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the connection was closed during asynchronous processing; if you
need to do cleanup after every request override `on_finish`
instead.
Proxies may keep a connection open for a time (perhaps
indefinitely) after the client has gone away, so this method
may not be called promptly after the end user closes their
connection.
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.. versionchanged:: 5.0
No longer validates that the response code is in
`http.client.responses`.
�.��- �)Returns the status code for our response.�.�� �_convert_header_value�.��� ��Sets the given response header name and value.
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last value.
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�.�� �_get_arguments�.��� ��Returns a list of the arguments with the given name.
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�.�� �body_arguments�.��q Xj Returns the value of the argument with the given name
from the request body.
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required, and we raise a `MissingArgumentError` if it is missing.
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last value.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
�.��� ��Returns a list of the body arguments with the given name.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
�.�� �query_arguments�.��y Xr Returns the value of the argument with the given name
from the request query string.
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last value.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
�.��� ��Returns a list of the query arguments with the given name.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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values extracted from the url and passed to `get()`/`post()`/etc.
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(e.g. for unnamed groups in the url regex).
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handler.
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`datetime.datetime` object.
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set_cookie�.�� � �.�� (hq�path��expires��domain�t�.��� X� Deletes the cookie with the given name.
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seen until the following request.
�.�� � clear_cookie�.�� h�h���.��q Xj Deletes all the cookies the user sent with this request.
See `clear_cookie` for more information on the path and domain
parameters.
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seen until the following request.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
Added the ``path`` and ``domain`` parameters.
�.�� �create_signed_value�.�� h+��.�� � expires_days�.��� X� Signs and timestamps a cookie so it cannot be forged.
You must specify the ``cookie_secret`` setting in your Application
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To read a cookie set with this method, use `get_secure_cookie()`.
Note that the ``expires_days`` parameter sets the lifetime of the
cookie in the browser, but is independent of the ``max_age_days``
parameter to `get_secure_cookie`.
A value of None limits the lifetime to the current browser session.
Secure cookies may contain arbitrary byte values, not just unicode
strings (unlike regular cookies)
Similar to `set_cookie`, the effect of this method will not be
seen until the following request.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2
and made it the default.
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cookie_secret�.�� � key_version���.��9 �5key_version setting must be used for secret_key dicts�.�� � key_version�.�� h+� key_version���.��� X� Signs and timestamps a string so it cannot be forged.
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method for non-cookie uses. To decode a value not stored
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2
and made it the default.
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get_cookie�.�� �decode_signed_value�.�� � max_age_days�� min_version���.�� X
Returns the given signed cookie if it validates, or None.
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Similar to `get_cookie`, this method only returns cookies that
were present in the request. It does not see outgoing cookies set by
`set_secure_cookie` in this handler.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.1
Added the ``min_version`` argument. Introduced cookie version 2;
both versions 1 and 2 are accepted by default.
�.�� �get_signature_key_version�.��k �gReturns the signing key version of the secure cookie.
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The default is 302 (temporary).
�.��! � Cannot write() after finish()�.��9 �5write() only accepts bytes, unicode, and dict objects�.��� �|. Lists not accepted for security reasons; see http://www.tornadoweb.org/en/stable/web.html#tornado.web.RequestHandler.write�.�� � json_encode�.��4 � Content-Type�� application/json; charset=UTF-8���.��� X� Writes the given chunk to the output buffer.
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(if you want to send JSON as a different ``Content-Type``, call
``set_header`` *after* calling ``write()``).
Note that lists are not converted to JSON because of a potential
cross-site security vulnerability. All JSON output should be
wrapped in a dictionary. More details at
http://haacked.com/archive/2009/06/25/json-hijacking.aspx/ and
https://github.com/facebook/tornado/issues/1009
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``render()`` calls ``finish()``, so no other output methods can be called
after it.
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.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Now returns a `.Future` instead of ``None``.
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static_url�.�� � unique_paths�.�� �paths�.��� ��Default method used to render the final js links for the
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<script src="�.�� � xhtml_escape�.��& �"" type="text/javascript"></script>�.��6 �2RequestHandler.render_linked_js.<locals>.<genexpr>�.��0 C,<script type="text/javascript">
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write a template as a response, use render() above.
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� translate�.�� �pgettext�.�� �xsrf_form_html�.�� � reverse_url�.��I XB Returns a dictionary to be used as the default template namespace.
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defaults in the `tornado.template` module and keyword arguments
to `render` or `render_string`.
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whitespace�.�� �template�.��
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settings. If a ``template_loader`` application setting is
supplied, uses that instead.
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Set-Cookie�.�� � OutputString�.�� N��.�� �ResponseStartLine�.�� �
write_headers�.�� �transform_chunk�.�� �write�.��
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set_result�.��� ��Flushes the current output buffer to the network.
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Now returns a `.Future` if no callback is given.
.. versionchanged:: 6.0
The ``callback`` argument was removed.
�.�� �finish() called twice�.�� �GET��HEAD���.�� �Etag�.�� �set_etag_header�.�� �check_etag_header�.�� M0��.�� K�M0��.�Kd.�� �Cannot send body with %s�.��! � _clear_representation_headers�.�� �Content-Length�.�� �flush�.�� ���.�� j ��.�� �_log�.��
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_break_cycles�.��K XD Finishes this response, ending the HTTP request.
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chunk to ``write()`` and then calling ``finish()`` with no arguments.
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of the response to the client. This `.Future` resolves when all the response
data has been sent, and raises an error if the connection is closed before all
data can be sent.
.. versionchanged:: 5.1
Now returns a `.Future` instead of ``None``.
�.��, �(RequestHandler.finish.<locals>.<genexpr>�.��
�detach�.��U XN Take control of the underlying stream.
Returns the underlying `.IOStream` object and stops all
further HTTP processing. Intended for implementing protocols
like websockets that tunnel over an HTTP handshake.
This method is only supported when HTTP/1.1 is used.
.. versionadded:: 5.1
�.�� �gen_log�.�� �error�.��6 �0Cannot send error response after headers written���.��' � Failed to flush partial response����.�� �exc_info���.��
�reason�.�� �exc_info�.�K.�� �reason���.�� � write_error�.�� �app_log�.��( �!Uncaught exception in write_error����.��� X� Sends the given HTTP error code to the browser.
If `flush()` has already been called, it is not possible to send
an error, so this method will simply terminate the response.
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and replaced with the error page.
Override `write_error()` to customize the error page that is returned.
Additional keyword arguments are passed through to `write_error`.
�.�� �serve_traceback���.�� � Content-Type��
text/plain���.��
� traceback�.�� �format_exception�.��W �S<html><title>%(code)d: %(message)s</title><body>%(code)d: %(message)s</body></html>�.�� �code�.�� �message�.��� X� Override to implement custom error pages.
``write_error`` may call `write`, `render`, `set_header`, etc
to produce output as usual.
If this error was caused by an uncaught exception (including
HTTPError), an ``exc_info`` triple will be available as
``kwargs["exc_info"]``. Note that this exception may not be
the "current" exception for purposes of methods like
``sys.exc_info()`` or ``traceback.format_exc``.
�.�� �_locale�.�� �get_user_locale�.�� �get_browser_locale�.��e X^ The locale for the current session.
Determined by either `get_user_locale`, which you can override to
set the locale based on, e.g., a user preference stored in a
database, or `get_browser_locale`, which uses the ``Accept-Language``
header.
.. versionchanged: 4.1
Added a property setter.
�.�� �Accept-Language�.�� �headers�.�� �split�.�� �,���.�� �;���.�� �
startswith�.�� �q=���.�� hkKNN��R�.�K .��$ hi�
ValueError���hi� TypeError�����.��
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G?� .�� �locales�.�� �sort�.�� �<lambda>�.��7 �3RequestHandler.get_browser_locale.<locals>.<lambda>�.�� �key��reverse���.��� ��Determines the user's locale from ``Accept-Language`` header.
See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.4
�.�� �
_current_user�.�� �get_current_user�.��� X� The authenticated user for this request.
This is set in one of two ways:
* A subclass may override `get_current_user()`, which will be called
automatically the first time ``self.current_user`` is accessed.
`get_current_user()` will only be called once per request,
and is cached for future access::
def get_current_user(self):
user_cookie = self.get_secure_cookie("user")
if user_cookie:
return json.loads(user_cookie)
return None
* It may be set as a normal variable, typically from an overridden
`prepare()`::
@gen.coroutine
def prepare(self):
user_id_cookie = self.get_secure_cookie("user_id")
if user_id_cookie:
self.current_user = yield load_user(user_id_cookie)
Note that `prepare()` may be a coroutine while `get_current_user()`
may not, so the latter form is necessary if loading the user requires
asynchronous operations.
The user object may be any type of the application's choosing.
�.��, � login_url��@tornado.web.authenticated���.��
� login_url�.��� ��Override to customize the login URL based on the request.
By default, we use the ``login_url`` application setting.
�.�� �
template_path���.��� ��Override to customize template path for each handler.
By default, we use the ``template_path`` application setting.
Return None to load templates relative to the calling file.
�.�� � _xsrf_token�.�� �_get_raw_xsrf_token�.�� �xsrf_cookie_version�K��.�� �xsrf_cookie_kwargs�.�� �binascii�.�� �b2a_hex�.�K.�� �urandom�.�� K��.�� C|�.�� C2�.�� �_websocket_mask�.��" � unknown xsrf cookie version %d�.�K .�� �_xsrf�.�� �
cookie_kwargs�.��� X� The XSRF-prevention token for the current user/session.
To prevent cross-site request forgery, we set an '_xsrf' cookie
and include the same '_xsrf' value as an argument with all POST
requests. If the two do not match, we reject the form submission
as a potential forgery.
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery
This property is of type `bytes`, but it contains only ASCII
characters. If a character string is required, there is no
need to base64-encode it; just decode the byte string as
UTF-8.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.2
The xsrf token will now be have a random mask applied in every
request, which makes it safe to include the token in pages
that are compressed. See http://breachattack.com for more
information on the issue fixed by this change. Old (version 1)
cookies will be converted to version 2 when this method is called
unless the ``xsrf_cookie_version`` `Application` setting is
set to 1.
.. versionchanged:: 4.3
The ``xsrf_cookie_kwargs`` `Application` setting may be
used to supply additional cookie options (which will be
passed directly to `set_cookie`). For example,
``xsrf_cookie_kwargs=dict(httponly=True, secure=True)``
will set the ``secure`` and ``httponly`` flags on the
``_xsrf`` cookie.
�.�� �_raw_xsrf_token�.�� �_xsrf���.�� �_decode_xsrf_token�.�� K��.��� X� Read or generate the xsrf token in its raw form.
The raw_xsrf_token is a tuple containing:
* version: the version of the cookie from which this token was read,
or None if we generated a new token in this request.
* token: the raw token data; random (non-ascii) bytes.
* timestamp: the time this token was generated (will not be accurate
for version 1 cookies)
�.�� �_signed_value_version_re�.�� �match�.�� �group�.�� K��.�� �|���.��* �&too many values to unpack (expected 4)�.�� �a2b_hex�.�� �Unknown xsrf cookie version�.�� �Error�.�� �debug�.��/ �(Uncaught exception in _decode_xsrf_token����.��c �_Convert a cookie string into a the tuple form returned by
_get_raw_xsrf_token.
�.�� � get_argument�.�� �_xsrf�N��.�� � X-Xsrftoken���.�� � X-Csrftoken���.��+ M��"'_xsrf' argument missing from POST���.��, M��#'_xsrf' argument has invalid format���.�� �hmac�.�� �compare_digest�.��1 M��(XSRF cookie does not match POST argument���.��� X� Verifies that the ``_xsrf`` cookie matches the ``_xsrf`` argument.
To prevent cross-site request forgery, we set an ``_xsrf``
cookie and include the same value as a non-cookie
field with all ``POST`` requests. If the two do not match, we
reject the form submission as a potential forgery.
The ``_xsrf`` value may be set as either a form field named ``_xsrf``
or in a custom HTTP header named ``X-XSRFToken`` or ``X-CSRFToken``
(the latter is accepted for compatibility with Django).
See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery
.. versionchanged:: 3.2.2
Added support for cookie version 2. Both versions 1 and 2 are
supported.
�.��- �)<input type="hidden" name="_xsrf" value="�.�� �
xsrf_token�.�� �"/>�.��� X� An HTML ``<input/>`` element to be included with all POST forms.
It defines the ``_xsrf`` input value, which we check on all POST
requests to prevent cross-site request forgery. If you have set
the ``xsrf_cookies`` application setting, you must include this
HTML within all of your HTML forms.
In a template, this method should be called with ``{% module
xsrf_form_html() %}``
See `check_xsrf_cookie()` above for more information.
�.�� � static_path��
static_url���.�� �static_handler_class�.�� �StaticFileHandler�.�� �make_static_url�.�� � include_host�.�� �protocol�.�� �://�.�� �host�.��� X� Returns a static URL for the given relative static file path.
This method requires you set the ``static_path`` setting in your
application (which specifies the root directory of your static
files).
This method returns a versioned url (by default appending
``?v=<signature>``), which allows the static files to be
cached indefinitely. This can be disabled by passing
``include_version=False`` (in the default implementation;
other static file implementations are not required to support
this, but they may support other options).
By default this method returns URLs relative to the current
host, but if ``include_host`` is true the URL returned will be
absolute. If this handler has an ``include_host`` attribute,
that value will be used as the default for all `static_url`
calls that do not pass ``include_host`` as a keyword argument.
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computed_etag�.��� X� Checks the ``Etag`` header against requests's ``If-None-Match``.
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if self.check_etag_header():
self.set_status(304)
return
This method is called automatically when the request is finished,
but may be called earlier for applications that override
`compute_etag` and want to do an early check for ``If-None-Match``
before completing the request. The ``Etag`` header should be set
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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This decorator implies the following changes:
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read instead of after the entire body has been read.
* The subclass must define a method ``data_received(self, data):``, which
will be called zero or more times as data is available. Note that
if the request has an empty body, ``data_received`` may not be called.
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``@gen.coroutine``, in which case the next method will not be called
until those futures have completed.
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the entire body has been read.
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for example usage.
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this method; create an `.HTTPServer` and call its
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Note that after calling this method you still need to call
``IOLoop.current().start()`` (or run within ``asyncio.run``) to start
the server.
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.. versionchanged:: 4.3
Now returns the `.HTTPServer` object.
.. versionchanged:: 6.2
Added support for new keyword arguments in `.TCPServer.listen`,
including ``reuse_port``.
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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as long as they are unique and understood by the subclass's
overridden `get_content`.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
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`RequestHandler.redirect` (return None after redirecting to
halt further processing). This is where 404 errors for missing files
are generated.
This method may modify the path before returning it, but note that
any such modifications will not be understood by `make_static_url`.
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``self.absolute_path``.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
�.��a XZ Retrieve the content of the requested resource which is located
at the given absolute path.
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``abspath`` is able to stand on its own as a cache key.
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of byte strings. The latter is preferred for large files
as it helps reduce memory fragmentation.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
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default implementation is a SHA-512 hash of the file's contents.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
�.�� � _stat_result�.�� �stat�.�� �_stat�.�� �st_size�.��, X% Retrieve the total size of the resource at the given path.
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
This method is now always called, instead of only when
partial results are requested.
�.�� �utcfromtimestamp�.�� �st_mtime�.��� ��Returns the time that ``self.absolute_path`` was last modified.
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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.. versionadded:: 3.1
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CACHE_MAX_AGE�.��� X� Override to customize cache control behavior.
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with ``v`` argument.
�.��" �static_url_prefix��/static/���.�� � get_version�.�� �%s?v=%s�.�� X Constructs a versioned url for the given path.
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arguments may be passed through `~RequestHandler.static_url`
but are not standard.
``settings`` is the `Application.settings` dictionary. ``path``
is the static path being requested. The url returned should be
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include the query string containing the version hash of the
file corresponding to the given ``path``.
�.��) X" Converts a static URL path into a filesystem path.
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�.��, X% Generate the version string to be used in static URLs.
``settings`` is the `Application.settings` dictionary and ``path``
is the relative location of the requested asset on the filesystem.
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could be determined.
.. versionchanged:: 3.1
This method was previously recommended for subclasses to override;
`get_content_version` is now preferred as it allows the base
class to handle caching of the result.
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`login url <RequestHandler.get_login_url>`.
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assume you know what you're doing and use it as-is. If not, it
will add a `next` parameter so the login page knows where to send
you once you're logged in.
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�sha256�.�� j �http:��https:���.��" � is_absolute.<locals>.<genexpr>�.��[ XT ``tornado.web`` provides a simple web framework with asynchronous
features that allow it to scale to large numbers of open connections,
making it ideal for `long polling
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_technology#Long_polling>`_.
Here is a simple "Hello, world" example app:
.. testcode::
import asyncio
import tornado.web
class MainHandler(tornado.web.RequestHandler):
def get(self):
self.write("Hello, world")
async def main():
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/", MainHandler),
])
application.listen(8888)
await asyncio.Event().wait()
if __name__ == "__main__":
asyncio.run(main())
.. testoutput::
:hide:
See the :doc:`guide` for additional information.
Thread-safety notes
-------------------
In general, methods on `RequestHandler` and elsewhere in Tornado are
not thread-safe. In particular, methods such as
`~RequestHandler.write()`, `~RequestHandler.finish()`, and
`~RequestHandler.flush()` must only be called from the main thread. If
you use multiple threads it is important to use `.IOLoop.add_callback`
to transfer control back to the main thread before finishing the
request, or to limit your use of other threads to
`.IOLoop.run_in_executor` and ensure that your callbacks running in
the executor do not refer to Tornado objects.
�.�� �__doc__�.��9 �5/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/tornado/web.py�.�� �__file__�.�� �__spec__�.��
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__module__�.�� � __qualname__�.�� � _ARG_DEFAULT�.�� hi�object�����.��M XF Base class for HTTP request handlers.
Subclasses must define at least one of the methods defined in the
"Entry points" section below.
Applications should not construct `RequestHandler` objects
directly and subclasses should not override ``__init__`` (override
`~RequestHandler.initialize` instead).
�.��9 (�GET��HEAD��POST��DELETE��PATCH��PUT��OPTIONS�t�.�� �Lock�.�� �compile�.�� �[\x00-\x08\x0e-\x1f]���.�� �HTTPServerRequest�.�� �RequestHandler.__init__�.��
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�delete�.�� �patch�.�� �put�.�� �options�.��� X� Called at the beginning of a request before `get`/`post`/etc.
Override this method to perform common initialization regardless
of the request method.
Asynchronous support: Use ``async def`` or decorate this method with
`.gen.coroutine` to make it asynchronous.
If this method returns an ``Awaitable`` execution will not proceed
until the ``Awaitable`` is done.
.. versionadded:: 3.1
Asynchronous support.
�.�� �RequestHandler.prepare�.�� X Called after the end of a request.
Override this method to perform cleanup, logging, etc.
This method is a counterpart to `prepare`. ``on_finish`` may
not produce any output, as it is called after the response
has been sent to the client.
�.�� �RequestHandler.on_finish�.��& �"RequestHandler.on_connection_close�.�� �RequestHandler.clear�.��I XB Override this to set HTTP headers at the beginning of the request.
For example, this is the place to set a custom ``Server`` header.
Note that setting such headers in the normal flow of request
processing may not do what you want, since headers may be reset
during error handling.
�.��& �"RequestHandler.set_default_headers�.�� �int�.�� �RequestHandler.set_status�.�� �RequestHandler.get_status�.�� �RequestHandler.set_header�.�� �RequestHandler.add_header�.�� �RequestHandler.clear_header�.�� � [\x00-\x1f]���.��( �$RequestHandler._convert_header_value�.�� �default�.�� �bool�.�� �RequestHandler.get_argument�.�� �
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template_name�.�� � Future[None]�.�� �RequestHandler.render�.��# � RequestHandler.render_linked_js�.��" � RequestHandler.render_embed_js�.��$ � RequestHandler.render_linked_css�.��# � RequestHandler.render_embed_css�.�� � RequestHandler.render_string�.��) �%RequestHandler.get_template_namespace�.�� �
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�Locale�.�� �RequestHandler.locale�.��
�setter�.��" X Override to determine the locale from the authenticated user.
If None is returned, we fall back to `get_browser_locale()`.
This method should return a `tornado.locale.Locale` object,
most likely obtained via a call like ``tornado.locale.get("en")``
�.��" � RequestHandler.get_user_locale�.�� �en_US���.��% �!RequestHandler.get_browser_locale�.�� �RequestHandler.current_user�.��v �rOverride to determine the current user from, e.g., a cookie.
This method may not be a coroutine.
�.��# � RequestHandler.get_current_user�.�� � RequestHandler.get_login_url�.��$ � RequestHandler.get_template_path�.�� �RequestHandler.xsrf_token�.��& �"RequestHandler._get_raw_xsrf_token�.��
�cookie�.��% �!RequestHandler._decode_xsrf_token�.��$ � RequestHandler.check_xsrf_cookie�.��! � RequestHandler.xsrf_form_html�.�� �RequestHandler.static_url�.�� � this feature���.�� �feature�.��" � RequestHandler.require_setting�.�� �RequestHandler.reverse_url�.�� �RequestHandler.compute_etag�.��" � RequestHandler.set_etag_header�.��$ � RequestHandler.check_etag_header�.�� �OutputTransform�.�� � RequestHandler.data_received�.�� �RequestHandler._log�.��# � RequestHandler._request_summary�.�� �e�.�� �
BaseException�.��, �(RequestHandler._handle_request_exception�.�� �typ�.��! � Optional[Type[BaseException]]�.�� �tb�.�� � RequestHandler.log_exception�.�� �RequestHandler._ui_module�.�� �RequestHandler._ui_method�.��0 �,RequestHandler._clear_representation_headers�.�� �__orig_bases__�.�� �_RequestHandlerType���.�� �bound���.�� �_RequestHandlerType�.�� �cls�.�� � removeslash�.�� �addslash�.��� X� Routing implementation used internally by `Application`.
Provides a binding between `Application` and `RequestHandler`.
This implementation extends `~.routing.ReversibleRuleRouter` in a couple of ways:
* it allows to use `RequestHandler` subclasses as `~.routing.Rule` target and
* it allows to use a list/tuple of rules as `~.routing.Rule` target.
``process_rule`` implementation will substitute this list with an appropriate
`_ApplicationRouter` instance.
�.�� �_ApplicationRouter.__init__�.�� �rule�.��# � _ApplicationRouter.process_rule�.�� �
target_params�.�� �HTTPMessageDelegate�.��* �&_ApplicationRouter.get_target_delegate�.���
X�
A collection of request handlers that make up a web application.
Instances of this class are callable and can be passed directly to
HTTPServer to serve the application::
application = web.Application([
(r"/", MainPageHandler),
])
http_server = httpserver.HTTPServer(application)
http_server.listen(8080)
The constructor for this class takes in a list of `~.routing.Rule`
objects or tuples of values corresponding to the arguments of
`~.routing.Rule` constructor: ``(matcher, target, [target_kwargs], [name])``,
the values in square brackets being optional. The default matcher is
`~.routing.PathMatches`, so ``(regexp, target)`` tuples can also be used
instead of ``(PathMatches(regexp), target)``.
A common routing target is a `RequestHandler` subclass, but you can also
use lists of rules as a target, which create a nested routing configuration::
application = web.Application([
(HostMatches("example.com"), [
(r"/", MainPageHandler),
(r"/feed", FeedHandler),
]),
])
In addition to this you can use nested `~.routing.Router` instances,
`~.httputil.HTTPMessageDelegate` subclasses and callables as routing targets
(see `~.routing` module docs for more information).
When we receive requests, we iterate over the list in order and
instantiate an instance of the first request class whose regexp
matches the request path. The request class can be specified as
either a class object or a (fully-qualified) name.
A dictionary may be passed as the third element (``target_kwargs``)
of the tuple, which will be used as keyword arguments to the handler's
constructor and `~RequestHandler.initialize` method. This pattern
is used for the `StaticFileHandler` in this example (note that a
`StaticFileHandler` can be installed automatically with the
static_path setting described below)::
application = web.Application([
(r"/static/(.*)", web.StaticFileHandler, {"path": "/var/www"}),
])
We support virtual hosts with the `add_handlers` method, which takes in
a host regular expression as the first argument::
application.add_handlers(r"www\.myhost\.com", [
(r"/article/([0-9]+)", ArticleHandler),
])
If there's no match for the current request's host, then ``default_host``
parameter value is matched against host regular expressions.
.. warning::
Applications that do not use TLS may be vulnerable to :ref:`DNS
rebinding <dnsrebinding>` attacks. This attack is especially
relevant to applications that only listen on ``127.0.0.1`` or
other private networks. Appropriate host patterns must be used
(instead of the default of ``r'.*'``) to prevent this risk. The
``default_host`` argument must not be used in applications that
may be vulnerable to DNS rebinding.
You can serve static files by sending the ``static_path`` setting
as a keyword argument. We will serve those files from the
``/static/`` URI (this is configurable with the
``static_url_prefix`` setting), and we will serve ``/favicon.ico``
and ``/robots.txt`` from the same directory. A custom subclass of
`StaticFileHandler` can be specified with the
``static_handler_class`` setting.
.. versionchanged:: 4.5
Integration with the new `tornado.routing` module.
�.�� �Application.__init__�.�� j` .��
� AF_UNSPEC�.�� ja .�� �netutil�.�� �_DEFAULT_BACKLOG�.�� jb .�� jc .�� �port�.�� j_ .�� �
AddressFamily�.�� �Application.listen�.�� �
host_handlers�.�� � add_handlers�.�� �Application.add_handlers�.�� �transform_class�.�� �
add_transform�.�� �Application.add_transform�.�� � Application._load_ui_methods�.�� � Application._load_ui_modules�.�� �Application.__call__�.�� �Application.find_handler�.�� � target_class�.�� �
target_kwargs�.��$ � Application.get_handler_delegate�.�� �Application.reverse_url�.�� �Application.log_request�.�� �_HandlerDelegate.__init__�.�� �
start_line�.�� �RequestStartLine�.�� �headers_received�.��% �!_HandlerDelegate.headers_received�.�� �data�.��" � _HandlerDelegate.data_received�.�� �_HandlerDelegate.finish�.��( �$_HandlerDelegate.on_connection_close�.�� �_HandlerDelegate.execute�.�� hi� Exception�����.�� X� An exception that will turn into an HTTP error response.
Raising an `HTTPError` is a convenient alternative to calling
`RequestHandler.send_error` since it automatically ends the
current function.
To customize the response sent with an `HTTPError`, override
`RequestHandler.write_error`.
:arg int status_code: HTTP status code. Must be listed in
`httplib.responses <http.client.responses>` unless the ``reason``
keyword argument is given.
:arg str log_message: Message to be written to the log for this error
(will not be shown to the user unless the `Application` is in debug
mode). May contain ``%s``-style placeholders, which will be filled
in with remaining positional parameters.
:arg str reason: Keyword-only argument. The HTTP "reason" phrase
to pass in the status line along with ``status_code``. Normally
determined automatically from ``status_code``, but can be used
to use a non-standard numeric code.
�.�� M�N��.�� �HTTPError.__init__�.�� �__str__�.�� �HTTPError.__str__�.��� X� An exception that ends the request without producing an error response.
When `Finish` is raised in a `RequestHandler`, the request will
end (calling `RequestHandler.finish` if it hasn't already been
called), but the error-handling methods (including
`RequestHandler.write_error`) will not be called.
If `Finish()` was created with no arguments, the pending response
will be sent as-is. If `Finish()` was given an argument, that
argument will be passed to `RequestHandler.finish()`.
This can be a more convenient way to implement custom error pages
than overriding ``write_error`` (especially in library code)::
if self.current_user is None:
self.set_status(401)
self.set_header('WWW-Authenticate', 'Basic realm="something"')
raise Finish()
.. versionchanged:: 4.3
Arguments passed to ``Finish()`` will be passed on to
`RequestHandler.finish`.
�.��� ��Exception raised by `RequestHandler.get_argument`.
This is a subclass of `HTTPError`, so if it is uncaught a 400 response
code will be used instead of 500 (and a stack trace will not be logged).
.. versionadded:: 3.1
�.��! � MissingArgumentError.__init__�.��F �BGenerates an error response with ``status_code`` for all requests.�.�� �ErrorHandler.initialize�.�� �ErrorHandler.prepare�.��" � ErrorHandler.check_xsrf_cookie�.�� �RedirectHandler�.��f X_ Redirects the client to the given URL for all GET requests.
You should provide the keyword argument ``url`` to the handler, e.g.::
application = web.Application([
(r"/oldpath", web.RedirectHandler, {"url": "/newpath"}),
])
`RedirectHandler` supports regular expression substitutions. E.g., to
swap the first and second parts of a path while preserving the remainder::
application = web.Application([
(r"/(.*?)/(.*?)/(.*)", web.RedirectHandler, {"url": "/{1}/{0}/{2}"}),
])
The final URL is formatted with `str.format` and the substrings that match
the capturing groups. In the above example, a request to "/a/b/c" would be
formatted like::
str.format("/{1}/{0}/{2}", "a", "b", "c") # -> "/b/a/c"
Use Python's :ref:`format string syntax <formatstrings>` to customize how
values are substituted.
.. versionchanged:: 4.5
Added support for substitutions into the destination URL.
.. versionchanged:: 5.0
If any query arguments are present, they will be copied to the
destination URL.
�.�� �RedirectHandler.initialize�.�� �RedirectHandler.get�.��T XM A simple handler that can serve static content from a directory.
A `StaticFileHandler` is configured automatically if you pass the
``static_path`` keyword argument to `Application`. This handler
can be customized with the ``static_url_prefix``, ``static_handler_class``,
and ``static_handler_args`` settings.
To map an additional path to this handler for a static data directory
you would add a line to your application like::
application = web.Application([
(r"/content/(.*)", web.StaticFileHandler, {"path": "/var/www"}),
])
The handler constructor requires a ``path`` argument, which specifies the
local root directory of the content to be served.
Note that a capture group in the regex is required to parse the value for
the ``path`` argument to the get() method (different than the constructor
argument above); see `URLSpec` for details.
To serve a file like ``index.html`` automatically when a directory is
requested, set ``static_handler_args=dict(default_filename="index.html")``
in your application settings, or add ``default_filename`` as an initializer
argument for your ``StaticFileHandler``.
To maximize the effectiveness of browser caching, this class supports
versioned urls (by default using the argument ``?v=``). If a version
is given, we instruct the browser to cache this file indefinitely.
`make_static_url` (also available as `RequestHandler.static_url`) can
be used to construct a versioned url.
This handler is intended primarily for use in development and light-duty
file serving; for heavy traffic it will be more efficient to use
a dedicated static file server (such as nginx or Apache). We support
the HTTP ``Accept-Ranges`` mechanism to return partial content (because
some browsers require this functionality to be present to seek in
HTML5 audio or video).
**Subclassing notes**
This class is designed to be extensible by subclassing, but because
of the way static urls are generated with class methods rather than
instance methods, the inheritance patterns are somewhat unusual.
Be sure to use the ``@classmethod`` decorator when overriding a
class method. Instance methods may use the attributes ``self.path``
``self.absolute_path``, and ``self.modified``.
Subclasses should only override methods discussed in this section;
overriding other methods is error-prone. Overriding
``StaticFileHandler.get`` is particularly problematic due to the
tight coupling with ``compute_etag`` and other methods.
To change the way static urls are generated (e.g. to match the behavior
of another server or CDN), override `make_static_url`, `parse_url_path`,
`get_cache_time`, and/or `get_version`.
To replace all interaction with the filesystem (e.g. to serve
static content from a database), override `get_content`,
`get_content_size`, `get_modified_time`, `get_absolute_path`, and
`validate_absolute_path`.
.. versionchanged:: 3.1
Many of the methods for subclasses were added in Tornado 3.1.
�.�� J �.�� � StaticFileHandler.initialize�.�� � classmethod�.�� �StaticFileHandler.reset�.�� �StaticFileHandler.head�.��" � StaticFileHandler.compute_etag�.��! � StaticFileHandler.set_headers�.��' �#StaticFileHandler.should_return_304�.��' �#StaticFileHandler.get_absolute_path�.��, �(StaticFileHandler.validate_absolute_path�.�� NN��.��) �%StaticFileHandler.get_content_version�.�� � stat_result�.�� �StaticFileHandler._stat�.��& �"StaticFileHandler.get_content_size�.��' �#StaticFileHandler.get_modified_time�.��& �"StaticFileHandler.get_content_type�.��5 �1For subclass to add extra headers to the response�.��' �#StaticFileHandler.set_extra_headers�.��
� mime_type�.��$ � StaticFileHandler.get_cache_time�.�� �include_version�.��% �!StaticFileHandler.make_static_url�.�� �url_path�.��$ � StaticFileHandler.parse_url_path�.��! � StaticFileHandler.get_version�.��) �%StaticFileHandler._get_cached_version�.�� �FallbackHandler�.��T XM A `RequestHandler` that wraps another HTTP server callback.
The fallback is a callable object that accepts an
`~.httputil.HTTPServerRequest`, such as an `Application` or
`tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer`. This is most useful to use both
Tornado ``RequestHandlers`` and WSGI in the same server. Typical
usage::
wsgi_app = tornado.wsgi.WSGIContainer(
django.core.handlers.wsgi.WSGIHandler())
application = tornado.web.Application([
(r"/foo", FooHandler),
(r".*", FallbackHandler, dict(fallback=wsgi_app),
])
�.�� �FallbackHandler.initialize�.�� �FallbackHandler.prepare�.��� ��A transform modifies the result of an HTTP request (e.g., GZip encoding)
Applications are not expected to create their own OutputTransforms
or interact with them directly; the framework chooses which transforms
(if any) to apply.
�.�� �OutputTransform.__init__�.��
� finishing�.��) �%OutputTransform.transform_first_chunk�.��# � OutputTransform.transform_chunk�.��P XI Applies the gzip content encoding to the response.
See http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.11
.. versionchanged:: 4.0
Now compresses all mime types beginning with ``text/``, instead
of just a whitelist. (the whitelist is still used for certain
non-text mime types).
�.�� �set�.��� ]�(�application/javascript��application/x-javascript��application/xml��application/atom+xml��application/json��application/xhtml+xml��
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authenticated�.��9 X2 A re-usable, modular UI unit on a page.
UI modules often execute additional queries, and they can include
additional CSS and JavaScript that will be included in the output
page, which is automatically inserted on page render.
Subclasses of UIModule must override the `render` method.
�.�� �UIModule.__init__�.�� �UIModule.current_user�.�� �UIModule.render�.��N �JOverride to return a JavaScript string
to be embedded in the page.�.�� � UIModule.embedded_javascript�.��� ��Override to return a list of JavaScript files needed by this module.
If the return values are relative paths, they will be passed to
`RequestHandler.static_url`; otherwise they will be used as-is.
�.�� �UIModule.javascript_files�.��N �JOverride to return a CSS string
that will be embedded in the page.�.�� �UIModule.embedded_css�.��� ��Override to returns a list of CSS files required by this module.
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`RequestHandler.static_url`; otherwise they will be used as-is.
�.�� �UIModule.css_files�.��_ �[Override to return an HTML string that will be put in the <head/>
element.
�.�� �UIModule.html_head�.��j �fOverride to return an HTML string that will be put at the end of
the <body/> element.
�.�� �UIModule.html_body�.�� �UIModule.render_string�.�� �text�.�� �_linkify.render�.�� �_xsrf_form_html.render�.��� X� UIModule that simply renders the given template.
{% module Template("foo.html") %} is similar to {% include "foo.html" %},
but the module version gets its own namespace (with kwargs passed to
Template()) instead of inheriting the outer template's namespace.
Templates rendered through this module also get access to UIModule's
automatic JavaScript/CSS features. Simply call set_resources
inside the template and give it keyword arguments corresponding to
the methods on UIModule: {{ set_resources(js_files=static_url("my.js")) }}
Note that these resources are output once per template file, not once
per instantiation of the template, so they must not depend on
any arguments to the template.
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