> not</c><00:43:14.960><c> a</c> 00:43:15.030 --> 00:43:17.760 align:start position:0% x 00:43:15.040 --> 00:43:17.750 align:start position:0% x scientist<00:43:15.680><c> i</c><00:43:15.760><c> don't</c><00:43:16.400><c> i</c><00:43:16.560><c> don't</c><00:43:16.800><c> study</c><00:43:17.280><c> in</c><00:43:17.440><c> these</c> 00:43:17.750 --> 00:43:19.760 align:start position:0% x 00:43:17.760 --> 00:43:19.750 align:start position:0% x fields<00:43:18.480><c> here's</c><00:43:18.720><c> what</c><00:43:18.880><c> the</c><00:43:19.040><c> experts</c><00:43:19.440><c> have</c><00:43:19.599><c> to</c> 00:43:19.750 --> 00:43:21.920 align:start position:0% x 00:43:19.760 --> 00:43:21.910 align:start position:0% x say<00:43:20.000><c> some</c><00:43:20.160><c> of</c><00:43:20.319><c> them</c><00:43:20.640><c> agnostic</c><00:43:21.280><c> some</c><00:43:21.440><c> of</c><00:43:21.599><c> them</c> 00:43:21.910 --> 00:43:23.520 align:start position:0% x 00:43:21.920 --> 00:43:23.510 align:start position:0% x atheist<00:43:22.560><c> who</c><00:43:22.720><c> nevertheless</c><00:43:23.359><c> have</c><00:43:23.440><c> to</c> 00:43:23.510 --> 00:43:25.760 align:start position:0% x 00:43:23.520 --> 00:43:25.750 align:start position:0% x begrudgingly<00:43:24.240><c> admit</c> 00:43:25.750 --> 00:43:26.400 align:start position:0% x 00:43:25.760 --> 00:43:26.390 align:start position:0% x that 00:43:26.390 --> 00:43:28.480 align:start position:0% x 00:43:26.400 --> 00:43:28.470 align:start position:0% x everything<00:43:26.880><c> we've</c><00:43:27.200><c> seen</c><00:43:27.680><c> seems</c><00:43:28.000><c> to</c><00:43:28.160><c> lead</c><00:43:28.319><c> to</c> 00:43:28.470 --> 00:43:30.160 align:start position:0% x 00:43:28.480 --> 00:43:30.150 align:start position:0% x the<00:43:28.560><c> same</c><00:43:28.880><c> conclusion</c> 00:43:30.150 --> 00:43:34.720 align:start position:0% x 00:43:30.160 --> 00:43:34.720 align:start position:0% x that<00:43:30.319><c> there</c><00:43:30.560><c> must</c><00:43:31.040><c> be</c><00:43:31.280><c> a</c><00:43:31.520><c> mind</c><00:43:32.000><c> behind</c><00:43:32.400><c> it</c><00:43:32.560><c> all</c> 00:43:34.870 --> 00:43:34.870 align:start position:0% x 00:43:34.880 --> 00:43:38.710 align:start position:0% x now<00:43:35.200><c> in</c><00:43:35.359><c> the</c><00:43:35.520><c> sciences</c><00:43:36.079><c> occam's</c><00:43:36.880><c> razor</c> 00:43:38.710 --> 00:43:40.240 align:start position:0% x 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that</c><00:43:55.520><c> have</c><00:43:55.680><c> ever</c><00:43:55.920><c> existed</c> 00:43:56.309 --> 00:43:58.960 align:start position:0% x 00:43:56.319 --> 00:43:58.950 align:start position:0% x have<00:43:56.560><c> impli</c><00:43:56.960><c> applied</c><00:43:57.440><c> this</c><00:43:58.160><c> this</c><00:43:58.640><c> sort</c><00:43:58.880><c> of</c> 00:43:58.950 --> 00:44:00.720 align:start position:0% x 00:43:58.960 --> 00:44:00.710 align:start position:0% x philosophy<00:43:59.599><c> in</c><00:43:59.760><c> general</c><00:44:00.160><c> in</c><00:44:00.240><c> their</c><00:44:00.400><c> work</c><00:44:00.640><c> for</c> 00:44:00.710 --> 00:44:02.480 align:start position:0% x 00:44:00.720 --> 00:44:02.470 align:start position:0% x example<00:44:01.040><c> here's</c><00:44:01.280><c> a</c><00:44:01.359><c> similar</c><00:44:01.680><c> quote</c><00:44:01.920><c> by</c><00:44:02.160><c> isaac</c> 00:44:02.470 --> 00:44:04.960 align:start position:0% x 00:44:02.480 --> 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position:0% x so<00:44:12.400><c> what</c><00:44:12.640><c> they</c><00:44:12.800><c> mean</c><00:44:12.960><c> by</c><00:44:13.119><c> that</c><00:44:13.440><c> is</c><00:44:13.680><c> this</c> 00:44:14.950 --> 00:44:17.200 align:start position:0% x 00:44:14.960 --> 00:44:17.190 align:start position:0% x in<00:44:15.040><c> the</c><00:44:15.200><c> sciences</c><00:44:16.079><c> scientists</c> 00:44:17.190 --> 00:44:20.800 align:start position:0% x 00:44:17.200 --> 00:44:20.790 align:start position:0% x in<00:44:17.520><c> all</c><00:44:18.000><c> fields</c><00:44:18.560><c> will</c><00:44:18.800><c> look</c><00:44:19.200><c> at</c><00:44:19.839><c> phenomena</c><00:44:20.640><c> in</c> 00:44:20.790 --> 00:44:22.720 align:start position:0% x 00:44:20.800 --> 00:44:22.710 align:start position:0% x the<00:44:20.880><c> natural</c><00:44:21.440><c> world</c><00:44:22.079><c> and</c><00:44:22.160><c> they'll</c><00:44:22.400><c> try</c><00:44:22.640><c> to</c> 00:44:22.710 --> 00:44:24.880 align:start position:0% x 00:44:22.720 --> 00:44:24.870 align:start position:0% x come<00:44:22.880><c> up</c><00:44:23.040><c> with</c><00:44:23.280><c> theories</c><00:44:23.760><c> to</c><00:44:24.000><c> explain</c><00:44:24.480><c> it</c> 00:44:24.870 --> 00:44:26.480 align:start position:0% x 00:44:24.880 --> 00:44:26.470 align:start position:0% x they'll<00:44:25.119><c> say</c><00:44:25.280><c> what</c><00:44:25.440><c> could</c><00:44:25.680><c> explain</c><00:44:26.079><c> what</c><00:44:26.319><c> we</c> 00:44:26.470 --> 00:44:28.319 align:start position:0% x 00:44:26.480 --> 00:44:28.309 align:start position:0% x see<00:44:26.720><c> right</c><00:44:27.040><c> now</c> 00:44:28.309 --> 00:44:29.920 align:start position:0% x 00:44:28.319 --> 00:44:29.910 align:start position:0% x and<00:44:28.480><c> to</c><00:44:28.640><c> be</c><00:44:28.800><c> a</c><00:44:28.880><c> scientist</c><00:44:29.440><c> you</c><00:44:29.599><c> have</c><00:44:29.680><c> to</c><00:44:29.760><c> go</c> 00:44:29.910 --> 00:44:31.440 align:start position:0% x 00:44:29.920 --> 00:44:31.430 align:start position:0% x through<00:44:30.160><c> the</c><00:44:30.240><c> scientific</c><00:44:30.880><c> method</c><00:44:31.119><c> which</c><00:44:31.359><c> is</c> 00:44:31.430 --> 00:44:33.839 align:start position:0% x 00:44:31.440 --> 00:44:33.829 align:start position:0% x to<00:44:31.599><c> come</c><00:44:31.920><c> up</c><00:44:32.079><c> with</c><00:44:32.319><c> working</c><00:44:32.880><c> theories</c><00:44:33.680><c> and</c> 00:44:33.829 --> 00:44:35.839 align:start position:0% x 00:44:33.839 --> 00:44:35.829 align:start position:0% x then<00:44:34.079><c> find</c><00:44:34.319><c> a</c><00:44:34.400><c> way</c><00:44:34.560><c> to</c><00:44:34.800><c> test</c><00:44:35.119><c> those</c><00:44:35.440><c> theories</c> 00:44:35.829 --> 00:44:38.079 align:start position:0% x 00:44:35.839 --> 00:44:38.069 align:start position:0% x perhaps<00:44:36.160><c> in</c><00:44:36.319><c> a</c><00:44:36.400><c> lab</c><00:44:36.720><c> somewhere</c> 00:44:38.069 --> 00:44:40.560 align:start position:0% x 00:44:38.079 --> 00:44:40.550 align:start position:0% x so<00:44:38.240><c> you</c><00:44:38.480><c> perform</c><00:44:38.880><c> the</c><00:44:39.040><c> test</c><00:44:39.839><c> and</c><00:44:40.000><c> you</c><00:44:40.160><c> see</c><00:44:40.400><c> if</c> 00:44:40.550 --> 00:44:42.079 align:start position:0% x 00:44:40.560 --> 00:44:42.069 align:start position:0% x it<00:44:40.640><c> makes</c><00:44:40.880><c> sense</c><00:44:41.119><c> if</c><00:44:41.280><c> it</c><00:44:41.359><c> plays</c><00:44:41.599><c> out</c><00:44:41.760><c> the</c><00:44:41.839><c> way</c> 00:44:42.069 --> 00:44:43.440 align:start position:0% x 00:44:42.079 --> 00:44:43.430 align:start position:0% x you<00:44:42.160><c> think</c><00:44:42.400><c> and</c><00:44:42.480><c> you</c><00:44:42.560><c> go</c><00:44:42.720><c> back</c><00:44:42.880><c> to</c><00:44:42.960><c> the</c><00:44:43.119><c> drawing</c> 00:44:43.430 --> 00:44:45.359 align:start position:0% x 00:44:43.440 --> 00:44:45.349 align:start position:0% x board<00:44:44.079><c> usually</c><00:44:44.560><c> you'll</c><00:44:44.720><c> come</c><00:44:44.960><c> up</c><00:44:45.040><c> with</c><00:44:45.280><c> a</c> 00:44:45.349 --> 00:44:46.960 align:start position:0% x 00:44:45.359 --> 00:44:46.950 align:start position:0% x whole<00:44:45.599><c> bunch</c><00:44:45.839><c> of</c><00:44:46.000><c> theories</c><00:44:46.480><c> at</c><00:44:46.560><c> once</c><00:44:46.800><c> you'll</c> 00:44:46.950 --> 00:44:49.119 align:start position:0% x 00:44:46.960 --> 00:44:49.109 align:start position:0% x go<00:44:47.119><c> through</c><00:44:47.280><c> a</c><00:44:47.359><c> brainstorming</c><00:44:48.079><c> session</c><00:44:48.880><c> what</c> 00:44:49.109 --> 00:44:50.560 align:start position:0% x 00:44:49.119 --> 00:44:50.550 align:start position:0% x are<00:44:49.200><c> all</c><00:44:49.359><c> the</c><00:44:49.440><c> various</c><00:44:49.680><c> things</c><00:44:50.000><c> that</c><00:44:50.240><c> could</c> 00:44:50.550 --> 00:44:54.560 align:start position:0% x 00:44:50.560 --> 00:44:54.550 align:start position:0% x describe<00:44:51.599><c> why</c><00:44:51.839><c> this</c><00:44:52.160><c> is</c><00:44:52.319><c> happening</c> 00:44:54.550 --> 00:44:56.720 align:start position:0% x 00:44:54.560 --> 00:44:56.710 align:start position:0% x occam's<00:44:55.119><c> razor</c><00:44:55.520><c> says</c><00:44:55.760><c> something</c><00:44:56.160><c> like</c><00:44:56.400><c> this</c> 00:44:56.710 --> 00:44:58.319 align:start position:0% x 00:44:56.720 --> 00:44:58.309 align:start position:0% x when<00:44:56.880><c> you've</c><00:44:57.040><c> got</c><00:44:57.200><c> a</c><00:44:57.280><c> bunch</c><00:44:57.520><c> of</c><00:44:57.760><c> theories</c><00:44:58.160><c> and</c> 00:44:58.309 --> 00:44:59.920 align:start position:0% x 00:44:58.319 --> 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that</c><00:45:06.400><c> requires</c><00:45:06.880><c> the</c><00:45:06.960><c> least</c> 00:45:07.270 --> 00:45:09.760 align:start position:0% x 00:45:07.280 --> 00:45:09.750 align:start position:0% x amount<00:45:07.520><c> of</c><00:45:07.680><c> explaining</c><00:45:08.880><c> because</c><00:45:09.200><c> that</c><00:45:09.359><c> one</c><00:45:09.599><c> is</c> 00:45:09.750 --> 00:45:13.280 align:start position:0% x 00:45:09.760 --> 00:45:13.270 align:start position:0% x the<00:45:09.920><c> most</c><00:45:10.319><c> likely</c><00:45:10.800><c> to</c><00:45:10.960><c> be</c><00:45:11.200><c> true</c> 00:45:13.270 --> 00:45:15.760 align:start position:0% x 00:45:13.280 --> 00:45:15.750 align:start position:0% x and<00:45:13.440><c> new</c><00:45:13.680><c> atheists</c><00:45:14.000><c> like</c><00:45:14.240><c> richard</c><00:45:14.560><c> dawkins</c> 00:45:15.750 --> 00:45:18.560 align:start position:0% x 00:45:15.760 --> 00:45:18.550 align:start position:0% x have<00:45:16.000><c> used</c><00:45:16.319><c> occam's</c><00:45:16.720><c> razor</c><00:45:17.119><c> to</c><00:45:17.280><c> say</c> 00:45:18.550 --> 00:45:21.440 align:start position:0% x 00:45:18.560 --> 00:45:21.430 align:start position:0% x that<00:45:18.800><c> belief</c><00:45:19.200><c> in</c><00:45:19.280><c> a</c><00:45:19.440><c> god</c><00:45:19.839><c> is</c><00:45:20.000><c> ridiculous</c> 00:45:21.430 --> 00:45:23.760 align:start position:0% x 00:45:21.440 --> 00:45:23.750 align:start position:0% x because<00:45:22.240><c> to</c><00:45:22.560><c> explain</c> 00:45:23.750 --> 00:45:25.920 align:start position:0% x 00:45:23.760 --> 00:45:25.910 align:start position:0% x humanity<00:45:24.400><c> and</c><00:45:24.560><c> life</c><00:45:24.800><c> on</c><00:45:24.960><c> this</c><00:45:25.119><c> earth</c><00:45:25.440><c> and</c><00:45:25.760><c> and</c> 00:45:25.910 --> 00:45:27.920 align:start position:0% x 00:45:25.920 --> 00:45:27.910 align:start position:0% x 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that</c><00:45:36.000><c> he</c><00:45:36.160><c> created</c><00:45:36.640><c> in</c><00:45:36.800><c> order</c> 00:45:36.950 --> 00:45:39.119 align:start position:0% x 00:45:36.960 --> 00:45:39.109 align:start position:0% x to<00:45:37.119><c> create</c><00:45:37.359><c> that</c><00:45:37.680><c> thing</c><00:45:38.240><c> he</c><00:45:38.400><c> says</c><00:45:38.640><c> by</c><00:45:38.800><c> simple</c> 00:45:39.109 --> 00:45:41.359 align:start position:0% x 00:45:39.119 --> 00:45:41.349 align:start position:0% x virtue<00:45:39.520><c> of</c><00:45:39.680><c> the</c><00:45:39.839><c> scientific</c><00:45:40.400><c> practice</c><00:45:40.800><c> of</c> 00:45:41.349 --> 00:45:43.520 align:start position:0% x 00:45:41.359 --> 00:45:43.510 align:start position:0% x application<00:45:41.920><c> of</c><00:45:42.079><c> occam's</c><00:45:42.560><c> razor</c><00:45:43.040><c> we</c><00:45:43.200><c> should</c> 00:45:43.510 --> 00:45:45.760 align:start position:0% x 00:45:43.520 --> 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to</c><00:45:54.240><c> understand</c> 00:45:54.630 --> 00:45:56.400 align:start position:0% x 00:45:54.640 --> 00:45:56.390 align:start position:0% x about<00:45:54.880><c> occam's</c><00:45:55.359><c> razor</c><00:45:55.760><c> is</c><00:45:55.839><c> that</c><00:45:56.000><c> it</c><00:45:56.160><c> only</c> 00:45:56.390 --> 00:45:58.880 align:start position:0% x 00:45:56.400 --> 00:45:58.870 align:start position:0% x applies<00:45:56.880><c> in</c><00:45:57.040><c> a</c><00:45:57.119><c> situation</c><00:45:57.839><c> where</c><00:45:58.319><c> all</c><00:45:58.560><c> things</c> 00:45:58.870 --> 00:46:00.880 align:start position:0% x 00:45:58.880 --> 00:46:00.870 align:start position:0% x are<00:45:59.040><c> equal</c><00:45:59.599><c> and</c><00:45:59.839><c> one</c><00:46:00.160><c> theory</c><00:46:00.480><c> doesn't</c><00:46:00.720><c> have</c> 00:46:00.870 --> 00:46:02.880 align:start position:0% x 00:46:00.880 --> 00:46:02.870 align:start position:0% x any<00:46:01.040><c> more</c><00:46:01.280><c> evidence</c><00:46:01.680><c> than</c><00:46:01.839><c> another</c><00:46:02.480><c> in</c><00:46:02.640><c> fact</c> 00:46:02.870 --> 00:46:04.319 align:start position:0% x 00:46:02.880 --> 00:46:04.309 align:start position:0% x throughout<00:46:03.200><c> the</c><00:46:03.280><c> history</c><00:46:03.680><c> of</c><00:46:03.760><c> science</c><00:46:04.160><c> we</c> 00:46:04.309 --> 00:46:06.000 align:start position:0% x 00:46:04.319 --> 00:46:05.990 align:start position:0% x found<00:46:04.640><c> that</c><00:46:04.960><c> if</c><00:46:05.119><c> we</c><00:46:05.200><c> were</c><00:46:05.359><c> to</c><00:46:05.440><c> only</c><00:46:05.680><c> use</c> 00:46:05.990 --> 00:46:08.079 align:start position:0% x 00:46:06.000 --> 00:46:08.069 align:start position:0% x occam's<00:46:06.400><c> razor</c><00:46:06.720><c> in</c><00:46:06.880><c> that</c><00:46:07.040><c> case</c><00:46:07.680><c> we</c><00:46:07.839><c> would</c><00:46:08.000><c> have</c> 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and</c><00:46:23.359><c> john</c><00:46:23.760><c> lennon</c> 00:46:24.950 --> 00:46:27.440 align:start position:0% x 00:46:24.960 --> 00:46:27.430 align:start position:0% x the<00:46:25.200><c> professor</c><00:46:25.680><c> of</c><00:46:25.760><c> mathematics</c><00:46:26.480><c> also</c><00:46:27.040><c> also</c> 00:46:27.430 --> 00:46:29.839 align:start position:0% x 00:46:27.440 --> 00:46:29.829 align:start position:0% x at<00:46:27.520><c> oxford</c><00:46:28.000><c> university</c><00:46:28.960><c> where</c> 00:46:29.829 --> 00:46:31.839 align:start position:0% x 00:46:29.839 --> 00:46:31.829 align:start position:0% x richard<00:46:30.160><c> dawkins</c><00:46:30.640><c> comes</c><00:46:30.960><c> from</c><00:46:31.280><c> and</c><00:46:31.520><c> and</c><00:46:31.680><c> this</c> 00:46:31.829 --> 00:46:34.400 align:start position:0% x 00:46:31.839 --> 00:46:34.390 align:start position:0% x is<00:46:31.920><c> one</c><00:46:32.079><c> of</c><00:46:32.240><c> his</c><00:46:32.480><c> two</c><00:46:32.720><c> debates</c><00:46:33.599><c> with</c><00:46:34.000><c> richard</c> 00:46:34.390 --> 00:46:36.720 align:start position:0% x 00:46:34.400 --> 00:46:36.710 align:start position:0% x dawkins<00:46:34.880><c> he</c><00:46:35.119><c> suggested</c><00:46:35.680><c> that</c><00:46:35.920><c> introducing</c> 00:46:36.710 --> 00:46:39.359 align:start position:0% x 00:46:36.720 --> 00:46:39.349 align:start position:0% x god<00:46:36.960><c> would</c><00:46:37.200><c> mean</c><00:46:37.599><c> an</c><00:46:37.839><c> end</c><00:46:38.000><c> of</c><00:46:38.240><c> science</c> 00:46:39.349 --> 00:46:41.280 align:start position:0% x 00:46:39.359 --> 00:46:41.270 align:start position:0% x god<00:46:39.680><c> is</c><00:46:39.839><c> no</c><00:46:40.079><c> explanation</c><00:46:40.880><c> since</c><00:46:41.119><c> by</c> 00:46:41.270 --> 00:46:44.079 align:start position:0% x 00:46:41.280 --> 00:46:44.069 align:start position:0% x definition<00:46:42.000><c> god</c><00:46:42.240><c> is</c><00:46:42.400><c> more</c><00:46:42.640><c> complex</c><00:46:43.680><c> than</c><00:46:43.920><c> the</c> 00:46:44.069 --> 00:46:46.079 align:start position:0% x 00:46:44.079 --> 00:46:46.069 align:start position:0% x thing<00:46:44.319><c> you</c><00:46:44.480><c> are</c><00:46:44.640><c> explaining</c> 00:46:46.069 --> 00:46:48.400 align:start position:0% x 00:46:46.079 --> 00:46:48.390 align:start position:0% x now<00:46:46.480><c> this</c><00:46:46.800><c> he</c><00:46:47.040><c> states</c><00:46:47.520><c> as</c><00:46:47.680><c> the</c><00:46:47.839><c> central</c> 00:46:48.390 --> 00:46:50.800 align:start position:0% x 00:46:48.400 --> 00:46:50.790 align:start position:0% x argument<00:46:49.040><c> of</c><00:46:49.280><c> his</c><00:46:49.520><c> book</c> 00:46:50.790 --> 00:46:52.640 align:start position:0% x 00:46:50.800 --> 00:46:52.630 align:start position:0% x i<00:46:50.960><c> would</c><00:46:51.200><c> not</c><00:46:51.359><c> have</c><00:46:51.520><c> expected</c><00:46:52.079><c> an</c><00:46:52.240><c> argument</c> 00:46:52.630 --> 00:46:55.280 align:start position:0% x 00:46:52.640 --> 00:46:55.270 align:start position:0% x like<00:46:52.800><c> this</c><00:46:53.040><c> from</c><00:46:53.280><c> a</c><00:46:53.359><c> scientist</c><00:46:54.000><c> because</c> 00:46:55.270 --> 00:46:58.000 align:start position:0% x 00:46:55.280 --> 00:46:57.990 align:start position:0% x explanations<00:46:56.240><c> in</c><00:46:56.400><c> science</c><00:46:56.960><c> themselves</c><00:46:57.760><c> are</c> 00:46:57.990 --> 00:47:00.160 align:start position:0% x 00:46:58.000 --> 00:47:00.150 align:start position:0% x usually<00:46:58.640><c> in</c><00:46:58.800><c> terms</c><00:46:59.119><c> of</c><00:46:59.440><c> increasing</c> 00:47:00.150 --> 00:47:01.440 align:start position:0% x 00:47:00.160 --> 00:47:01.430 align:start position:0% x complexity 00:47:01.430 --> 00:47:04.160 align:start position:0% x 00:47:01.440 --> 00:47:04.150 align:start position:0% x an<00:47:01.599><c> apple</c><00:47:02.000><c> falling</c><00:47:02.400><c> is</c><00:47:02.560><c> a</c><00:47:02.640><c> simple</c><00:47:02.960><c> event</c> 00:47:04.150 --> 00:47:06.079 align:start position:0% x 00:47:04.160 --> 00:47:06.069 align:start position:0% x the<00:47:04.319><c> explanation</c><00:47:04.960><c> of</c><00:47:05.119><c> terms</c><00:47:05.440><c> of</c><00:47:05.520><c> newton's</c><00:47:05.920><c> law</c> 00:47:06.069 --> 00:47:08.079 align:start position:0% x 00:47:06.079 --> 00:47:08.069 align:start position:0% x of<00:47:06.240><c> gravitation</c><00:47:06.960><c> is</c><00:47:07.119><c> already</c><00:47:07.520><c> stretching</c><00:47:07.920><c> the</c> 00:47:08.069 --> 00:47:09.680 align:start position:0% x 00:47:08.079 --> 00:47:09.670 align:start position:0% x lines<00:47:08.400><c> of</c><00:47:08.480><c> many</c><00:47:08.720><c> people</c> 00:47:09.670 --> 00:47:12.000 align:start position:0% x 00:47:09.680 --> 00:47:11.990 align:start position:0% x but<00:47:09.920><c> its</c><00:47:10.079><c> explanation</c><00:47:10.800><c> in</c><00:47:10.960><c> terms</c><00:47:11.280><c> of</c><00:47:11.520><c> work</c><00:47:11.839><c> and</c> 00:47:11.990 --> 00:47:13.839 align:start position:0% x 00:47:12.000 --> 00:47:13.829 align:start position:0% x space<00:47:12.480><c> time</c> 00:47:13.829 --> 00:47:15.839 align:start position:0% x 00:47:13.839 --> 00:47:15.829 align:start position:0% x is<00:47:14.079><c> stretching</c><00:47:14.640><c> the</c><00:47:14.800><c> minds</c><00:47:15.119><c> of</c> 00:47:15.829 --> 00:47:18.800 align:start position:0% x 00:47:15.839 --> 00:47:18.790 align:start position:0% x of<00:47:16.319><c> the</c><00:47:16.560><c> cleverest</c><00:47:17.680><c> simplicity</c><00:47:18.400><c> isn't</c><00:47:18.640><c> the</c> 00:47:18.790 --> 00:47:21.520 align:start position:0% x 00:47:18.800 --> 00:47:21.510 align:start position:0% x only<00:47:19.440><c> criteria</c><00:47:20.079><c> of</c><00:47:20.319><c> truth</c> 00:47:21.510 --> 00:47:23.440 align:start position:0% x 00:47:21.520 --> 00:47:23.430 align:start position:0% x let<00:47:21.680><c> me</c><00:47:21.839><c> give</c><00:47:22.000><c> you</c><00:47:22.160><c> an</c><00:47:22.240><c> example</c> 00:47:23.430 --> 00:47:25.920 align:start position:0% x 00:47:23.440 --> 00:47:25.910 align:start position:0% x suppose<00:47:23.920><c> you're</c><00:47:24.079><c> an</c><00:47:24.400><c> archaeologist</c> 00:47:25.910 --> 00:47:28.960 align:start position:0% x 00:47:25.920 --> 00:47:28.950 align:start position:0% x and<00:47:26.160><c> i'm</c><00:47:26.440><c> exploring</c><00:47:27.440><c> a</c><00:47:27.599><c> cave</c><00:47:27.920><c> with</c><00:47:28.160><c> you</c> 00:47:28.950 --> 00:47:31.839 align:start position:0% x 00:47:28.960 --> 00:47:31.829 align:start position:0% x and<00:47:29.359><c> you're</c><00:47:29.599><c> a</c><00:47:29.760><c> chinese</c><00:47:30.240><c> expert</c><00:47:30.800><c> and</c><00:47:31.359><c> on</c><00:47:31.520><c> this</c> 00:47:31.829 --> 00:47:34.720 align:start position:0% x 00:47:31.839 --> 00:47:34.710 align:start position:0% x cave<00:47:32.160><c> you</c><00:47:32.319><c> see</c><00:47:32.640><c> two</c><00:47:32.880><c> structures</c> 00:47:34.710 --> 00:47:37.599 align:start position:0% x 00:47:34.720 --> 00:47:37.589 align:start position:0% x and<00:47:35.040><c> you</c><00:47:35.280><c> say</c><00:47:35.839><c> human</c><00:47:36.240><c> intelligence</c><00:47:36.960><c> and</c><00:47:37.200><c> i</c><00:47:37.280><c> say</c> 00:47:37.589 --> 00:47:39.839 align:start position:0% x 00:47:37.599 --> 00:47:39.829 align:start position:0% x pardons<00:47:38.079><c> are</c><00:47:38.160><c> just</c><00:47:38.480><c> two</c><00:47:38.640><c> structures</c><00:47:39.440><c> and</c><00:47:39.680><c> you</c> 00:47:39.829 --> 00:47:41.680 align:start position:0% x 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explaining</c> 00:47:58.710 --> 00:48:01.040 align:start position:0% x 00:47:58.720 --> 00:48:01.030 align:start position:0% x that's<00:47:58.960><c> no</c><00:47:59.200><c> explanation</c><00:47:59.920><c> at</c><00:48:00.079><c> all</c><00:48:00.640><c> it</c><00:48:00.720><c> seems</c><00:48:00.960><c> to</c> 00:48:01.030 --> 00:48:02.880 align:start position:0% x 00:48:01.040 --> 00:48:02.870 align:start position:0% x me<00:48:01.200><c> that's</c><00:48:01.520><c> exactly</c><00:48:02.000><c> what</c><00:48:02.240><c> you're</c><00:48:02.480><c> saying</c><00:48:02.720><c> in</c> 00:48:02.870 --> 00:48:05.359 align:start position:0% x 00:48:02.880 --> 00:48:05.359 align:start position:0% x your<00:48:03.040><c> book</c> 00:48:05.510 --> 00:48:05.510 align:start position:0% x 00:48:05.520 --> 00:48:07.670 align:start position:0% x now i<00:48:05.760><c> really</c><00:48:06.000><c> like</c><00:48:06.240><c> that</c><00:48:06.400><c> analogy</c><00:48:07.359><c> and</c><00:48:07.520><c> it</c> 00:48:07.670 --> 00:48:09.440 align:start position:0% x 00:48:07.680 --> 00:48:09.430 align:start position:0% x applies<00:48:08.079><c> directly</c><00:48:08.559><c> to</c><00:48:08.720><c> what</c><00:48:08.880><c> we've</c><00:48:09.119><c> talked</c> 00:48:09.430 --> 00:48:11.760 align:start position:0% x 00:48:09.440 --> 00:48:11.750 align:start position:0% x about<00:48:09.680><c> in</c><00:48:09.760><c> this</c><00:48:10.079><c> class</c><00:48:10.960><c> did</c><00:48:11.119><c> you</c><00:48:11.280><c> follow</c><00:48:11.599><c> it</c> 00:48:11.750 --> 00:48:12.960 align:start position:0% x 00:48:11.760 --> 00:48:12.950 align:start position:0% x through 00:48:12.950 --> 00:48:15.599 align:start position:0% x 00:48:12.960 --> 00:48:15.589 align:start position:0% x he's<00:48:13.200><c> attacking</c><00:48:13.680><c> that</c><00:48:13.920><c> idea</c><00:48:14.400><c> that</c><00:48:14.800><c> that</c><00:48:15.200><c> that</c> 00:48:15.589 --> 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created<00:48:21.599><c> it</c><00:48:21.760><c> would</c><00:48:21.920><c> require</c><00:48:22.319><c> more</c> 00:48:22.549 --> 00:48:24.400 align:start position:0% x 00:48:22.559 --> 00:48:24.390 align:start position:0% x explanation<00:48:23.280><c> than</c><00:48:23.520><c> simply</c><00:48:23.839><c> thinking</c><00:48:24.160><c> that</c><00:48:24.240><c> we</c> 00:48:24.390 --> 00:48:26.240 align:start position:0% x 00:48:24.400 --> 00:48:26.230 align:start position:0% x came<00:48:24.640><c> here</c><00:48:25.280><c> perhaps</c> 00:48:26.230 --> 00:48:27.440 align:start position:0% x 00:48:26.240 --> 00:48:27.430 align:start position:0% x randomly 00:48:27.430 --> 00:48:29.440 align:start position:0% x 00:48:27.440 --> 00:48:29.430 align:start position:0% x he<00:48:27.599><c> says</c><00:48:27.839><c> but</c><00:48:28.079><c> look</c><00:48:28.559><c> let's</c><00:48:28.880><c> let's</c><00:48:29.119><c> let</c><00:48:29.280><c> me</c><00:48:29.359><c> give</c> 00:48:29.430 --> 00:48:31.680 align:start position:0% x 00:48:29.440 --> 00:48:31.670 align:start position:0% x you<00:48:29.520><c> another</c><00:48:29.839><c> scenario</c><00:48:30.480><c> if</c><00:48:30.640><c> you</c><00:48:30.720><c> were</c><00:48:30.880><c> to</c><00:48:31.280><c> if</c> 00:48:31.670 --> 00:48:33.359 align:start position:0% x 00:48:31.680 --> 00:48:33.349 align:start position:0% x you<00:48:31.839><c> and</c><00:48:32.000><c> i</c><00:48:32.079><c> were</c><00:48:32.319><c> exploring</c><00:48:33.119><c> and</c><00:48:33.200><c> we</c> 00:48:33.349 --> 00:48:35.280 align:start position:0% x 00:48:33.359 --> 00:48:35.270 align:start position:0% x discovered<00:48:33.839><c> a</c><00:48:33.920><c> cave</c><00:48:34.240><c> in</c><00:48:34.400><c> ancient</c><00:48:34.720><c> cave</c><00:48:35.040><c> with</c> 00:48:35.270 --> 00:48:37.119 align:start position:0% x 00:48:35.280 --> 00:48:37.109 align:start position:0% x with<00:48:35.520><c> two</c><00:48:35.839><c> scratches</c><00:48:36.400><c> in</c><00:48:36.559><c> it</c><00:48:36.640><c> but</c><00:48:36.800><c> they</c><00:48:36.880><c> were</c> 00:48:37.109 --> 00:48:38.720 align:start position:0% x 00:48:37.119 --> 00:48:38.710 align:start position:0% x symbols<00:48:37.599><c> they</c><00:48:37.760><c> were</c><00:48:37.920><c> characters</c><00:48:38.480><c> and</c><00:48:38.559><c> you</c> 00:48:38.710 --> 00:48:40.880 align:start position:0% x 00:48:38.720 --> 00:48:40.870 align:start position:0% x know<00:48:38.960><c> the</c><00:48:39.040><c> ancient</c><00:48:39.440><c> chinese</c><00:48:39.839><c> dialect</c><00:48:40.640><c> you</c> 00:48:40.870 --> 00:48:44.079 align:start position:0% x 00:48:40.880 --> 00:48:44.069 align:start position:0% x recognize<00:48:41.440><c> this</c><00:48:41.760><c> as</c><00:48:41.920><c> language</c> 00:48:44.069 --> 00:48:46.160 align:start position:0% x 00:48:44.079 --> 00:48:46.150 align:start position:0% x and<00:48:44.160><c> you</c><00:48:44.319><c> say</c><00:48:44.559><c> human</c><00:48:44.880><c> intelligence</c><00:48:45.599><c> but</c><00:48:45.839><c> by</c> 00:48:46.150 --> 00:48:48.240 align:start position:0% x 00:48:46.160 --> 00:48:48.230 align:start position:0% x your<00:48:46.480><c> same</c><00:48:46.800><c> logic</c><00:48:47.359><c> applying</c><00:48:47.680><c> that</c><00:48:47.920><c> same</c> 00:48:48.230 --> 00:48:51.280 align:start position:0% x 00:48:48.240 --> 00:48:51.270 align:start position:0% x principle<00:48:49.119><c> there</c><00:48:49.440><c> you'd</c><00:48:49.680><c> have</c><00:48:49.760><c> to</c><00:48:49.920><c> say</c><00:48:50.160><c> no</c><00:48:50.640><c> no</c> 00:48:51.270 --> 00:48:53.440 align:start position:0% x 00:48:51.280 --> 00:48:53.430 align:start position:0% x you're<00:48:51.760><c> you're</c><00:48:52.400><c> theorizing</c><00:48:53.040><c> something</c><00:48:53.359><c> as</c> 00:48:53.430 --> 00:48:55.200 align:start position:0% x 00:48:53.440 --> 00:48:55.190 align:start position:0% x complex<00:48:53.920><c> as</c><00:48:54.000><c> a</c><00:48:54.079><c> human</c><00:48:54.400><c> being</c><00:48:54.640><c> just</c><00:48:54.800><c> described</c> 00:48:55.190 --> 00:48:56.880 align:start position:0% x 00:48:55.200 --> 00:48:56.870 align:start position:0% x two<00:48:55.680><c> scratches</c> 00:48:56.870 --> 00:48:58.800 align:start position:0% x 00:48:56.880 --> 00:48:58.790 align:start position:0% x because 00:48:58.790 --> 00:49:00.240 align:start position:0% x 00:48:58.800 --> 00:49:00.230 align:start position:0% x since<00:48:59.040><c> the</c><00:48:59.200><c> beginning</c> 00:49:00.230 --> 00:49:02.240 align:start position:0% x 00:49:00.240 --> 00:49:02.230 align:start position:0% x of<00:49:00.480><c> our</c><00:49:00.640><c> existence</c><00:49:01.280><c> or</c><00:49:01.440><c> at</c><00:49:01.520><c> least</c><00:49:01.680><c> from</c><00:49:01.920><c> very</c> 00:49:02.230 --> 00:49:04.240 align:start position:0% x 00:49:02.240 --> 00:49:04.230 align:start position:0% x early<00:49:02.640><c> times</c><00:49:03.119><c> we</c><00:49:03.359><c> have</c> 00:49:04.230 --> 00:49:06.559 align:start position:0% x 00:49:04.240 --> 00:49:06.549 align:start position:0% x as<00:49:04.480><c> a</c><00:49:04.559><c> species</c><00:49:05.119><c> discovered</c><00:49:05.599><c> a</c><00:49:05.680><c> language</c><00:49:06.319><c> more</c> 00:49:06.549 --> 00:49:09.520 align:start position:0% x 00:49:06.559 --> 00:49:09.510 align:start position:0% x and<00:49:06.720><c> more</c><00:49:07.119><c> as</c><00:49:07.280><c> history</c><00:49:07.680><c> has</c><00:49:07.839><c> gone</c><00:49:08.160><c> on</c> 00:49:09.510 --> 00:49:12.000 align:start position:0% x 00:49:09.520 --> 00:49:11.990 align:start position:0% x a<00:49:09.680><c> language</c><00:49:10.079><c> that</c><00:49:10.240><c> we</c><00:49:10.400><c> didn't</c><00:49:10.640><c> write</c> 00:49:11.990 --> 00:49:14.400 align:start position:0% x 00:49:12.000 --> 00:49:14.390 align:start position:0% x that<00:49:12.160><c> nevertheless</c><00:49:12.960><c> seems</c><00:49:13.280><c> to</c><00:49:13.440><c> govern</c><00:49:13.920><c> every</c> 00:49:14.390 --> 00:49:18.960 align:start position:0% x 00:49:14.400 --> 00:49:18.960 align:start position:0% x aspect<00:49:14.880><c> of</c><00:49:14.960><c> the</c><00:49:15.119><c> world</c><00:49:15.599><c> in</c><00:49:15.680><c> which</c><00:49:16.160><c> we</c><00:49:16.720><c> live</c> 00:49:19.430 --> 00:49:19.430 align:start position:0% x 00:49:19.440 --> 00:49:21.589 align:start position:0% x and<00:49:19.599><c> as</c><00:49:19.760><c> i</c><00:49:19.920><c> said</c><00:49:20.160><c> before</c><00:49:20.559><c> there's</c><00:49:21.040><c> only</c><00:49:21.359><c> one</c> 00:49:21.589 --> 00:49:23.359 align:start position:0% x 00:49:21.599 --> 00:49:23.349 align:start position:0% x thing<00:49:21.839><c> in</c><00:49:21.920><c> all</c><00:49:22.079><c> of</c><00:49:22.240><c> human</c><00:49:22.559><c> experience</c><00:49:23.200><c> that</c> 00:49:23.349 --> 00:49:24.960 align:start position:0% x 00:49:23.359 --> 00:49:24.950 align:start position:0% x we've<00:49:23.680><c> ever</c><00:49:23.839><c> encountered</c><00:49:24.240><c> that's</c><00:49:24.400><c> capable</c><00:49:24.800><c> of</c> 00:49:24.950 --> 00:49:27.200 align:start position:0% x 00:49:24.960 --> 00:49:27.190 align:start position:0% x creating<00:49:25.280><c> a</c><00:49:25.359><c> language</c> 00:49:27.190 --> 00:49:29.520 align:start position:0% x 00:49:27.200 --> 00:49:29.510 align:start position:0% x and<00:49:27.280><c> that's</c><00:49:27.599><c> a</c><00:49:27.680><c> mind</c> 00:49:29.510 --> 00:49:31.280 align:start position:0% x 00:49:29.520 --> 00:49:31.270 align:start position:0% x and<00:49:29.680><c> i</c><00:49:29.760><c> hope</c><00:49:30.079><c> at</c><00:49:30.240><c> this</c><00:49:30.480><c> point</c><00:49:30.960><c> in</c><00:49:31.119><c> our</c> 00:49:31.270 --> 00:49:32.880 align:start position:0% x 00:49:31.280 --> 00:49:32.870 align:start position:0% x discussions 00:49:32.870 --> 00:49:35.599 align:start position:0% x 00:49:32.880 --> 00:49:35.589 align:start position:0% x you'd<00:49:33.520><c> you'd</c><00:49:33.839><c> agree</c><00:49:34.160><c> with</c><00:49:34.400><c> me</c> 00:49:35.589 --> 00:49:38.720 align:start position:0% x 00:49:35.599 --> 00:49:38.710 align:start position:0% x that<00:49:35.839><c> there</c><00:49:36.160><c> is</c><00:49:36.480><c> absolutely</c><00:49:37.640><c> extraordinary</c> 00:49:38.710 --> 00:49:41.280 align:start position:0% x 00:49:38.720 --> 00:49:41.270 align:start position:0% x evidence<00:49:39.280><c> everywhere</c><00:49:39.920><c> that</c><00:49:40.079><c> we</c><00:49:40.319><c> look</c> 00:49:41.270 --> 00:49:43.760 align:start position:0% x 00:49:41.280 --> 00:49:43.750 align:start position:0% x and<00:49:41.440><c> not</c><00:49:41.680><c> just</c><00:49:41.920><c> for</c><00:49:42.079><c> the</c><00:49:42.160><c> existence</c><00:49:42.720><c> of</c><00:49:42.880><c> god</c> 00:49:43.750 --> 00:49:45.760 align:start position:0% x 00:49:43.760 --> 00:49:45.750 align:start position:0% x but<00:49:44.000><c> for</c><00:49:44.240><c> the</c><00:49:44.400><c> truth</c><00:49:44.640><c> that</c><00:49:44.800><c> jesus</c><00:49:45.200><c> was</c><00:49:45.440><c> the</c><00:49:45.520><c> son</c> 00:49:45.750 --> 00:49:46.800 align:start position:0% x 00:49:45.760 --> 00:49:46.790 align:start position:0% x of<00:49:45.920><c> god</c> 00:49:46.790 --> 00:49:49.119 align:start position:0% x 00:49:46.800 --> 00:49:49.109 align:start position:0% x for<00:49:46.960><c> the</c><00:49:47.119><c> truth</c><00:49:47.359><c> that</c><00:49:47.520><c> god</c><00:49:48.160><c> can</c><00:49:48.640><c> and</c><00:49:48.880><c> will</c> 00:49:49.109 --> 00:49:51.440 align:start position:0% x 00:49:49.119 --> 00:49:51.430 align:start position:0% x resurrect<00:49:49.599><c> us</c><00:49:49.760><c> from</c><00:49:50.000><c> the</c><00:49:50.160><c> dead</c> 00:49:51.430 --> 00:49:53.440 align:start position:0% x 00:49:51.440 --> 00:49:53.430 align:start position:0% x and<00:49:51.760><c> in</c><00:49:51.839><c> the</c><00:49:52.000><c> next</c><00:49:52.319><c> class</c> 00:49:53.430 --> 00:49:55.359 align:start position:0% x 00:49:53.440 --> 00:49:55.349 align:start position:0% x we're<00:49:53.680><c> going</c><00:49:53.760><c> to</c><00:49:53.920><c> ask</c><00:49:54.079><c> the</c><00:49:54.240><c> question</c><00:49:54.640><c> but</c><00:49:54.960><c> what</c> 00:49:55.349 --> 00:49:57.359 align:start position:0% x 00:49:55.359 --> 00:49:57.349 align:start position:0% x evidence<00:49:55.839><c> do</c><00:49:56.000><c> we</c><00:49:56.160><c> have</c><00:49:56.559><c> that</c><00:49:56.800><c> this</c><00:49:57.040><c> that</c><00:49:57.200><c> we</c> 00:49:57.349 --> 00:49:59.599 align:start position:0% x 00:49:57.359 --> 00:49:59.589 align:start position:0% x have<00:49:57.520><c> in</c><00:49:57.920><c> here</c><00:49:58.160><c> in</c><00:49:58.240><c> front</c><00:49:58.480><c> of</c><00:49:58.640><c> us</c> 00:49:59.589 --> 00:50:03.440 align:start position:0% x 00:49:59.599 --> 00:50:03.430 align:start position:0% x really<00:50:00.000><c> is</c><00:50:00.640><c> the</c><00:50:00.880><c> inspired</c><00:50:01.359><c> word</c><00:50:01.599><c> of</c><00:50:01.680><c> that</c><00:50:01.920><c> god</c> 00:50:03.430 --> 00:50:04.960 align:start position:0% x 00:50:03.440 --> 00:50:04.950 align:start position:0% x so<00:50:03.599><c> that's</c><00:50:03.839><c> where</c><00:50:04.000><c> we'll</c><00:50:04.160><c> be</c><00:50:04.240><c> going</c><00:50:04.559><c> next</c><00:50:04.880><c> in</c> 00:50:04.950 --> 00:50:08.680 align:start position:0% x 00:50:04.960 --> 00:50:08.680 align:start position:0% x the<00:50:05.119><c> last</c><00:50:05.440><c> class</c><00:50:05.680><c> today</c>